Parts of Speech, Structure &

Kinds of Sentences
Objective
• To understand the different parts of
speech

• To identify and apply them in sentences

 PARTS OF SPEECH

• A part of speech is a group of words that are used in a

certain way.
• English language is divided into eight different categories.
• Each category has a different role/function in the sentence.
• For example, ‘run’, ‘jump’ and ‘be’ are all used to describe
actions/states. Therefore they belong to the VERBS group.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Verbs
• Adverbs
• Adjectives
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
NOUNS

A noun is a word that names a person, a place or a thing.

Example sentences:
People like to go to the beach.
Raj passed the test.
My parents are traveling to Mumbai next month
Types of nouns

An abstract noun is a noun that names an idea, not a

physical thing.

Examples:
Hope, interest, love, peace, ability, success, knowledge,
trouble, air
Concrete Noun : a noun Proper noun: a noun that indicates
that names a physical the specific name of a thing. It
thing. begins with a capital letter.
• Boy
• Robin
• table
• Susan
• floor
• London
• Coffee
• Sweden
• beach
• Google
• king
• Earth
• rain
• Delhi
• children
• Civil War
• professor
Countable Nouns: A countable noun is a noun that
indicates something you could actually count.
• Window
• teacher
• tree
• lion
• eye
• cloud
• pencil
• heart
• movie
 Uncountable Nouns : An uncountable noun is a
noun that indicates something you cannot count.
• Hair
• sand
• milk
• news
• equipment
• luggage
• work
• coffee
• information

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Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun.
 For example,
"Lisa is a nice girl."
Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" and get
the following sentence:
• "She is a nice girl."
"She" is a pronoun.

Example sentences:
He doesn't want to go with them.
Would they help us?
His house is bigger than ours.
Who is she?
Types of Pronouns
 Personal pronouns represent people or things.
• I, me
• You
• He, him
• She, her
• It
• We, us
• They, them.
 Demonstrative means "showing, making something clear."
Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns
are:
• This cannot go on.
• That was beautiful!
• He wanted those, but decided to compromise on these.
Types of Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns : Used in questions
 Who is your father?
Whom did you speak to?
Which bag did you buy?
What are my choices?
Possessive Pronouns: show ownership
 I've lost my wallet.
This place is theirs.
Is that cat yours?
Types of Pronouns
 Relative Pronouns - connected with something
 The girl who called yesterday came to see you.
 The teacher whom you wrote to has answered your questions.
 I really liked the book that you gave me
 Reflexive Pronouns - "going back to itself.“
 He could hurt himself.
 We must help ourselves.
 She trusts herself.
 Indefinite Pronouns- Indefinite means not exact, not limited, they do not
refer to any specific person or thing.
 Can anyone call her?
 Everybody wants to see you.
 Something can be done to help.
Adjectives

 An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing

 He has big blue eyes.
The new car broke down.
The old lady was speaking in a soft tone.
Different Types of adjectives

• Opinion :Nice, pretty, stupid, original, expensive

• Size : Big, small, large, tiny, enormous, little
• Age: Young, old, new, ancient, antique
• Shape: Round, square, flat, straight
• Colour: Blue, red, white, black, dark, bright, yellowish
• Origin: Italian, British, Mexican, western, southern
• Material: Metal, wooden, plastic, golden
Types of Adjectives
 Comparative adjectives: “Comparing something to something else.”

 She is a better student than her brothers

 The test was worse than I'd expected.

 Superlative adjectives: "Superlative" means "of the highest degree”.

 You are my best friend.

 This is the worst day of my life.
 Even the smallest donation helps.
Adjectives in English absolutely
have to be in this order

 Opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-
material-purpose- noun.
 So you can say a “lovely little old
rectangular green French silver whittling
knife”.
 We say
 “little green men“ not “green little men”,

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Verbs

 A verb is a word or group of words that express an action or a state.

Examples:
Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.

Example sentences:
We had a nice lunch.
I think that he is right.
He drove for hours
 Auxiliary Verbs (also called "helping verbs")
 Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb
of the sentence to express the action or state.

Main verb + auxiliary verb = complete idea

• The main auxiliary verbs are:
be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had.
They are jogging.
• She was sitting.
• We were waiting for hours.
• Is she sleeping?
• He didn't know the answer.
• We have gone a long way.
• Has she received any of my letters?
• Will she help?
Compound Verbs
 A compound verb = auxiliary verb + main verb.

Examples:
was playing, has eaten, doesn't want.

• They were discussing their future.

• He didn't tell us the truth.
• I have finished my homework.
• She will meet us there.
State of Being Verbs
 State of Being verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an
action.

Examples:
be, seem, love, own, want, sound, have, know, understand.

• She is a great wife.

• He seems rather strange.
• He wanted to see you.
• That sounds awesome!
• We have enough things to do.
 State of Being verbs are usually not used in the
progressive tenses.

• Incorrect: He is wanting to see you.

Correct: He wants to see you.
• Incorrect: I am knowing what to do.
Correct: I know what to do.
• Incorrect: They are seeming nice.
Correct: They seem nice
• Incorrect: I am having a laptop.
Correct: I have a laptop.
Adverbs
 An adverb is a word that describes or gives more
information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb,
or even the entire sentence.
• An adverb can describe a verb:
She runs quickly.
• An adverb can describe an adjective:
She is so beautiful.
• An adverb can describe another adverb:
She smokes very rarely.
• An adverb can describe an entire sentence:
Naturally, you cannot come.
Types of Adverb
Adverbs of degree-Adverbs of degree show us the strength
or degree of the action or state.
 Example sentences:
He is very concerned about you.
You are totally right.
We almost made it to the train
Adverbs of manner- Adverbs of manner show us the way
the action is done.
 Example sentences:
He handled the situation well.
She secretly listened to their conversation.
The children ran happily to their father.
Types of Adverbs
Adverbs of place- show us the location of the action or state
• We are here.
• He went home.
• We found him outside.
• She looked up

Adverbs of time- show us the time of the action or state.

• Let's talk now.
• I will do it later.
• He promised to write back soon.
• What are you doing tomorrow?
Types of Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency-show us the frequency of the action
or state
• I always brush my teeth after a meal.
• We often meet and chat.
• He is usually here on time

Adverbs of duration-show us the length of the action or

state.
• He is working there temporarily.
• We spoke briefly.
• I will be forever grateful to you.
Prepositions
A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a
pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is
usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth.
• I sat on the floor.
• Let's go into the house.
• We will meet at four o'clock.
• Have a look under the couch.
• He went to school.
• This letter is for you
Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence
together

• I want to come, but I can't.

• She is smart and beautiful.
• Would you like to keep a cat or a dog?
• He didn't pass the test because he didn't understand the
subject.
• We were hungry, so we ordered pizza.
Interjections
 An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used to
express the speaker's emotion.
• Wow, that's amazing!
• Ah, that was a good meal.
• Um... I'm not sure what to say.
• Oh dear! What happened?
• Hello! How are you doing?
• Well, that's an option too
Practice Exercises
They always speak the truth to me.
1.What part of speech is the word 'speak' in the sentence above?

  a)noun
  b)verb
  c)adjective
  d)preposition

2. Those boys answered all the questions smartly in class this morning.
What word would you use as a substitute for the words 'those boys'?
  a)she
  b)she
  c)me
 d) they
3. She frequently writes articles for that paper.
a) Where would you insert the word 'short' in this sentence?
  a)between she and frequently
  b)between frequently and writes
  c)between writes and articles
  d)between articles and for

4. Will you please water the plants?

b) Noun
c) Verb
d) Conjunction
e) Preposition
5.She always smiled ________ she was not happy.
Which of the following conjunctions would you use to fill in the blank?
  a) but
  b) or
  c) and
  d) where

6. If we finish our work quickly we can go to the movies

a) Verb
b) Adverb
c) Preposition
d) Conjunction
7. Well, I don't think I will be here to answer the phone.
a) Interjection
b) Adjective
c) Adverb
d) Preposition

8. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall

e) Adverb
f) Verb
g) Adjective
h) Conjunction
9. He completed his job very well
a) Verb
b) Adverb
c) Adjective
d) Preposition

10. How many adjectives are in the following sentence, including

articles?
The red car roared around the sharp corner and hit an old oak tree. 
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 3
Structure of a Sentence
 What is the structure of a sentence?

 Sentence structure is the way a sentence is arranged,

grammatically. The sentence structure of your writing
includes where the noun and verb fall within an
individual sentence.
  Sentence structure depends on the language in which
you're writing or speaking.

• Example of a simple sentence :

• "She throws the ball."
• The sentence structure is "Subject, verb, object."

• There are many ways to make the sentence structure

much more complicated while still providing a
framework for the information you're conveying and
being grammatically correct.

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 What is a basic sentence?

• The simple subject usually contains a noun or pronoun

and can include modifying words, phrases, or clauses.

• The predicate expresses action or being within

the sentence.

• The simple predicate contains the verb and can also

contain modifying words, phrases, or clauses.
 What is sentence in grammar?
• In grammar, a sentence is the basic grammatical unit.

• It contains a group of words and expresses a complete

thought.

• A sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

• For example  "Bill writes good poems" Bill is the subject of

the sentence and writes good poems is the predicate
What do you need to make a complete sentence?

• The aim in writing is always to write in complete

sentences which are correctly punctuated.
•  
• Sentences always begin with a capital letter and end in
either a full stop, exclamation or question mark.

• A complete sentence always contains a verb, expresses

a complete idea and makes sense standing alone.
What is an incomplete sentence?

• Sentence fragments are a common mistake.

• A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence.
• It could be a prepositional phrase.
• It could be a dependent clause.

• An English sentence must have a subject and a verb of its

own
 The 5 Basic Patterns of Sentences
 
• Subject + Verb
• I swim. Joe swims. They swam.
•  Subject + Verb + Object
• I drive a car. Joe plays the guitar. They ate dinner.
• Subject + Verb + Complement
• I am busy. Joe became a doctor. They look sick.
•  Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
• I gave her a gift. She teaches us English.
•  Subject + Verb + Object + Complement
•  I left the door open. We elected him president. They named
her Jane.

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Types of Sentences
 There are mainly four types of sentences:

1. Declarative/Assertive/Affirmative
A declarative /assertive/ affirmative sentence is
a sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple
statements. They state, assert, or declare something.

• We will not tolerate this.

• I am your friend.
• My sister lives in Mexico.
• The ball rolled slowly into the goal.

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 2. Imperative
The imperative sentence expresses a command, request or
order.

• Do be a bit more careful.

• Never speak to me like that again.
• Always remember what I told you

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 3. Interrogative
The interrogative sentence asks a question

• Will you wait here?

• Where have you been all this while?
• What did you do then?

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 4. Exclamatory sentence
Exclamatory sentences contain a strong emotion and end
with an exclamation mark.

• I love you so much!

• I am excited to watch this movie!
• It’s a great day!

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Thank You