THE CHEMICAL

BOND

COMPOUND CONSTRUCTION
 CHEMICAL BOND
-A bond between two atoms forms when the
redistribution of valence electrons results in a lower
energy than the sum of individual energies of the
atoms.
 CHEMICAL BOND
- The type of chemical bond that can be formed is
determined by the property called electronegativity.
 Two types of bond
IONIC BOND
It is a bond between two atoms forming
electron transfer.
This means that one atom must give up one more of
its electrons and become cation, while the other one
must accept one or more electrons and become an
anion.
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
1. Made up of metals and non-metals
2. Solids at room temperature (20 degrees
Celsius -29 degrees Celsius)
3. The crystal lattice structure of ionic
compounds is held by the strong
electrostatic force of attraction between the
two ions, making it difficult to break them.
4. High melting and boiling points.
5. In its solid state, it does not conduct
 Two types of bond
COVALENT BOND
It is the result of electron sharing.
This bond is usually formed between two non-metals
since there is relatively low difference in
electronegativity.
A change of electronegativity less than 1.7 is the
characteristic of a covalent bond.
Characteristics of Covalent Compounds
1. It could be a single bond, double bond,
and a triple bond.
2. The more electron pairs shared, the higher
the bond energy and vice versa.
3. It can exist in all three states of matter
(solid, liquid, and gas)
4. Low melting and boiling point, making
them volatile.
5. Most of these compounds do not conduct
NON-POLAR COVALENT
When electrons of a bond are shared
equally between two atoms, the bond is
called a non-polar covalent bond.
POLAR COVALENT
When electrons are not equally shared, the
bond is called a polar covalent bond.
POLARITY (Dipole moment)
The dipole moment then determines the
property called polarity which is the
measure of separation of charges.
 SAMPLE EXERCISE:
For the following pairs of elements, identify whether they are
likely to form ionic or covalent bonds. (Hint: Use
electronegativity values)
1. Potassium and Oxygen
2. Phosphorus and Chlorine
3. Aluminum and Nitrogen
4. Copper and Sulfur
5. Silicon and Hydrogen
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
To allow an easier and unambiguous
identification of numerous
compounds, the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
established a set of rules for
Chemical Nomenclature.
Writing chemical formula for Ionic
Compounds
• The cation to anion ratio of any ionic
compound is determined by balancing the
total positive and negative charges.
• An easier rule to remember is the criss-cross
method, where the charge of the cation
becomes the subscript of the anion and vice
versa.
Writing chemical formula for Ionic
Compounds
• When multiple polyatomic ions are involved, they
are enclosed in parenthesis while subscripts are
written right outside the parenthesis.
• Examples:
1. Magnesium nitrate
Mg+2 and NO3- forms Mg(NO3)2
Ionic Compounds
• In naming ionic compounds, the
name of the cation is written first
before the name of the anion and
with a space in between.
Examples:
NaCl (sodium chloride)
Ionic Compounds
• For a monoatomic cation, the
name of the cation is the same as
the name of the element. For a
polyatomic cation, the name of the
polyatomic group is also used.
Examples: K and NH4
+ +
Ionic Compounds
• Some monoatomic cations can have
multiple possible oxidation states.
• In such cases, oxidation numbers are
indicated as Roman numerals enclosed
in parenthesis after the name of the
element.
Ionic Compounds
• For a monoatomic anion, the name of
the anion is the modified name of the
element, omitting the last few letters
and replacing them with the suffix –ide.
• Example: F- -fluoride ion
Ionic Compounds
• For polyatomic anions, they occur
in different forms and their names
can be derived in various ways.
Molecular Compounds
• For molecular compounds made up of
only two kinds of elements or binary
compounds, the less electronegative
element is named first and its chemical
symbol also written before the more
electronegative compound.
Molecular Compounds
• The more electronegative element ends
in suffix –ide.
• Examples:
1. Nitrogen and chlorine (NCl)
2. Sulphur and fluorine (SFl6)
Molecular Compounds
• Greek prefixes are used to indicate
number of atoms in a chemical formula.
• NOTE! The prefix mono is only used to
indicate the number of the more
electronegative element
Molecular Compounds
• Some simple compounds are more
commonly known by their common
names that are not governed by usual
nomenclature rules.
SAMPLE EXERCISE:
Write the name of the following
compounds:
1. BaS 5. N2O4
2. Li2SO4 6. SBr6
3. NH4BrO2
4. PCl
 Molecular Geometry
and Bonding Theories
• Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional
shape of a molecule.
CCl4

• Geometry can be predicted using

- Lewis dot structures
- VSEPR model
 VSEPR Model: Valence-Shell Electron-
Pair Repulsion Model
−Electron pairs move as far apart as possible to
minimize repulsions.
−Electron domain is a lone pair or a bond
(the bond may be single, double, or triple).
Strategy to predict geometry:
Lewis Electron-domain Molecular
structure geometry geometry
Electron domains and geometry
Number of
Electron-Domain Geometry
Electron Domains

2 Linear

3 Trigonal planar

4 Tetrahedral
 Electron domains and geometry
Number of
Electron-Domain Geometry
Electron Domains

5 Trigonal bipyramidal

6 Octahedral
 Molecular Geometries
1. Linear Geometry
• It usually assumed by molecules with two groups
surrounding the central atom.
• In order for the electron groups to be as far apart
as possible, the group must be on opposite sides of
the central atom with an ideal 180⁰ separation and
thus, forming a linear shape.
Example: Carbon dioxide
 Molecular Geometries
2. Trigonal Planar
• This is for molecules with three surrounding
groups.
• This is named so because the three surrounding
groups form the vertices of a triangle.
• They are oriented in a plane separated by roughly
120⁰ as can be seen in a molecule of boron
hydride.
 Molecular Geometries
3. Tetrahedral
• It assumed the molecules with four groups
surrounding the central atom.
• In this arrangement, the groups are located in
the corners of a tetrahedron to make 109.5⁰
ideal angle between any two groups.
• Example: Methane
 Molecular Geometries
4. Trigonal Bipyramidal
• The geometry assumed the molecules with five
surrounding groups.
• The groups are either placed in an equatorial plane
(equatorial region) or an axis perpendicular to the
equatorial plane (axial region).
• Three groups in the equatorial plane = 120⁰ angles
• Two groups in the axis = 180 ⁰ angle
 Molecular Geometries
5. Octahedral
• It is common for molecules with six groups
surrounding the central atom.
• Four groups are separated by 90⁰ ideal angles
lie along a plane (equatorial region) while the
other two groups lie on both ends of an axis
perpendicular to the plane (axial region).
• Octahedral geometry looks like two pyramids
stacked together.
• Molecules of the type ABx will be considered
 A is the central atom
 B atoms surround the central atom
 x commonly has integer values from 1 to 6
• Examples: All AB molecules are linear.
1
AB2

AB3
Steps to determine Geometry
- Step #1: Draw the molecule’s Lewis structure.
- Step #2: Count the number of electron domains on
the central atom.
-Step #3: Determine the electron-domain geometry.
•The electron-domain geometry is based on the
number of electron domains around the central
atom.

: –
Examples :O: –

:
: :

:
:
:
: :
H – C  N: :O – N = O: :F – Xe – F:

:
:
2 3 5
 - Step #4: Determine the molecular geometry
The electron-domain geometry and the number of bonded atoms
determine the molecular geometry.
Example: Ammonia, NH3

:
Step #1
H–N–H
–
H electron-domain
geometry
tetrahedral
Step #2 4 e¯ domains

Step #3
molecular geometry = trigonal pyramidal
Note: The common molecular geometries are all derived
from these 5 electron-domain geometries.

Linear
T-shaped
Seesaw
Trigonal bipyramidal
Bent
Trigonal planar

Linear
T-shaped
Bent
Square planar
Trigonal pyramidal
Square pyramidal
Tetrahedral
Octahedral
Axial and equatorial positions
The 5 electron ax
domains are not all eq
equivalent. eq
eq
ax = axial
eq = equatorial ax

For SF4, which geometry is correct?

Why?
Fewest lone-pair –
or
bond-pair interactions
at angles of 90o
 # of # of # of
Electron Molecular Structural Hybrid
AB nem Electron Bonding Nonbonding Examples
Geomet ry Geomet ry representation Orbitals
Regions Regions Regions
HgCl 2, CO 2 ,
AB2 2 Linear 2 0 Linear sp HCN

Trigonal BF3 , BCl3, SO3,

AB3 3 3 0 sp2
Planar CO3 -2
Trigonal
Planar
AB 2 e 3 2 1 Bent sp2 SO2, NO2-

CH4 , SiCl4,
AB4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral sp3
POCl3

Tetrahedral Trigonal
AB 3 e 4 3 1 sp3 NH3, PF3
pyramidal

H2 O, H 2S, BrO2
AB 2 e 4 2 2 Bent sp3 -

Trigonal PH5, PCl5 , SbF5,

AB5 5 5 0 dsp3
Bipyramidal IO3F2 -

Distorted
tetrahedron SF4, IF4+
AB 4 e 5 4 1 dsp3
(“See-Saw”)
Trigonal
Bipyramidal
AB3e2 5 3 2 T-Shape dsp3 ClF3 , BrF3

AB2e3 5 2 3 Linear dsp3 I3-, ICl2-, XeF2

SF6, PF6-
AB6 6 6 0 Octahedral d2sp3

Octahedral Square IF5, XeOF4

AB 5 e 6 5 1 d2sp3
Pyramidal

Square
AB4e2 6 4 2 d2sp3 XeF4 , BrF4-
Planar
 # of # of # of
E le ct ron M ole cu lar St ru c t u r al H yb ri d
A Bnem E lec tr on B on d i ng Non b on din g Examp les
Ge om e t ry Ge om e t r y rep r e se n t ati on Orb it al s
R e gion s R e gion s R egi on s
H gCl 2, CO2,
AB 2 2 L in ear 2 0 Li n ear sp H CN

Tri g on al BF3 , BCl 3, SO3,

AB 3 3 3 0 s p2
Pl an ar CO 3 -2

Tri go nal
Pl an ar
AB 2 e 3 2 1 Bent s p2 SO2 , N O2-

CH 4 , Si Cl4 ,
AB 4 4 4 0 T etra hed ral s p3
PO Cl 3

Tet rahed ral T ri g on al

AB 3 e 4 3 1 s p3
N H3, PF3
p yrami d al

H 2O, H 2 S, BrO 2
AB 2 e 4 2 2 Bent s p3
-

T ri g on al PH 5 , PC l5, Sb F5 ,
AB 5 5 5 0 d sp 3
Bip y rami d al IO3 F2 -

D is to rt ed
tet rah ed ro n SF4 , IF4
+
AB 4 e 5 4 1 d sp3
(“See- Saw ”)
T ri go nal
Bip yrami d al
AB 3 e2 5 3 2 T- Shap e d sp3 C lF3, BrF 3

AB 2 e3 5 2 3 Li n ear d sp3 I3 -, IC l2 -, X eF2

SF6 , P F6
-
AB 6 6 6 0 Oct ahed ral d2 s p3

O ctah edral Sq u are IF5 , X eOF4

AB 5 e 6 5 1 d2 s p3
Py rami d al

AB e2
# of 6
# of 4
# of 2
Sq u are
d2 s p3
X eF4, BrF -

Ele ctron M olecular Structural Hybrid

4 4
Pl an ar

AB nem Ele ctron Bonding Nonbonding Examp les

Geometry Geometry representation Orbitals
Regions Regions Regions
HgCl 2 , CO2,
AB2 2 Linear 2 0 Linear sp HCN

Trigonal BF3 , BCl3 , SO 3,

AB3 3 3 0 sp 2
Planar CO3 -2
Trigonal
Planar
AB 2 e 3 2 1 Bent sp 2 SO 2 , NO2-

CH4 , SiCl4 ,
AB4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral sp 3
POCl 3

Tetrahedral Trigonal
AB 3 e 4 3 1 sp 3 NH 3, PF3
pyramidal

H 2O, H2S, BrO2

AB 2 e 4 2 2 Bent sp 3 -

Trigonal PH 5 , PCl5 , SbF5 ,

AB5 5 5 0 dsp 3
Bipyramidal IO 3F2 -

Distorted
tetr ahedron SF4 , IF4+
AB 4 e 5 4 1 dsp 3
(“See-Saw”)
Trigonal
Bipyramidal
AB 3e2 5 3 2 T-Shape dsp 3 ClF3, BrF3

AB 2e3 5 2 3 Linear dsp 3 I3-, ICl2-, XeF2

SF6 , PF6-
AB6 6 6 0 Octahedral d2 sp3

Octahedral Square IF5 , XeOF 4

AB 5 e 6 5 1 d2 sp3
Pyramidal

Square
AB 4e2 6 4 2 d2 sp3 XeF4, BrF4-
Planar
 # of # of # of
E l ec tr on M ole cu lar St ru c t u r al H yb r id
AB nem Ele ct ron B on d ing N onb on di ng Examp le s
Ge om e t ry Ge om e t ry re pr e se n t at ion Or bit als
R egi ons R egion s R e gions
H gCl 2 , CO 2 ,
A B2 2 Li n ear 2 0 Li near s p H CN

Tri go nal B F3 , B Cl3 , SO 3 ,

A B3 3 3 0 s p2
Pl an ar CO 3 -2

Tri go nal
Pl an ar
A B2 e 3 2 1 Ben t s p2 SO2 , NO2 -

CH 4 , Si Cl4 ,
A B4 4 4 0 T etrah edral s p3
P O Cl 3

T etra hed ral T ri go nal

A B3 e 4 3 1 s p3
NH 3 , PF 3
p yrami d al

H 2O , H2 S, BrO2
A B2 e 4 2 2 Ben t s p3
-

T ri go nal PH 5 , PCl 5 , Sb F5 ,
A B5 5 5 0 d sp 3
Bip yrami d al IO3 F2 -

D is to rted
tet rah ed ro n SF4 , IF 4
+
A B4 e 5 4 1 d sp 3

(“See- Saw ”)
T ri go nal
B ip y rami d al
AB 3 e2 5 3 2 T- Shap e d sp 3
Cl F3, BrF3

AB 2 e3 5 2 3 Li near d sp 3
I3 -, ICl 2 -, Xe F2

SF6 , PF 6
-
A B6 6 6 0 Oct ahed ral d2 s p3

O ctah edral Sq uar e IF5 , XeO F4

A B5 e 6 5 1 d2 s p3
Pyrami dal

Sq uar e
AB 4 e2 6 4 2 d2 s p3
X eF4, BrF4
-
Plan ar

# of # of # of
Electron Molecular Structural Hybrid
AB nem Electron Bonding Nonbonding Examples
Geometry Geometry rep resentation Orbitals
Regions Regions Regions
HgCl 2, CO 2,
AB2 2 Linear 2 0 Linear sp HCN

Trigonal BF3 , BCl3, SO3,

AB3 3 3 0 sp2
Planar CO 3 -2
Trigonal
Planar
AB 2 e 3 2 1 Bent sp2 SO 2, NO2-

CH4, SiCl4,
AB4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral sp3
POCl3

Tetrahedral Trigonal
AB 3 e 4 3 1 sp3 NH3, PF3
pyramidal

H2O, H2S, BrO2

AB 2 e 4 2 2 Bent sp3 -

Trigonal PH 5, PCl5, SbF5,

AB5 5 5 0 dsp3
Bipyramidal IO 3 F2 -

Distorted
tetrahedron SF4, IF4 +
AB 4 e 5 4 1 dsp3
(“See-Saw”)
Trigonal
Bipyramidal
AB 3e2 5 3 2 T-Shape dsp3 ClF3, BrF3

AB 2e3 5 2 3 Linear dsp3 I3-, ICl2-, XeF2

SF6, PF6 -
AB6 6 6 0 Octahedral d 2sp3

Octahedral Square IF5, XeOF4

AB 5 e 6 5 1 d 2sp3
Pyramidal

Square
AB 4e2 6 4 2 d 2sp3 XeF4, BrF4-
Planar
 # of # of # of
E le ct ron M ole cu lar S t ruc t ural H yb r id
A Bnem E lec tr on B on d i ng Non b on din g E xamp les
Ge om e t ry Geom e t r y rep r e se nt ati on Orb it als
R e gion s R e gion s R egi on s
Hg Cl 2, CO2,
AB 2 2 L in ear 2 0 L in ear s p H CN

T ri go nal BF 3 , BCl 3 , SO3,

AB 3 3 3 0 sp 2
P l ana r CO 3 -2

T rig on al
Pl an ar
A B2 e 3 2 1 Ben t sp 2 SO2 , N O2 -

CH 4 , SiCl4 ,
AB 4 4 4 0 Tet rah ed ral sp 3
PO Cl 3

Tet rah edral T ri go nal

A B3 e 4 3 1 sp 3
N H3, PF 3
py rami d al

H2O , H 2 S, BrO 2
A B2 e 4 2 2 Ben t sp 3
-

T ri go nal P H5, PCl 5, SbF5,

AB 5 5 5 0 ds p 3
B ip yrami d al IO 3 F2
-

D i st ort ed
t etrah ed ro n SF4 , IF4
+
A B4 e 5 4 1 ds p 3

(“See- Saw ”)
T ri g on al
Bi py rami d al
A B3 e2 5 3 2 T- Sh ape ds p 3
Cl F3, BrF3

A B2 e3 5 2 3 L in ear ds p 3
I3 -, ICl2 -, X eF2

SF6 , PF6
-
AB 6 6 6 0 O ctah ed ral d 2sp 3

O ct ahed ral Sq uare IF5 , X eOF 4

A B5 e 6 5 1 d 2sp 3
Py ramid al

Sq uare
A B4 e2 6 4 2 d 2sp 3
XeF 4 , BrF4
-
P lana r

# of # of # of
Electron Molecular Structural Hybrid
AB nem Electron Bonding Nonbonding Examples
Geometry Geometry representation Orbitals
Regions Regions Regions
HgCl 2, CO2 ,
AB2 2 Linear 2 0 Linear sp HCN

Trigonal BF3, BCl3 , SO3,

AB3 3 3 0 sp2
Planar CO 3 -2
Trigonal
Planar
AB 2 e 3 2 1 Bent sp2 SO2, NO2-

CH4 , SiCl4,
AB4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral sp3
POCl3

Tetrahedral Trigonal
AB 3 e 4 3 1 sp3 NH 3, PF3
pyramidal

H2O, H2S, BrO 2

AB 2 e 4 2 2 Bent sp3 -

Trigonal PH 5, PCl5 , SbF5,

AB5 5 5 0 dsp 3
Bipyramidal IO3 F2 -

Distorted
tetrahedron SF4, IF4+
AB 4 e 5 4 1 dsp 3
(“See-Saw”)
Trigonal
Bipyramidal
AB 3e2 5 3 2 T-Shape dsp 3 ClF3, BrF3

AB 2e3 5 2 3 Linear dsp 3 I3-, ICl2-, XeF2

SF6, PF6-
AB6 6 6 0 Octahedral d 2sp3

Octahedral Square IF5 , XeOF4

AB 5 e 6 5 1 d 2sp3
Pyramidal

Square
AB 4e2 6 4 2 d 2sp3 XeF4, BrF4-
Planar
SAMPLE EXERCISE:
Draw the Lewis Structures with indicating
appropriate geometry for the following
molecules:
1. AsCl3 4. BrF4
2. NO2
3. SF6