INTRODUCTION TO

ELEVATORS

Submitted by:
S.Navya sree
K.Chandini
K.Gayatri sadhika
M.Ramesh
 TOPICS:

 Basics of Elevators
 Origin
 Types of Elevators
 Elevator Components &
functions
 Basics of Elevators:
1. An Elevator is defined as a
permanent lifting equipment serving two
or more landing levels including a car for
transportation of passengers and or other
loads vertically.
2. Elevators began as simple rope or chain
hoists and moves between guide rails not
more than 15 degree vertical.
3. An elevator is essentially a platform that is
either pulled or pushed up by a
mechanical means.
4. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also
called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a
platform within an enclosed space called a
shaft, or "hoistway".
5. In the past, elevator drive mechanisms
were powered by steam and water
hydraulic pistons.
 Origin:
• An elevator today was built in London in 1823.
• In 1845 William Thompson built the first Hydraulic Elevator
• Henry Waterman, of New York, invented the lift (elevator) in 1850. He intended
it to transport barrels of flour.
• In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of
the cab if the cable broke.
• The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety
and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague.
• In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open
and close safely.
• In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created
the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift.
Components of Elevator:
1. Controller
2. Hoisting Machine
3. Sling Assembly
4. Deflector sheave
5. Speed Governor
6. Safeties
7. Guide rails
8. Brackets
9. Cab/Car, Door Operator
10. Traveling cable
11. Switches
12. Buffers
13. Counterweight
14. Compensating sheave
Types of Elevators
 Hydraulic
 Drum type
 Traction Elevator
Types of Elevators -Hydraulic Elevators
Types of Elevators – Drum Elevators
Types of Elevators – Traction Elevators
Types of Elevators - Traditional Traction elevator
This is a traditional traction elevator with the
machine room above the shaft.

Power is transmitted Friction factor > T1/T2

by friction between to ensure enough
the ropes and the friction for power
pulley grooves transmission

Counter
weight =
Car (empty car
weight +
half the
contract
load)
 Multiple roping reduces the suspended
ROPING PRINCIPLES: load on the machinery, while the rope
speed gets increased. Hence used for
bigger car loads and low car speed
CAR AND SLING

 The car is a safe, closed place to

carry passengers
 Overloading is not possible: floor
area is limited to the capacity of
hoisting and safety equipment
 Around the car is a steel frame
called “Sling”
 Suspension ropes, guide shoes and
safety gear are fixed to the sling.
COUNTERWEIGHT

 Counterweight is fixed to the other

end of the suspension ropes
 It moves in the opposite direction to
the car
 Its weight is same as car + sling + ½ x
the rated load
 It ensures the friction between the
ropes and the traction wheel
GUIDE RAILS

 Guide rails make the vertical path for

the car and the counterweight
 They are fixed to the walls of the shaft
 GUIDE SHOES

Roller type guide shoes

enable smooth travel of
the car
 OVERSPEED GOVERNOR

Monitors the car speed for overspeed

protection
SAFETY GEAR

 Overspeed governor (in machine room)

is connected by a rope loop to the
safety gear (in car sling)
 If the car begins to move too fast
downwards, the Overspeed governor
triggers the safety gear by stopping the
rope.
 The safety gear grips on the guide
rails and stops the car.
 The rope is supervised with a
tension weight in shaft pit
BUFFERS

• The buffers soften the stop of

the car if it tries to run at full
speed to the bottom of the shaft.
• Similarly the counterweight is
stopped soft, if the car tries to
run full speed to the top of the
shaft.
COMPENSATING ROPES

 Counterbalance the weight of the

hoisting
ropes
 Reduce the machinery's workload
 Run from car to the counterweight
 For lower lift speeds, compensation
cables using linked chain are used
instead of ropes.