TEACHING SOCIAL

STUDIES in INTERMEDIATE
GRADES
PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND
GOVERNMENT
UNDERSTANDING
TEACHING
•Understanding teaching starts from
developing a viable concept of teaching
that goes beyond analyzing teaching
methodology and describing various
activities that go into process.
 THE TEACHING PROFESSION : AN
OVERVIEW
• Ever since teaching has been regarded as a noble profession. It is one
which can be rewarding and fulfilling no matter what the odds are,
especially for people who regard it as a calling more than a
commitment.
• The concept of teaching as an ideal profession has remained strong
through the years. But it has been accentuated by the need for meeting
the challenges of the times which can be addressed through quality
teaching.
• The teaching profession demands a total
transformation of the learner a continuous
development of his potentials for a totally
satisfying life as a person and as member of
the community.
 Four Cornerstones of Pedagogy
Four Central Questions about TfU Elements Addressing Each
Teaching Question
1. What shall we teach? Generative Topics

2. What is worth understanding? Understanding Goals

3. How shall we teach for Understanding Performances
understanding?
4. How can students and teacher Ongoing Assesment.
know what students understand and
how students can develop deeper
understanding?
 Generative Topics

• Are issues, themes, concept and ideas that provide

adequate depth significance, connections and variety pf
perspectives to nurture students development in terms
of powerful understanding or discernment.
•What makes a topic or concept worth
teaching?
 Guidelines in selecting the best possible
topics.

• Central to one or more domain or disciplines. Issues that promote understanding

impart to students the required skills and comprehensions to progress to more
difficult task within the domain or discipline.
• Interesting to students. Age, social and cultural contexts, personal interest, and
intellectual experiences of students are factors that influence how generative a topic
may be.
• Interesting to teacher. The best model for students who are just starting to explore
the complex territory of open minded questions is to witness their teacher’s passion
and curiosity om particularly interesting and relevant issues.
• Accessible.Accessibility here means the availability of age –
appropriate resource to enable investigation of the topic that can
be addressed through variety of strategies and activities to help
students, who have different strength and inclinations, to draw
meaning and relevance from the topic.
 Examples of Generative Topics.

• For Philippine History:

Philippine Land and People, Pre Spanish Period, Arrival of the
Spaniards, Arrival of the Americans, World War II and Japanese
Occupation, Third Republic, Marcos Administration, 1986 Edsa
Revolution, Philippine Constitution.
 Understanding Goals

• Teachers can developed nested understanding

goals – unit –sized goals embedded within
yearlong overarching goals or through lines.”
 Identifying Throughlines

• Throughlines are often rooted in deeply held but

rarely articulated beliefs and values about both the
subject matter and the teaching and learning
processes.
 Example of Throughlines
• For Philippine History Course, an example of a yearlong
understanding goal could be,
Students will understand the various considerations and
strategies historians used to interpret evidence about the past.
- How do we find the truth about things that happened a long time
ago. A unit goal in this case might be:
Students will understand how to read and judge the reliability
of primary sources about the Philippine revolution or about a topic
of local history.
 Understanding Performances
• Performances of understanding or understanding performances are
the activities that give students go beyond the information given to
them and then they are able to create something new by reshaping,
expanding, extrapolating from applying and building on what they
already know. The best performances of understanding help
students both develop and demonstrate their understanding and
execute practical applications.
 Ongoing Assessment

• Examination
• Quizzes
• Plays
• Essay
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 PHILIPPINES: LAND AND PEOPLE

• The Philippine archipelago is geographically located between latitude

(approximately) 4o23’N and 2125’N and longitude (approximately)
112oE and 127oE.
• It composed of 7,107 islands
• Land area of 300,000 square kilometers
• It length measures 1.850 kilometers starting from point near the
southern tip of Taiwan and ending close to northern Borneo.
 Three prominent bodies of water
surround the archipelago

• Pacific Ocean on the east

• South China Sea on the west and north
• Celebes sea on the south.
 CLIMATE
• The Philippines has three pronounced seasons:
1. Wet to Rainy from June to October
2.Cool and Dry from November to February
3. Hot and Dry from March to May
TERRITORIAL AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
• The Phillipines has three major islands:
1.Luzon – with a total area of 104, 688 square
kilometers.
17th Largest Island in the world.
17 regions
81 provinces
138 cities
42, 095 barangays
• Visayas
• Mindanao

Barangay – is the smallest political unit into which cities

and municipalities in the Philippines are divided.it consist
of more or less 1,000 inhabitant residing within the
territorial limit of a city or municipality and administered
by a set of elevtive officials headed by a barangay
chairman or punong barangay.
 VOLCANOES
• Being part of Pacific Ring of Fire , volcanoes are located at the
intersection of tectonic plate of the Philippines and the Eurasian
plate. Famous volcano found in the island of:
Luzon : Bulusan, Mayon, Taal, Pinatubo, Arayat, Makiling, Banahaw.
Visayas: Kanlaon, Silay, Biliran, Cabalian, Mandalagan.
Mindanao: Hibok – Hibok, Paco, Calayo, Apo and Calindong
 PLANT AND FLOWERS
• About 37 percent of the Philippines is covered with forest or woodland. An
estimated number of 9000 flowering plants and 200 fruit trees surround the
entire archipelago.
List of trees found in the Philippines:
Narra – country’ national tree
Camagon
Ipil
Lauan
Bamboo
Apitong
Yacal
• Throughout the year, there are millions of flowers that bloom
everywhere.
Sampaguita – Queen of Flowers
Cadena de Amor
Ilang – Ilang
Santan
Camia
Dama de Noche
Bouganvilla
Rose
Sunflower
 ANIMALS
• Thecountry is endowed with numerous species of
animals.
Tamaraw – Mindoro
Tarsier – Bohol
Pilandok – Palawan
Monkey eating eagle – Southern Part of the country
Large bat - Subic
 TOURIST SPOT
• The country offers numerous awesome, exciting and beautiful tourist destinations. Some in the list
are:

Banaue Rice terraces – Ifugao

Hundred Island – Pangasinan
Subterrenean River National Park – Puerto Prinsesa
Tubbataha Reff – Palawan
Boracay – Aklan
Chocolate Hills – Bohol
Taal Volcano – Batangas
Ancestral Houses – Vigan
Intramuros – Manila
Baguio City
Cebu City
 FILIPINO VALUES

• Values are integral part of every culture. With worldview

and personality, they generate behavior. Being part of
the culture that shares a common core set of values
creates expectations and predictability.
 POSITIVE FILIPINO VALUES
• Bayanihan system – A Filipino community spirit and cooperation
wherein a group of people extends a helping hand without
expecting any renumeration.
• Damayan System – sympathy for people who lost their loved one.
In case of death of certain member of the community.
• Familism or close family relations – A Filipino trait of giving
highest importance to family above other things.A trait wherein
family members should be taken care and supported regardless of
whether he/she did something wrong
• Fun Loving trait – a trait found in most Filipinos, a trait that
makes them unique that even in times of calamities and other
challenges in life they always have something to be happy about.
• Hospitality – A Filipino trait of being receptive and generous to
guest.
• Compassionate – A Filipino trait of being symphatethic to others
even if the person is a stranger. Ex. Beggar
• Regionalism – A Filipino trait of giving more priority or
preference in giving favors to his province mate before others.
• Friendly – A trait found most of the Filipinos. They are
sincere, loyal kind and sociable person.
• Flexible – The ability of the Filipinos to ride on or adjust
to the norms of other group just to attain smooth and
harmonious relationship.
• Religious – Most Filipinos posses strong conformance of
their religios belief both in action and in words.
• Respect to Elders – A Filipino trait of being courteous
both in words and in actions to the people of older level.
• Remedyo Attitude - A Filipino trait of being creative and
resourceful. The ability to do things that are next to
impossible.
• Utang na Loob – A feeling of obligation to repay
someone who extended assistance to another which
may take place in undetermined time and in whatever
way.
 NEGATIVE FILIPINO VALUES
• Bahala na Attitude – A Filipino trait characterized by retreating
or withdrawal from certain undertakings and leaving everything
to God to interfere and determine the outcome pf his deeds.
• Colonial Mentality – A Filipino value of showing high admiration
and more preferences to foreign produced goods over local ones.
• Crab Mentality – A Filipino attitude characterized by an attempt
to pull down someon who has achieved success beyond others.
This is done out of jealousy or insecurity.
• Filipino Time – In reality it means “always late” a Filipino
attitude of impreciseness towards time.
• Gaya – Gaya Attitude – A Filipino attitude of imitating
or copying other culture specifically in mode of dressing,
language fashion or even haircut.
• Jackpot Mentality – a “get rich quick” mentality of the Filipinos
who would rather engage in fast ways of acquiring money than
through hard work and sacrifice by betting in lottery, joining
raffles draws and others.
• Kapalaran Values – A Filipino trait of accepting his fate by
believing that everything is written in his palm. Such trait
contributes to lack of initiative and perseverance among
Filipinos.
• Manana Habit – a Filipino attitude of delaying or setting aside a
certain tasl assigned on the next day although it can be done
today.
• Ningas Cogon – A Filipino attitude of being
enthusiastic only during the start of new
undertaking but ends dismally in accomplishing
nothing.
First Man in the Philippines
• He was a cousin of “ Java Dawn Man
Man , “ Peking Man and
other earliest men in Asia.
Prof. H. Otley Beyer,
founder of the Antropolgy
Department of the
University of the
Phillpines is the one who
called him DAWN MAN,
because he arrived at the
dawn of time. He is
brawny and thickly haired.
• Long before the
disappearances of the Negritos
Dawn Man came the
“Negritos” from Asian
mainland.
• They were small in height.
They were below five feet
in, with black skin dark
kinky hair, round black
eyes and flat nose.
• In the Philippines they are
known as Aeta, Ati , Ita.
• Another Asian people migrated to
the Philippines, they were
“Indonesians” They came in two Indonesians
waves. The first wave came about
3000 BC while the second wave
about 1000 bc. The first to reach
traversing the sea.
First Wave – tall, slender and light
complexion
Second wave – shorter and bulkier.
They are responsible for the creation
of Rice Terraces.
• After the Indonesians came the expert
navigator called “Malays” who came into
three waves. Malays
First wave - 200 B.C to 100 A.D, headhunter the
ancestors of Bontoks, Ilongots, Kalingas and
other tribe of Luzon.
Second Wave – 100 A.D to 13th Century,
alphabet using Malays, the Ancestors of the
Visayans, Tagalog, Bicolanos, Kapampangans
and other Christian Filipinos.
Third Wave – 14th Century to 16th Century ,
responsible in introducing Islam in the
Philippines
PRE SPANISH PERIOD
 Filipino Culture During Pre Spanish Period
• House – Pre Spanish built houses. Houses were made of light materials like wood,
bamboo and nipa palm.
• Dress
Male Clothing
Upper part - Jacket with short sleeves called “Kangan”
Lower Part – Strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between legs called “
Bahag”
Headgear – Putong (symbolized the number of persons the wearer had killed)
Female Clothing
Upper part – baro o kamisa , a jacket with sleeves.
 Social Classes
• Pre Spanish Filipinos
were divided into 3
social classes.
- Noble
- Freemen
- Slaves
• Nobles - who were composed of Rulers and their families,
occupied the highest class. They were usually addressed as Gat,
Lakan, Raja Datu.
• Freemen – Middle class they were the working class
• Slaves – they were the lowest class
2 Class of slaves
- Aliping namamahay – they are not full pledged slave, they have
their own house, they are required to served their master during
harvesting and planting period only
- Aliping sagigilid – real slaves, they were homeless forbidden to
form their own families and use as payment for debts.
 Government
• Barangay – it is the
smallest unit of the
Government. It
consist of 30 to 100
families.
• Datu or Raja- they
are the ruler of
Barangay
 Powers and Functions of Datu
• All functions and powers of government were all
vested in the chieftain. His functions included
implementing laws, maintaining peace and order
and giving protections to his subjects. He also
made a law with the assistance of the group of
elder who gave advice.He also acted as judge
during trial
 Trial and Determination of Guilt
• Judicial process was influenced by religion. The manner of
determining guilt of the accused showed the religiously of the
natives.
Ex.
1. The suspects was holding a candle and the first one who’s
candled died first would be declared as the culprit.
2. Another form was ordering the suspects to plunge a deep into
the river with their lances. The first to come to the surface would
be adjudged as the guilty party.
 Courtship and Marriage
• Courtship during the pre Spanish period took a long period of
time and too difficult. A man served for years to the parents of
the lady he loved. Some services being rendered were cleaning
the house, chopping woods , running errand and fetching water.
When the man was finally accepted marriage was arranged.
Bigay – Kaya – was the type of dowry consisted of a piece of land
or gold. The grooms parents gave a gift called” panghinuyat.
Himaraw – was another payment for raising the future bride during
her infancy period to be paid by the groom’s parent.
Bigay – Suso – payment given to the brides nurse.
 Religious Beliefs

• Before Roman Catholicism and Islam were introduced natives

worshipped many Gods and Goddesses. They believed in one
Supreme Being, which they called Bathala.
Idiyanale – God of Agriculture
Sidapa – God of death
Agni – God of fire
Balangaw – God of rainbow
Mandarangan – God of war
Lalahon – God of harvest
Siginarungan – God of Hell
• They also believed in the immortality of souls and
life after death. There were sacred animals which
they venerate like white monkey and crocodiles.
There were also sacred places and sacred trees
which nobody was allowed to cut down. They also
worshipped the sun and the moon. Regular
sacrifices and prayers were offered to placate
deities and spirits. Reward of punishment after
death was dependent upon the behavior in this
life.
 Superstitious Beliefs
• The natives believed in Aswang (witch)dwende (tiny
creatures like human, kapre (tall and apelike creatures
smoking cigarettes usually found on trees),
mangkukulam (an old lady capable of harming others
using a doll and pin) tikbalang ( half man half horse)
creature and tiyanak (a baby that sucks bloods on
human). They also believed in magical power of amulets
and charms such as anting anting, kulam and the use of
gayuma or love potion.
The Coming of the Spaniards
• The execution of GOM – BUR – Za in 1872, the liberal
ideas from Spain and the novels of Jose Rizal contributed
to the birth of Philippine nationalism. Formation of
several movements such as Propaganda Movement, La
Liga Filipina and the Katipunan Movement. The exile of
Jose Rizal paved away for the formation of Katipunan
Movement whose ultimate aim was separation of
Philippines from Spain. The Katipunan was led by Andres
Bonifacio who later called for the entire nation to revolt
against Spain during the historic “Cry of Pugadlawin” in
1986.
 Aims of Spanish Colonization
• To propagate Christianity in the island
• The second aim of Spanish colonization was economic
wealth
• To acquire and expand their territories
• To acquire spices, which is very expensive during that
period.
 Treaty of Tordesillas
•The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed as an
agreement between the Spanish and
Portugal it aimed to eliminated confusion
between Spain and Portugal on the claim
of the land in the New World.
 Magellan Voyage
• Magellan was born in
1840 in Sabrosa,
Portugal.He was raised
by a wealthy family
closed to royal family
that gave him
opportunity to learn
about explorations.
Five Ships During Magellan’s Expedition

• Trinidad ( his flagship)

• Concepcion
• San Antonio
• Santiago
• Victoria (smallest)
 First Mass in the Philippines
• In an island names Mazaua, accepted today as
Limasawa found in Southern Leyte, the first mass
in the Philippines was held through the order of
Ferdinand Magellan on March 31, 1521.
• The island was ruled then by Rajah Siagu,
Magellan befriended him together with Rajah
Kolambu of Butuan.
 Contribution of Magellan’s Voyage

• It provide new knowledge for sea route to Asia by

crossing the Pacific.
• It proved the vastness of Pacific Ocean.
• Through his voyage it was found that the earth
was round.