INTERNSHIP REPORT &UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

DETECTOR AND DISTANCE LOCATOR

Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Power System Engineering)
By Bereket Kahsay and Sisay Gudisa

February 2020
 • Brief History of the Company
Chapter
• It’s Main Service and End-Users
One
• Objective of the Company/ Organization

• Organizational Structure and Sectors of Corporation

 • Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Service
Brief History of (AALRTS) is a light rail transportation
system in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
the Company • There is two lines, North-south and West-
east
• Blue Line
• Open 20 September 2015.

• The 16.9Km Blue Line from Menelik

Square (North) to Kality (South).

• Uses Blue and White color trains

Green Line
• Open September 2015.

• The 17.4Km Green Lines from Ayat

(East) toTorHailoch (West) with 22
station.

• Uses Green and White color trains.

 It’s Main Service and End-Users
• Local customers

• The whole trusted passengers of Addis Ababa.

• Addis Ababa light railway staff workers.

• Foreign customers

• Chinese staff workers and

• Other foreign visitors

 Objective of the Company/ Organization

• Constructing and building of

• Modern

• Economical

• Non-pollutant

• Fast and environmentally friendship transportation system.

Organization structure
Chapter • The Overall Internship Experience
Two
• Sections that we Have Been Working in the Company

• The Work Task We Have Been Execute

• The Procedures We Have Been Using While Performing

Our Work Tasks

• Challenge We Have Been Faced

The Overall Internship Experience

• Sections that we Have Been Working in the Company

•Section A:- Maintenance Center

1. Power supply
2. Signal and communication
•Section B: - Transport Section
1. OCC (operation control center
Maintenance Center

Sign• Signal system

Sign
ll & • Communication system
communication
& communication

Power
Power • Substation
supply • OCS
system

• Train maintenance
Rolling stock • Auxiliary rolling stock
Rolling stock
maintenance equipment

• Track maintenance
Construction
• Other civil works

• Electro mechanical
Equipment • Automatic fare collection
maintenance
maintenance system
 Power Supply Div. Structure in Maintenance Center
Maintenance Center

Power Supply
Department

Substation OCS and

OCS Maintenance
Maintenance assembly
HVAC 15 KV
system DC Traction Positioning devices
SCADA
maintenance Power system and isolation
Substation
Maintenance
There are four main substation in AALRT

Kality Depot

Ayat Depot

Menilik

Torhayloch
North – South and East – West Lines
20 Substation In AALRT By Using Loop In Loop Out System
 132KV from
GIS

132/15KV in

AIS

15KV/590V
15KV/400V&220V

AC/DC using
rectifier

DC750V
Substation-132/15KV Substation for Traction Power System and Power
Supply System Wiring Connection
15KV/590V Substation Cabinet
• 15KV switchgear Protection devices

• 15KV Vacuum Circuit Breaker

• Bus Bar

• Sub cabinet for control

• Voltage Transformer

• CT Transformer
Dry Type Step-down Transformer
• Used in power Transmission and
Distribution System
.
• Step down

• 15KV to 590V AC

• Dry Type Three Phase Transformer

• Use air Ventilation

Rectification Cabinet/Section
Rectification Cabinet Rectifier
• 590V AC rectified to 500 to 900 DC

• Used Diodes( Uncontrolled) and

SCRs(controlled) for switching

• 12 Pulse diode rectifiers

• Diodes conduct only forward biased

 Substation – 132KV/15KV substation for Operation Control System
15KVA/400V substation Cabinet
Operation Control System???

• Step down

• 15KV to 400V AC

• Mainly for Operation Control System

• Office building

• Compound Light

• workshop, for electro mechanic equipment

TPLS – Traction power supply system

• Supply from traction

substation through
Overhead Contact
System(OCS).
DC Traction Power Supply System

• Supply
• 750V DC

• OCS

• Using Overhead line

• Messenger Wire
• Contact Wire
• Dropper Wire
• Pantograph
• Ground Track
Driving System of the Train
Section B OCC
The Work Task We Have Been Execute

• Testing Underground

• Replacing Battery

• Replacing Generator Battery

• OCS Maintenance
The Procedures We Have Been Using While Performing Our Work Tasks

• First we wear safety materials

• Make switch off circuit breaker

• Then switch off bus bar isolators.

• Switch off line isolators.

• Make grounding for safety

 Challenge We Have Been Faced

• 标准要求：
• Most of the software systems reading
1)1.6MVA 以上变压器，各相绕组电阻
are chine's language. 相互间的差别不应大于三相平均值的
2% ，无中性点引出的绕组，线间差别
不应大于三相平均值的 1% ；
• we haven’t got enough information
2)1.6MVA 及以下的变压器，相间差别
within documentation material 一般不大于三相平均值的 4% ，线间差
别一般不大于三相平均值的 2% ；
3) 与以前相同部位测得值比较，其变化
不应大于 2% 。
 Chapter Three
• Problem Observed

• Statement of Problem

• Objective

• Methodology and System Design

• System Components
 Problems observed

• Trip out of circuit breaker and Trip out of the

underground cable due overload
• Frequent underground cable Faults
• Power interruption from EEPCo.
• Frequent coil Failures
• Failure of Power Cables
• Uses only one source of energy.
 • Underground cable fault is a series problem in AALRTS
Statement of the
• Underground cable fault are:.
Problem

• Short circuit fault,

• Open circuit fault and

• Earth fault.
 Objective

• To detect the location of fault in underground cable lines from the base station in

kilometers using an Arduino board.

Methodology and System Design
• Uses the standard concept of ohms’ law

• Current flows through the set of series resistors in

each of the three set of lines

• If there is any short circuit fault, the current drops

through the series resistors, then this fault signal
goes to internal ADC

• Finally LCD display the result

Block Diagram of Underground Cable Fault Detector
System Design Description

• Power Supply
• Relay supplied 12 V from Power Supply
• Relay used for protection
• Resistor setup represent the cable resistance
• 5V DC feed to end of the cables( Resistors).

• When fault occurs, the analog Read sense the

current or Voltage drop to Arduino by using analog
sensor Input Port.

• This drop is sensed by the ADC.

• An ADC Converts the sensed Input to pre –

Programmed conditions
Analog to Digital Conversion(ADC)
• Very useful feature that converts an analog voltage on a pin to
a digital number.

• ADC on the Arduino is able to detect a 10-bit ( 1024 = 2^10)

discrete signal.

• Arduino board analog Input pin can detect From 0V to 5V which

is equivalent to from 0 to 1023 discrete levels.
 Relating ADC Value to Voltage

 •ADC reports a ratiometric value.

• ADC assumes 5V is 1023 or 0V is 0
• Less than 5V the ratio between 5V and 1023
• 
• =

• =
 • If the analog voltage is 0.833V at KM

=
 Rearrange things a bit and we get:
* 0.833 = x
X = 170.43 at two Km
• If the analog voltage is 1.43V
* 1.43 = x
X = 292.58 at four Km
• If the analog voltage is 1.87V
  • * 1.87 = x
• X = 382.6 at Six Km
• If the analog voltage is 2.22V
• * 2.22 = x
• X = 454.21 at Eight Km
• Note: 1K Ohms Resistor is represented for two Km
cable resistance.
 Coding
int distance(int inputVoltage) {
if (inputVoltage >= 400 && inputVoltage < 500) {
return 8;
}
else if (inputVoltage >= 350 && inputVoltage < 400) {
return 6;
}

else if (inputVoltage >= 250 && inputVoltage < 350) {

return 4;
}
else if (inputVoltage >= 150 && inputVoltage <
250) {
return 2;
}

else return 0 ;

}
Underground cable fault Detector and
Distance Locator circuit Diagram
 Components of Circuit Diagram
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Power Supply
• Rectifier
• ARDUINO
• Relay
• Liquid Crystal Display
• Voltage Regulator
Result ….

• Simulation
 Conclusion
• The system is capable of indicating the fault location.

• The accuracy depends on the specifications in the

instruction codes.

• The project was mainly focused on short circuit fault

detection and not difficult to implement practical
 Recommendation

• Even though there are so many cable fault detector,

• Better to Know exact location of the cable fault

• cable fault locating methods along with the simple and convenient
method is economical

• There is a need to immediate indication about occurrence of a fault

via remote communication
 Chapter Four
Overall Benefits We Gained From The Internship
• Gain work experience
• team playing skills
 Benefits That We Have Got In Terms Of Upgrading Our Practical Skill
• how can we create a plan to achieve my goals
• Skills related with planning and organizing
Benefits Related With Developing Our Leadership Skills
• Self esteem
• Planner
• Decision-Making Capabilities
 Conclusion

• The internship period plays a great role to relate student’s theoretical

knowledge with practical skill
 Recommendation

• The internship shall be exercised in every year of course to

contemplate every course at a time.
Q ?
&
A
Thank you