From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,

By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-1 Characteristic plume formed by a continuous release of material.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-2 Puff formed by near instantaneous release of material.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-3 Air temperature as a function of altitude for day and night conditions. The
temperature
gradient affects the vertical air motion. (Adapted from D. Bruce Turner, Workbook of
Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates (Cincinnati: US Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 1970), p. 1.)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-4 Effect of ground conditions on vertical wind gradient. (Adapted from D. Bruce Turner,
Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates (Cincinnati: US Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, 1970), p. 2.)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-5 Increased release height decreases the ground concentration.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-6 The initial acceleration and buoyancy of the released material affect the plume character.
The dispersion models discussed in this chapter represent only ambient turbulence.
(Adapted from Steven R. Hanna and Peter J. Drivas, Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud
Dispersion Models (New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987), p. 6.)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-7 Steady-state continuous point source release with wind. Note the coordinate system:
x is downwind direction, y is off-wind direction, and z is vertical direction.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-8 Puff with wind. After the initial instantaneous release, the puff moves with the
wind.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-9 Steady-state plume with source at ground level. The concentration is twice the
concentration of a plume without the ground.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-10 Dispersion coefficients for Pasquill-Gifford plume model for rural releases.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-11 Dispersion coefficients for Pasquill-Gifford plume model for urban releases.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-12 Dispersion coefficients for Pasquill-Gifford puff model.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-13 Britter-McQuaid dimensional correlation for dispersion of dense gas plumes.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-14 Britter-McQuaid dimensional correlation for dispersion of dense gas puffs.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-15 Sketch describing the transition from dense gas to neutrally buoyant gas.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 From Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition,
By Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar (ISBN: 0131382268)

Figure 5-16 Smokestack plume demonstrating initial buoyant rise of hot gases.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.