Section I.

The Nature of
Mathematics

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Learning Outcome

1. Explain the nature of mathematics as language;

2. Identify the different types of patterns in mathematics
3. Use inductive and deductive reasoning to predict patterns;
4. Write expressions and statements in mathematical symbols
5. Explain the nature and characteristics of mathematics; and
6. Use the internet to do research on the different patterns
found in objects, plants and animals and that can be
modeled mathematically.

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 INTRODUCTION

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 Maybe your always asking this
questions?

Why do you need to

study mathematics? What is the
importance of
mathematics in your
daily life?

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 “Mathematics, as much as music or any other
art, is one of the means by which we rise to
complete self-consciousness. The significance
of mathematics resides precisely in the fact
that it is an art; by informing us of the
nature of our own minds, it informs us of
much that depends on our minds”
- John William Navin
Sullivan
Science Writer
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 According to Sullivan…… Mathematics is at the center of
history and development of culture

Mathematics is evident in

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 Importance of Math in Everyday Life (Generally)

It helps an individual develop reasoning,

analytical thinking and critical thinking

It can explain how things work and phenomena

can be best understood through it.

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 WHAT IS MATH?

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 Math is….

Science of
Comes from a counting,
Greek Word Science of Science of
measuring and patterns and
Mathema which structure, order describing shapes
and relation relationship
means “that which and
is learnt” or “lesson” characteristics

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICS
Classification Generalization
(grouped according to
Precision and Accuracy shape, size, etc) (conclusion from a
(correctness of values and given facts)
close estimation)

Structure Applicability
(characteristics of (use of math in other fields
a given set) MATH

Logical sequence Mathematical

(Procedure in Order) language and
symbolism

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 NATURE OF
MATHEMATICS

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 Mathematics as a
Science of patterns

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 Patterns

 A pattern is an organized arrangement

of objects in space or time
 It must have something that is
repeated either exactly or according to
recognizable transformations.
 It is the opposite of chaos

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 In general sense, Patterns
are regular, repeated or
recurring forms or design

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 COMMON PATTERNS

1.Logic Patterns – deals with the

characteristics of various objects,
order, sequence of similar attributes
- Common in aptitude tests

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What will the next shape be?

small circle
What will the next 2 shapes be?

square circle
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21
 COMMON PATTERNS

2.Number Patterns – generalization of

number sequences
- arithmetic sequence, geometric
sequence
 Fibonacci sequence

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 2, 4, 6, 8, … 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …

WHAT IS THE NEXT NUMBER IN THE

SEQUENCE:

1.11, 13, 17, 19, 23, ___

2.5, 7, 10, 15, 22, ____
3.5,6,10,19, 35, ____, ____
4.1, 4, 2, 8, 6, 24, 22, _____
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ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

◆ A
  sequence of numbers in which the difference of each term from
the preceding term is the same.
12 20 28 36 44 52….
90 80 70 60 50 40….

Note: the nth term of an arithmetic sequence formula and the sum is
given by the formula

n = number of terms = nth term

= 1st term = sum
d= difference
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 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

◆ A
  sequence in which the ratio of any term to its preceding term
is constant
2 4 8 16 32, …
¼ 1/12 1/36 1/108,…

Note: the nth term of an arithmetic sequence formula and the sum
is given by the formula

n = number of terms = nth term

= 1st term = sum
r= common ratio
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 COMMON PATTERNS

3. Word Patterns – used in decoding

- consonant blend (words with a group of two of three consonants that
each make its own sound)
Ex: grow, blend, sleeve, stair, sweet, free
- consonant digraph (words with two or three letters that come
together to create a single sound)
Ex. Chest, shop, sheep, brush, shirt, shade
- vowel diphthongs (vowels that glide in the middle)
Ex. Boil, now, soil, brown, cloud, rain, meat, bout, cow
- vowel digraphs (a spelling pattern in which two or more adjoining
letters represent a single vowel sound)
Ex. School, clean, each, feet, moon,cheese

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 Patterns in Nature
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 Types of Patterns in Nature/Real Life

Though every living and non-living thing of the

world may seem to follow a pattern of its own,
looking deeply into the geometry and mechanism
of the pattern formation can lead you to broadly
classify them into merely two categories:
• Self-organized patterns/ Inherent
organization
• Invoked organization

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 Patterns example

◆ Self organized pattern

◆ Invoked pattern

DNA
honeycomb

Spider-web

Zebra
Stripped

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 Patterns in Nature – common
patterns seen in nature were
symmetries, trees, spiral, waves,
tessellations, stripes, meanders,
cracks, etc..

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PATTERN IN NATURE

◆ Symmetry – Greek word which means “to

measure together”
 Same size and shape
 One shape becomes exactly like
another shape when move: turn, flip, or
slide

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 SYMMETRY IN ART

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 SYMMETRY IN ARCHITECTURE

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 SYMMETRY IN ANIMALS

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 Symmetry/radial Symmetry

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 Radial Symmetry

Protoconch Shell Star Fish

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PATTERN IN NATURE

◆ Spiral – is a curved pattern that focuses

on a center point and a series of circular
shapes that revolve around it.

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 Sample of Spiral Pattern

Pattern can be found in the

sunflower seed spiral

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 TREES

◆ a tree is an undirected, connected and a

cyclic graph

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 Mathematical Trees

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Trees In Nature

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 TESSELATIONS

◆ an arrangement of shapes closely

fitted together, especially of
polygons in a repeated pattern
without gaps or overlapping.

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 TESSELATIONS

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 Meanders - a series of regular sinuous curves,
bends, loops, turns, or windings

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 CRACKS - a line on the surface of something along which it has
split without breaking into separate parts.

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 FRACTALS

◆ A fractal is a never-
ending pattern. Fractals are
infinitely complex patterns that are
self-similar across different scales.
They are created by repeating a
simple process over and over in an
ongoing feedback loop.
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 FRACTALS

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 What type of pattern can you see in the
cloth?

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 ACTIVITY

◆ WATCH THE VIDEO CLIP BELOW AND ANSWER THE

ACTIVITY SHEET

◆
..\..\Desktop\Math in the Modern World (lecture)\Nature by
Numbers -
Cristóbal Vila (2010).mp4

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Systemizing
Patterns
through
Mathematics
Fibonacci
Sequence
& Golden
Ratio
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Leonardo Pisano Bigollo

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The Rabbit Problem

“How many pairs of rabbits will be

produced in a year, beginning with
a single pair, if in every month
each pair bears a new pair which
becomes productive from the
second month on?”
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Solution

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 Fibonacci discovered that the
number of pairs of rabbits for
any month after the first two
months can be determined by
adding the numbers of pairs of
rabbits in each of the two
previous months. For instance,
the number of pairs of rabbits
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at the start of the sixth month
Fibonacci sequence

The Fibonacci Sequence is
the series of numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, ...  Wherein the next number is found by
adding up the two numbers before it. If we use
the mathematical notation Fn to represent the
nth Fibonacci number, then the numbers in the
Fibonacci sequence are given by the following
recursive definition.

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Binet’s Formula

◆  
The following formula is known as Binet’s
formula for the nth Fibonacci number.

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 TRY THIS

◆Use the definition of Fibonacci

numbers to find the eleventh and
twelfth Fibonacci numbers.
◆Use Binet’s Formula to determine
the 20th , 30th, 40th Fibonacci
numbers
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 Exploring the Fibonacci sequence
n= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ...

xn = 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 ...

x3 = 2. Every 3rd number is a multiple of 2 (2, 8, 34, 144,

610, ...)
x4 = 3. Every 4th number is a multiple of 3 (3, 21, 144, ...)
x5 = 5. Every 5th number is a multiple of 5 (5, 55, 610, ...)

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Activity: Fibonacci spiral

Material Needed:
Cut outs : 2 – 1x1, 1 – 2x2,
1 – 3x3,
1 – 5x5, 1 – 8x8, 1–
13x13
1 – 21x21
double sided tape
marker

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Fibonacci numbers in petals of flowers

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Fibonacci numbers in section of fruits

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Relationship of Fibonacci sequence and golden ratio

The relationship of the Fibonacci

Sequence to the Golden Ratio lies not in
the actual numbers of the sequence, but in
the ratio of the consecutive numbers. Let's
look at some of the ratios of these
numbers:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610…

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Since a Ratio is basically a fraction (or a
division problem) we will find the ratios of
these numbers by dividing the larger number
by the smaller number that fall consecutively 2/1 = 2.0
3/2 = 1.5
in the series. 5/3 = 1.67
8/5 = 1.6
13/8 = 1.625
21/13 = 1.615
34/21 = 1.619
55/34 = 1.618
89/55 = 1.618

So, what is the ratio of the 2nd and 3rd

numbers?

Well, 2 is the 3rd number divided by the

2nd number which is 1

2 divided by 1 = 2
And the ratios continue like this….
 The Golden Ratio.
Throughout history, the ratio for length to
width of rectangles of 1.61803 39887 49894
84820 has been considered the most pleasing
to the eye. This ratio was named the golden
ratio by the Greeks. In the world
of mathematics, the numeric value is called
"phi", named for the Greek sculptor Phidias.
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 Golden ratio
◆   golden ratio () called the divine proportion/golden
The
mean/golden section = 1.61803399
- the ratio between two consecutive terms of the
Fibonacci series and can be express as

=

𝜙=¿ ¿
 

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Which rectangle has the most appealing
dimension?

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Golden ratio in humans

The mouth and nose are

each positioned at golden
sections of the distance
between the eyes and the
bottom of the chin. Similar
proportions can been seen
from the side, and even the
eye and ear itself (which
follows along a spiral).

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 UTERUS

◆ According to Jasper Veguts, a

gynaecologist at the University Hospital
Leuven in Belgium, doctors can tell
whether a uterus looks normal and healthy
based on its relative dimensions — 
dimensions that approximate the golden ra
tio
.
◆ The data shows that ratio of a uterus's
length to its width is about 2 at birth and
then it steadily decreases through a
woman's life to 1.46 when she is in old age
◆ Dr Verguts was thrilled to discover that
when women are at their most fertile,
between the ages of 16 and 20, the ratio of
length to width of a uterus is 1.6 – a very
good approximation to the golden ratio

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DNA molecule

◆ Even the microscopic realm is

not immune to Fibonacci. The
DNA molecule measures 34
angstroms long by 21
angstroms wide for each full
cycle of its double helix spiral.
These numbers, 34 and 21, are
numbers in the Fibonacci
series, and their ratio
1.6190476 closely
approximates Phi, 1.6180339.

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Golden ratio in art

Mona-lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci

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Golden ratio in music

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 Object Length Width Ratio

index card

photograph

picture frame

textbook

door frame

computer screen

TV screen

Were you surprised to find the Golden Ratio in so many

places? It's hard to believe that we have taken it for granted
for so long, isn't it?
 ..\..\Downloads\The Fingerprint of God Fibonacci numb
ers Golden ratio 1618.mp4

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Activity: DO YOU HAVE A GOLDEN FACE?

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 Analysis of the Results

◆ The ideal result of the ratio of the length and the width of
the face—as defined by the golden ratio—is roughly 1.6,
which means a beautiful person's face is about 1 1/2
times longer than it is wide.
◆ Measures three segments of the face—from the forehead
hairline to a spot between the eyes, from between the
eyes to the bottom of the nose, and from the bottom of
the nose to the bottom of the chin. If the numbers are
equal, a person is considered more beautiful. 
◆ On a perfect face, the length of an ear is equal to the
length the nose, and the width of an eye is equal to the
distance between the eyes.
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REFERENCES

◆ Fatima, R. Role of Mathematics in the Development of

Society
◆ Khandelwal, R. and Sahni, S. Patterns in Nature.
Retrieved on July 16, 2018 at www.
◆ Stewart, I. (1995). Nature’s Numbers The Unreal
Reality of Mathematics. USA: BasicBooks.
◆ 15 Uncanny Examples of the Golden Ratio in nature
Retrieved on July 19, 2018 at https://io9gizmodo.com

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