Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
probability.
Definition……
Permutation – an arrangement of objects in a specific order.
Order Matters!
Example……
How many ways can Answer:
you arrange 3
people for a picture?
3 2 1 6
Note: You are using
all 3 people
Factorial……
This is the same as Using the previous
using a factorial: example:
3! 3 2 1 6
Factorial can be found on our
graphing calculator……
Example: Find 5!
Calculator Steps:
a. 5
b. Math
c. Prb
d. 4:!
e. Enter
Example……
Suppose a business Answer:
owner has a choice of 5
locations in which to
establish her business.
5! 5 4 3 2 1 120
She decides to rank
them from best to least
according to certain Note: She ranked ALL
criteria. How many 5 locations.
different ways can she
rank them?
What if she only Answer:
wanted to rank the
top 3? 5 4 3 60
This is no longer a
factorial problem
because you don’t
rank ALL of them.
Permutation Rule……
where n = total # of
n!
n Pr
objects and r = how
many you need.
(n r )!
“n objects taken r at a
time”
Remember the This is a
business woman permutation:
who only wanted to
rank the top 3 out of
5 places?
5! 5! 120
5 P3 60
5 4 3 60 (5 3)! 2! 2
Permutations can be found on
the graphing calculator……
Example: Find 5 P3
Calculator Steps:
5
Math
Prb
2:nPr
3
Enter
Example……
A TV news director Answer:
wishes to use 3
news stories on the
evening news. She
wants the top 3 8 P3 336
news stories out of
8 possible. How
many ways can the
program be set up?
Example……
How many ways can Answer:
a chairperson and
an assistant be
selected for a
project if there are 7 7 P2 42
scientists available?
Example……
How many different Answer:
ways can I arrange
3 box cars selected
from 8 to make a
train? 8 P3 336
Example……
How many ways can Answer:
4 books be arranged
on a shelf if they
can be selected from
9 books? 9 P4 3024
A factorial is also a
permutation……
How many ways can You can do 4! or
4 books be arranged you can set it up as
on a shelf? a permutation.
Answer:
4 P4 24
Note……
0! = 1
and
1! = 1
Order Words……
How many ways can I
Listen
Sing
Read
1st/2nd/etc
Pres/Vice-Pres
Chair/Assistant
Eat
Special Permutation when
letters must repeat……
Example: How many permutations of
the word seem can be made?
Since there are 4 letters, the total
possible ways is 4! IF each “e” is
labeled differently. Also, there are 2!
Ways to permute e1e2. But, since they
are indistinguishable, these duplicates
must be eliminated by dividing by 2!.
How many Answer:
permutations of the
word seem can be 4!
made? 12
2!
This leads to another permutation
rule when some things repeat……
n!
n Pr
k1!k 2 !k3!...k p !
AB CA AB
AC CB AC
AD CD AD
BA DA BC
BC DB BD
BD DC CD
Note: AB is NOT the Note: AB is the same
same as BA. as BA
When different orderings of the
same items are counted
separately, we have a permutation
problem, but when different
orderings of the same items are
not counted separately, we have a
combination problem.
Combination Rule……
n!
C
n r
(n r )!r!
Calculator Steps:
4
Math
Prb
3: nCr
2
Enter
Example……
To survey opinions Answer:
of customers at local
malls, a researcher
decides to select 5
C
12 5 792
from 12. How many
ways can this be
done?
Why is order is not
important?
Example……
A bike shop owner has Answer:
11 mountain bikes in
the showroom. He
wishes to select 5 to
display at a show. How
C
11 5 462
many ways can a group
of 5 be selected?
Note: He is NOT
interested in a specific
order.
Example……
In a club there are 7 Answer:
women and 5 men. A
committee of 3 women
7 C3 5 C 2 35 10 350
and 2 men is to be
chosen. How many
different possibilities are
there?
The “and” indicates that
you must use the
multiplication rule along
with the combination
rule.
Example……
In a club with 7 women and Now you must use
5 men, select a committee of
5 with at least 3 women. the multiplication
rule as well as the
addition rule.
This means you have 3
possibilities:
3W,2M or The reason for this
4W,1M or is you are using
5W,0M
“and” and “or.”
Answer……
3W,2M: 7 C3 5 C 2 350
4W,1M: 7 C 4 5 C1 175
5W,0M: C5 5 C 0 21
7
0W,5M: 7 C 0 5 C5 1 1 1
1W,4M:
7 C1 5 C 4 7 5 35
2W,3M:
7 C 2 5 C3 21 10 210
Add the totals: 1 + 35 + 210 = 246