Powerpoint Research Methods

VARIOUS TYPES OF RESEARCHES
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
The systematic, rigorous investigation of a

situation or problem in order to generate new
knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
APPLIED RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Applied research refers to scientific study and research that
CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to
find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for
knowledge's sake.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
EXPLORATORY
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH .
RESEARCH .
• Improve agricultural crop production
GROUNDED
• Treat or cure a specific disease
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
of transportation
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The
main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to
the discoveries that result from basic research.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH For example, basic science investigations probe for answers
to questions such as:
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
• How did the universe begin?
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• How do slime molds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or
RESEARCH
statistical study of relationships among two or more variables,
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
without necessarily determining cause and effect.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH It Seeks to establish a relation/association/correlation
between two or more variables that do not readily lend
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH themselves to experimental manipulation.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH . For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers
blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
• Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to

HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
music and then compare the bp levels
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
• Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen?
And then compare
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
Advantages:
RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
1) Can collect much information from many subjects at
one time.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH 2) Can study a wide range of variables and their
interrelations.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH 3) Study variables that are not easily produced in the
laboratory.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Disadvantages:
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
1) Correlation does not indicate causation( cause and
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
effect).
2) Problems with self-report method .
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Descriptive research refers to research that provides an
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual,
situation, or group. Descriptive research, also known
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH as statistical research.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH These studies are a means of discovering new meaning,
describing what exists, determining the frequency with which
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
something occurs, and categorizing information.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be

GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
counted and studied, which has an impact of the lives of the
people it deals with.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
For example,
• Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to
prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Advantages:
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
• The people individual studied are unaware so they act

DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation;
• It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH experiments;
• Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying;
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• As it is used to describe and not make any conclusions it is
to start the research with it;
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Disadvantages
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Descriptive research requires more skills.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH • Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
• Response rate is low in this research.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH • Results of this research can change over the period of
time.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it
involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH of data for development of theories of cultural behaviour.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
• It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH formations, their ethno genesis, composition,
resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH . their material and spiritual culture.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. • Data collection is often done through participant
observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
• The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to
understand what is happening naturally in the setting and
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH to interpret the data gathered to see what implications
could be formed from the data.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Experimental research is an objective, systematic, controlled
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling
phenomena and examining probability and causality among
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH selected variables.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
Advantages
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• Best establishes cause-and-effect relationships
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
Disadvantages
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
• Artificiality
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Feasibility
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
• Unethical
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
The simplest experimental design includes two variables and two
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH groups of participants.
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH The two variables(Independent versus Dependent variables).
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
• The IV is the predictor variable whereas the DV is the outcome
variable.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH • Researchers manipulate and control the IV to study it's effect on
the DV.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
The two groups of participants (Control versus Experimental
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
group).
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Before beginning the experiment, the researcher (randomly)
assigns his/her sample to two different groups: the control group
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH and the experimental (treatment group or clinical group).
• The control group receives no manipulation of the IV (no
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH treatment), whereas the experimental group receives the
manipulation of the IV
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Exploratory research is a type of research conducted for a
CORRELATIONAL
problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory
RESEARCH
research helps determine the best research design, data
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
collection method and selection of subjects.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH • The results of exploratory research are not usually useful
for decision-making by themselves, but they can provide
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH significant insight into a given situation
EXPLORATORY
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
RESEARCH . . • Exploratory research is not typically generalizable to
the population at large.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
• Exploratory research can be quite informal, relying
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH on secondary research such as reviewing available
literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
informal discussions with consumers, employees,
QUALITATIVE
management or competitors, and more formal approaches
RESEARCH
through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
methods, case studies or pilot studies.
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH Grounded theory research is a research approach designed to
discover what problems exist in a given social environment and
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH how the persons involved handle them; it involves formulation,
testing, and reformulation of propositions until a theory is
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
developed.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
Grounded theory is a research method that operates almost in a
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH reverse fashion from traditional research and at first may appear to
be in contradiction to the scientific method.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY Four stages:
RESEARCH
1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data
RESEARCH..
to be gathered
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
2. Concepts-Collections of codes of similar content that allows the
data to be grouped
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH 3. Categories-Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to
generate a theory
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH 4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain the subject of
the research (hypotheses)
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH Historical research is research involving analysis of events
that occurred in the remote or recent past
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH Application
• Historical research can show patterns that occurred in the past
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH and over time which can help us to see where we came from
and what kinds of solutions we have used in the past.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH • Understanding this can add perspective on how we examine
current events and educational practices.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
The steps involved in the conduct of historical research
Here are the five steps:
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
1. Identification of the research topic and formulation of the
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
research problem or question.
RESEARCH
2. Data collection or literature review
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Evaluation of materials
4. Data synthesis
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH 5. Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Historical research gives a social scientist a better context for
CORRELATIONAL
making realistic decisions.
RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
Strengths
• Provides a comprehensive picture of historical trends
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH • Uses existing information
• Provides evidence of on-going trends and problems
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Limitations
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH . • Time-consuming
• Resources may be hard to locate
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
• Resources may be conflicting
• May not identify cause of a problem
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH • Information may be incomplete, obsolete, inconclusive, or
inaccurate
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
• Data restricted to what already exists
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH Phenomenological research an inductive, descriptive research
approach developed from phenomenological philosophy; its
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the
person
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH • Phenomenology is concerned with the study of experience
from the perspective of the individual, ‘bracketing’ taken-for-
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH . • They are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge and
subjectivity, and emphasise the importance of personal
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. perspective and interpretation.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• As such they are powerful for understanding subjective
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL experience, gaining insights into people’s motivations and
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
actions, and cutting through the clutter of taken-for-granted
assumptions and conventional wisdom.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
On a broader perspective, all researches
can be classified into two groups:
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• Qualitative Research
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
• Quantitative Research
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are
difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs,
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH meanings, attributes, and symbols
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth
EXPLORATORY
understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that
RESEARCH .
govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
the why and how of decision making, not just what, where,
when.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
Advantages
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• It enables more complex aspects of a persons experience to
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
be studied
• Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on the data to
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH be collected.
• Not everything can be quantified, or quantified easily,
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH Individuals can be studied in more depth
• Good for exploratory research and hypothesis generation
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH • The participants are able to provide data in their own words
and in their own way
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Disadvantages
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH • It is more difficult to determine the validity and reliability of
linguistic data
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH • there is more subjectivity involved in analysing the data.
• “Data overload” – open-ended questions can sometimes
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH create lots of data, which can take along time to analyse!
• Time consuming
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical or
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
computational techniques. The objective of quantitative
research is to develop and employ mathematical
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
Quantitative research is generally made using scientific
EXPERIMENTAL
methods, which can include:
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
• The generation of models, theories and hypotheses
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. • The development of instruments and methods for
measurement
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Experimental control and manipulation of variables
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
• Collection of empirical data

QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Modelling and analysis of data

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Evaluation of results
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
Advantages
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
analyse data.
• The researcher is more objective about the findings of the
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH research.
• Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses in
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH experiments because of its ability to measure data using
statistics.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH .
Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of quantitative research is the
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
context of the study or experiment is ignored.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Quantitative research does not study things in a natural
setting or discuss the meaning things have for different
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH people.
• A large sample of the population must be studied for more
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH accurate results
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
TYPES OF VARIABLES
Variable
Any characteristic which is

subject to change and can
have more than one value such
as age, intelligence,
motivation, gender, etc.
Dependent Variable
• Variable affected by the

independent variable
• It responds to the independent
variable.
Independent Variable
• Variable that is presumed to

influence other variable
• It is the presumed cause,
whereas the dependent
variable is the presumed
effect.
Example 1
You are interested in “How stress
affects mental state of human
beings?”
Independent variable ----- Stress
Dependent variable ---- mental state
of human beings
You can directly manipulate stress
levels in your human subjects and
measure how those stress levels
Example 2
Promotion affects employees’
motivation
Independent variable ----- Promotion
Dependent variable ----Employees

motivation
Other Names for Dependent and
Independent Variables
Dependent Independent
Variable Variable
Explained Explanatory
Predictand Predictor
Regressand Regressor
Response Stimulus
Outcome Covariate
Controlled Control
Intervening/Mediating
Variable
It is a variable whose existence is

inferred but it cannot be
measured.
Example 1
Determining the effect of video clips on
learning ability of students of M.Phil.
The association between video clips and

learning ability needs to be explained.
Other variables intervene
Such as anxiety, fatigue, motivation,

improper diet, etc.
Intervening/Mediating Variable
(Contd.)
An intervening variable is the factor that theoretically effects

observed phenomena but can not be seen, measured, or
manipulated; its effects must be inferred from the effects of the
independent and moderate variable on the observed phenomena.
It is caused by the independent variable and is itself a cause of

the dependent variable.
Example 2
Higher education typically
leads to higher income
• Higher education----(independent
variable)
• Higher income----(dependent variable)
• Better occupation---- intervening variable
It is causally affected by education and

itself affects income.
Organismic Variable
Any characteristic of the

research participant/individual
under study that can be used
for classification
Such as personal characteristics of

gender, height, weight, age, etc. in
behavioral sciences.
Control/Constant
variable
• It is variable that is NOT allowed to be
changed unpredictably during an experiment.
• As they are ideally expected to remain the

same, they are also called constant variables.
Example
An example of a constant variable is the
voltage from a power supply.
If you are examining “How electricity

affects experimental subjects” you
should keep the voltage constant, otherwise
the energy supplied will change as the
voltage will be changed.
Interval Variable
• Interval variables have a numerical value
• These have order and equal intervals.
• They allow not only to rank order the

items that are measured but also to
quantify and compare the magnitudes of
differences between them.
Example
Suppose you have a variable such as

monthly income that is measured in
rupees, and we have three people who
make
• Rs. 10,000
• Rs. 15,000 and
• Rs. 20,000
Ratio Variable
A ratio variable is similar to an

interval variable with one difference:
the ratio makes sense.
Example
• Let’s say respondents were being
surveyed about their stress levels on a
scale of 0-10.
• A respondent with a stress level of 10

should have twice the stress experienced
as a respondent who selected a stress
level of 5.
Age, height, and weight are also good

examples of ratio variables. Someone who is
Nominal/Categorical
Variable
• They can be measured only in terms of
whether the individual items belong to
certain distinct categories
• We cannot quantify or even rank/order the
categories:
• Nominal data has no order
• One cannot perform arithmetic (+, -, /, *)
or logical operations (>, <, =) on the
nominal data.
Example
Gender: 1. Male
(Dichotomous 2. Female
Variable)
Marital Status: 1. Unmarried

2. Married
3. Divorcee
4. Widower
Ordinal Variable
• An ordinal variable is a nominal variable, but its
different states are ordered in a meaningful
sequence.
• Ordinal data has order but the intervals between
scale points may be uneven.
• Because of lack of equal distances, arithmetic
operations are impossible, but logical operations
can be performed on the ordinal data.
• A typical example of an ordinal variable is the
socio-economic status of families.
We know 'upper middle' is higher than
'middle' but we cannot say 'how much higher'.
Example
A questionnaire on the time involvement of scientists in the
'perception and identification of research problems'.
The respondents were asked to indicate their involvement
by selecting one of the following codes:
1 = Very low or nil

2 = Low
3 = Medium
4 = Great
5 = Very great
Here, the variable 'Time Involvement' is an ordinal variable

with 5 states.
Dummy Variable
A qualitative variable can be

transformed into quantitative
variable(s), called dummy variable.
Example
Description Variable Code
f- female
Gender gender
m-male
D-Gender
Dummy Variable Female---1
otherwise 0
1-Clerical
Job Category JOBCAT 2-Coustodian
3-Manager
D1-Job
Category D2-Job
Dummy Clerical--- Category
Variable 1 Custodian---
otherwise 1
0 otherwise 0
Preference Variable
Preference variables are specific discrete variables

whose values are either in a decreasing or
increasing order.
For example,
In a survey, a respondent may be asked to indicate
the importance of the following FIVE sources of
information in his research and development work,
by using the code [1] for the most important source
and [5] for the least important source:
Multiple Response
Variable
Multiple response variables are

those which can assume more than
one value
Example
A typical example is a survey questionnaire
about the use of computers in research.
The respondents were asked to indicate the
purpose(s) for which they use computers in their
research work. The respondents could score more
than one category.
1.Statistical analysis
2.Lab automation/ process control
3.Data base management, storage and retrieval
4.Modeling and simulation
5.Scientific and engineering calculations
6.Computer aided design (CAD)
Extraneous Variable
Extraneous variables are undesirable

variables that influence the
relationship between the variables an
experimenter is examining.
Example
An educational psychologist has developed a
new learning strategy and is interested in
examining the effectiveness of this strategy.
The experimenter randomly assigns students into
two groups. All of the students study text materials
on a biology topic for thirty minutes. One group
uses the new strategy and the other uses a strategy
of their choice.
Then all students complete a test over the

materials.
Extraneous variable ------ pre-knowledge of the

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
What are the parts of a Research Paper?
• CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS

BACKGROUND
• CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURES
• CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Others
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
• Background of the Study – includes purpose and
reason behind the conduct of the study. (What
made you conduct the study?) Also serves as the
introduction.
• Statement of the Problem – the main problem
that the research is trying to solve. It follows the
formulation of the title and should be faithful to
it. It specifically points the important questions
that the study needs to answer. It also serves as
the bases of the questionnaire.
BACKGROUND
• Significance of the Study – (Why conduct the
study?) You have to identify who will benefit
from the research and how they will be
benefitted. This should match with the
Recommendations.
• Assumptions of the Study – the expected
outcome of the research.
BACKGROUND
• Scope and Limitations of the Study – determines
the coverage of the study and all the things that
it will not cover in order to be specific.
• Definition of Terms – defines technical terms
based on how they are used in the study,
specifically in the title. This aims to provide the
readers or future researches with the basic
terminologies that are important to understand
the paper.
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• This is where you will use your note cards and

will serve as the foundation of your research.
• This is your own work and therefore should
not directly lift words from other sources. This
will require your command of language and
writing skills such as summarizing,
paraphrasing and writing indirect speeches.
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• Step 1 – Organize your note cards on how you

would want them to appear in the chapter.
• Step 2 – Begin writing the chapter while
including the surnames of authors who
provided sources for your study and the
publication date of their work in parentheses.
• Step 3 – Edit. Rewrite.
CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURES
• Method of Research – the kind of research

used by your study. This answers why the
method used is appropriate for the study.
• Subjects of the Study – describes your
respondents: who they are, what their profile
is, where they are from, etc.
CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURES
• Description of Research Instrument – describes
your instrument which is the questionnaire.
• Data Gathering Procedure – narrates the process
undergone by the study that eventually leads to
the findings.
• Statistical Treatment Applied - The statistical
treatment that you will use which includes your
sampling method and formulas to come up
with findings out of the data gathered.
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Results of the Study – presents all the data
gathered using the questionnaire by
tabulating all the gathered information. Aside
from the tables, an interpretation of each
presented data should follow. These will serve
as the bases of your Summary of Findings.
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Summary of Findings – summarizes the
interpretation of data given in Chapter 4.
These should directly answer your statement
of the problem.
• Conclusions – Out of your findings, your
conclusions are based. This provides the
answers for every statement of the problem.
This is where you will prove your hypotheses
and assumptions.
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Recommendations – should be directly based
on the significance of the study. This also
includes the recommended actions that
should be done after the conduct of the study
such as further assessment of the subject,
focus on other factors, etc.
Others
• Title Page – consists of the research title,
names of the researchers and name of the
English teacher.
• Acknowledgement – a personal page where
the researchers are given the privilege to
extend gratitude to all people who helped in
accomplishing the research.
Others
• Table of Contents – contains the accurate paging
of each part of the research paper.
• List of Tables/Figures – contains the accurate
paging of the tables/figures used in the study.
• Bibliography – where you will use your source
cards. Presents the sources using APA or MLA
format.
• Appendix (e.g., survey questionnaire, interview
questions) – attachments

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VARIOUS TYPES OF RESEARCHES

The systematic, rigorous investigation of a

• Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to

In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be

• The people individual studied are unaware so they act

• Collection of empirical data

• Modelling and analysis of data

Any characteristic which is

• Variable affected by the

• Variable that is presumed to

Independent variable ----- Promotion

Dependent variable ----Employees

It is a variable whose existence is

The association between video clips and

Other variables intervene

Such as anxiety, fatigue, motivation,

An intervening variable is the factor that theoretically effects

It is caused by the independent variable and is itself a cause of

It is causally affected by education and

Any characteristic of the

Such as personal characteristics of

• As they are ideally expected to remain the

If you are examining “How electricity

• These have order and equal intervals.

• They allow not only to rank order the

Suppose you have a variable such as

A ratio variable is similar to an

• A respondent with a stress level of 10

Age, height, and weight are also good

Marital Status: 1. Unmarried

1 = Very low or nil

Here, the variable 'Time Involvement' is an ordinal variable

A qualitative variable can be

Preference variables are specific discrete variables

Multiple response variables are

Extraneous variables are undesirable

Then all students complete a test over the

Extraneous variable ------ pre-knowledge of the

• CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS

• This is where you will use your note cards and

• Step 1 – Organize your note cards on how you

• Method of Research – the kind of research

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