Mukul Tandon

B.Tech ASE 7th

Sem
R180207030
 What is a Helicopter?
 A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and
thrust are supplied by one or more engine driven rotors.

 Helicopters are highly capable and useful rotating-wing

vehicles that have a variety of civilian and military
applications.

 Unique features:
• Ability to hover
• Land and take off vertically
• Fly forward, backward, and sideways
• Helicopters are closely related to autogiros and tiltrotors.
 Motivation
• The overall unique aspect of a helicopter is it’s ability to
hover for extended periods of time.

• The ability to hover it a very useful attribute.

– An good example is that of a hummingbird.
Comparison of Fixed-Wing Aircraft and
Helicopters
 Rotary Wing Aerodynamics
 Aerodynamic Factors
• Relative Wind: It is the airflow relative to an airfoil and is
created by movement of an airfoil through the air.

• Induced Flow Production: The figure below illustrates

how still air is changed to a column of descending air by
rotor blade action.
 Rotary Wing Aerodynamics (Cont.)
• Resultant Relative Wind: Airflow from rotation, modified by
induced flow, produces the Resultant Relative Wind

•Angle of Attack: It is the angle between the airfoil chord line

and its direction of motion relative to the air.
 Rotary Wing Aerodynamics (Cont.)

•Total Aerodynamic Force: It is

generated when a stream of air flows
over and under an airfoil that is
moving through the air.

•Total aerodynamic force may be

divided into two components called
lift and drag
Basic Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
on Helicopter
 Airflow at Hover
• In-ground Effect (IGE): Lift needed to sustain an IGE
Hover can be produced with a reduced angle of attack and
less power because of the more vertical lift vector.
• This is due to the ground interrupting the airflow under
the helicopter thereby reducing downward velocity of the
induced flow.
 Airflow at Hover (Cont.)
• Out-of Ground Effect (OGE): Downward airflow alters
the relative wind and changes the angle of attack so less
aerodynamic force is produced.
• Increase collective pitch is required to produce enough
aerodynamic force to sustain an OGE Hover.
Video Showing IGE & OGE
 Different Helicopter Configurations
1. Tail Rotor

AH - 64
 Different Helicopter Configurations
2. Twin Non-Co-Axial

CH-46

V-22
 Different Helicopter Configurations
3. Twin Co-Axial

KA - 52
 Different Helicopter Configurations
4. NOTAR (NO TAil Rotor )

MD- 520 N
Thank You