READING AND

WRITING
by: Juainy S. Aggabao, LPT
 Discourse
Etymology: DISCURSUS
(Latin)

  Argument
  Conversation 
 Discourse
▪ Text with distinct features and
purpose.
▪ Formal and often lengthy
discussion of a topic where
concepts and insights are
arranged in an organized and
logical manner.
 Discourse

An extended
expression of thoughts
and Ideas
 Discourse
 Examples: • Critiques
• Journal /Diary • Opinion Piece
• News Articles • Position Paper
• Anecdotes • Research
• Procedures Articles
• Blog posts
 Discourse
PURPOSE OF DISCOURSE:
 TO INFORM
 TO PERSUADE 
 TO ENTERTAIN
 Connected Discourse in Speech
Connected Discourse in Speech
Connected speech is spoken language that's
used in a continuous sequence, as in normal
conversations. Also called connected discourse.
There is often a significant difference between
the way words are pronounced in isolation and
the way they are pronounced in the context of
connected speech.
 Connected Discourse in Speech
 Connected Discourse as a
Written Text
These refer to text with distinct
features and purpose in which
ideas are coherently arranged. 
 Connected Discourse in Speech
 Connected Discourse as a
Written Text
These refer to text with distinct
features and purpose in which
ideas are coherently arranged. 
 Sample Text
Journal Entry: The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank
“Sunday, 21st  of June  year 1942
I get along pretty well with all my teachers. There are nine of
them, seven men and two women. Mr. Keesing, the old fogey
who teaches math, was mad at me for the longest time because
I talked so much. After several warnings, he assigned me extra
homework. An essay on the subject “A Chatterbox.” A
chatterbox, what can you write about that? I’d worry about that
later, I decided. I jotted down the assignment in my notebook,
tucked it in my bag and tried to keep quiet.”
 Sample Text
Anecdote: 
The child and his mother:
“A curious child asked his mother: “Mommy, why are some of
your hairs turning grey?”
The mother tried to use this occasion to teach her child: “It is
because of you, dear. Every bad action of yours will turn one of
my hairs grey!”
The child replied innocently: “Now I know why grandmother has
only grey hairs on her head.”
 Sample Text
RECIPE  1/3 cup white vinegar
Ingredients  1 bay leaf
 2 lbs pork shoulder or  ½ tsp freshly ground
pork belly , cut into bite- pepper
size pieces
 1 cup water or more as
 2 tbsp vegetable oil needed
 3 cloves garlic , chopped  1 tbsp honey or brown
sugar
 1/3 cup light soy sauce
 Sample Text
Instructions 1. Serve over steamed rice.
1. Heat oil in a large skillet; 2. Enjoy!
rotate to coat sides of skillet.
Add pork pieces and cook
until meat is browned.
2. Bring to a boil, reduce heat
and simmer for 45 minutes,
covered, or until pork are
tender. (Watch it carefully.
Don't let it dry out.) Add
water ½ cup at a time several
 Sample Text
Instructions 1. Bring to a boil, reduce heat
and simmer for 45 minutes,
1. Heat oil in a large skillet;
covered, or until pork are
rotate to coat sides of skillet.
tender. (Watch it carefully.
Add pork pieces and cook
Don't let it dry out.) Add
until meat is browned.
water ½ cup at a time several
2. Add garlic and sauté for a times until pork meat is
minute. Add soy sauce, tender and the desired
vinegar, bay leaf, pepper and amount of sauce has been
water. reached. Stir in honey or
brown sugar.
2. Serve over steamed rice.
 The Writing Process
Learning to write is a sequential
process. Output is important
but with the goal of it in mind,
effective writing is considered quality
writing. (Dagdag, et.al., 2010)
 The Writing Process
There are two main characteristics that
must be present in writing a text: the
content and the form.
It is said that “writing without form is
like a human body without skeleton; writing
without content is like a skeleton with no
flesh.” (Mt. Edgecumbe 2)
 The Writing Process
According to Dagdag (2010), there are six
steps in the writing process. These are the
following:
1. Pre-Writing
2. Organizing
3. Writing
4. Revising
5. Editing
6. Writing the Final draft
 The Writing Process

 Pre-Writing

this is also called the invention or

brainstorming stage.
 In this stage, you narrow your
topic into the most important and
relevant.

1. “Why should you write about

this?”
2. “why should anyone read it?”
  Organizing
this stage is vital in
incorporating coherence in the
transition of your writing. After
exhausting all possible ideas
related to a topic, you may now
focus in arranging these ideas and
thoughts into a sensible order.
  Writing

with a form in place and the

content that would go with it, this is
the stage where these ideas would
be expressed in complete
sentences and paragraphs.
  Revising
this is the stage where you
polish the order of your ideas
and filter the information needed to
get your point across. This is where
you start to look for any mechanical
errors and correct them.
5. Editing

the stage where you go over

your written work and check it
for basic errors such as
spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
 6. Writing the final draft

after your work has gone

through revisions, you would now
have to write your final draft,
which you are ultimately content
with.
 These steps comprise the
basic writing process. Following
each step would ensure quality
written output, regardless of
your topic and content.
 PRE-
WRITING
STRATEGIES
 Pre-writing is defined by
Tiongson (2016) as the first
stage of writing that “pertains
to different techniques that
help you discover ideas before
writing the first draft of a
paper.”
 Pre-writing opens the
writing process and will help
you form an effective plan
in writing and researching
about a topic.
 Tiongson (2016) suggests
that during this stage, you
must keep an open mind. This
stage is for discoveries and
free writing, without the hold of
criticism. Unleash all the
possible ideas that could come
 You must
determine the
purpose of
writing your
 According to Tiongson (2016),
your purpose in writing may be
answered by the following
questions:

 What do you want to

accomplish?
 Why are you sending this
 According to Tiongson (2016),
your purpose in writing may be
answered by the following
questions:

 What do you want to

accomplish?
 Why are you sending this
 The
Journalists’
Questions
 In journalism, the most
important questions to answer
are the 5Ws and 1H:
the who, what, when, where,
why, and how. These basic
questions can start the
exploration of your topic.
 The KU Writing Center (2011)
gave the following generic
questions to these six basic
questions:
1. Who? – Who are the
participants? Who is affected?
Who are the primary actors? Who
are the secondary actors?
 2. What? – What is the
topic? What is the
significance of the topic?
What is the basic
problem? What are the
issues?
 3. Where? – Where does
the activity takes place?
Where does the problem or
issue have its source? At
what place is the cause or
effect of the problem most
visible?
 4. When? – When is the issue
most apparent? (past? Present?
Future?) When did the issue or
problem develop? What historical
forces helped shape the problem or
issue and what point in time will the
problem or issue culminate in a
crisis? When is action needed to
address the issue or problem?
 5. Why? – Why did the
issue or problem arise?
Why is it an issue or
problem at all? Why did
the issue or problem
develop in the way that it
 6. How? – How is the
issue or problem
significant? How can it be
addressed? How does it
affect the participants?
How can the issue or
problem be resolved?
 Using
Pre-Writing
Strategies
 Tiongson (2016) added
that in choosing a topic,
you must select one that
interests you or one that
you are familiar with for
you to have the motivation
to start and elaborate on it.
 Brainstorming – is also
called listing. This is one of the
most common methods of
discovering a topic. All you
would need is to list or jot
down as much ideas as you
can within a given amount of
 Tiongson (2016)
explained that
brainstorming does not aim
for a coherent line of
thoughts but a quantity of
options to choose from as
your writing topic.
 Clustering – is also
called mind mapping or
idea mapping. This is a
technique in finding a
writing topic wherein you
find the relationships
between ideas.
 Freewriting – the most
unrestrained method in
finding a suitable topic.
 According to KU Writing
Center, this is the process
of pouring out all your
thoughts nonstop in an
exact order, language and
form as you think them.
 You can only focus on
a specific topic but you
cannot edit all of these
ideas.
 Journal writing may
help in enhancing your
skills in freewriting.
 Words to Ponder
“Watch your thoughts,
They become your words.
Watch you words, they become your
Actions.
Watch your actions, They become your
Habits.
 References:
 Tiongson, M. A. et.al, (2016), Reading and Writing Skills. Rex Book Store
Inc. Dagdag, L. et.al, (2010), Winning Strategies for Study, Thinking, and
Writing Skills
Introduction to Pre-Writing. Retrieved from: https://
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/01/
Resources for Writers: The Writing Process. Retrieved from: http://
cmsw.mit.edu/writing-and-communicationcenter/resources/writers/writing-
ocess/
Stages of the Writing Process. Retrieved from: https://
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/980/02/
Prewriting Strategies. Retrieved from: http://