ELECTRIC

VE H ICLE S:
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Why
EV?
1.Pollution:
According to DOE (USA)
•Transportation accounts for one third of all energy usage.
•Use of 10% of ZEV cuts 1 million tons/year of air pollutants

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•With 100% EV - CO2 emission would be cut by half
2.Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost:
•EV h as a more capital cost
•But life cycle cost of EV is lesser t h a n ICEV

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What is a n
EV?
It is a vehicle which h a s following features
• Portable energy source
• Traction effort provided by electric motor

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Classification of Alternative
Vehicle
• Electric Vehicle
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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Components of
• a n EV
Battery
It powers the electric motor. Its capacity is defined in Ah.
The design of battery includes complex calculations which

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determines various battery par ameters
• Power convertor
The electrical energy stored in battery is fixed DC which
should be converted to either variable DC or Variable AC which
depends on the type of electric motor used for power the wheels
• Electric Motor

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DC series, Induction motors were used a t the earlier
stage. Now the scope h a s shifted towards special electrical
machines
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Components of a n EV
Contd.,
Clutch
•

The engine m u s t be decoupled from the

wheels to shift from low speed to high speed gears or
vice versa, this is done by the clutch.

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• Transmission
The gearbox is also called as transmission
which allows transfer of power from engine to
wheels.

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• Drivetrain
The combination of Electric motor, Clutch,
Gearbox is referred to as drivetrain 7
 Architecture of a n EV

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Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
•An Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) uses both a
conventional internal combustion engine a n d a n
electric source.
• This mainly facilitates regenerative braking.

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Regenerative
Braking

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• A significant amount of energy is consumed by
braking.
• Braking a 1500 kg vehicle from 100 km/h to zero
speed consumes about 0.16 kWh of energy.
• This energy lost in brake shoes can be utilized to
charge

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the battery.

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Classification of
HEV

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1.Based On Architecture
• Series
• Parallel

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• Series – Parallel
2.Degree Of
Hybridization
• Mild
• Power
• Energy
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Degree of
Hybridization

It is the progression from mild to energy hybrids is

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related to degree of downsizing the engine a n d
upsizing the electric motor.

T ha t is the traction power provided by the IC engine

is reduced a n d t h a t of the electric motor is
increased by varying the capacity of the prime

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movers respectively.

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Classification of HEV
contd.,
Charge Depleting:
The HEV which doesn’t have the onboard electricity
generation unit is called as charge depleting HEV.

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Charge Sustaining:
The HEV which h a s onboard electricity generation
facility is called as charge sustaining HEV.

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 HEV Architecture
Series Hybrid Drivetrain
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Series Hybrid Drivetrain
Contd.,
• IC engine and Battery operate in series
i. The IC engine is fueled by diesel or petrol
which acts as a prime mover to a n on board
electric generator which generates

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electricity a n d charges the battery through
a power converter.
ii. The electric energy stored in the battery is used
to drive the electric motor which provides the
full propulsion power.

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Series Hybrid Drivetrain
Contd.,
• Advantage
Simplicity of control algorithms used to
control the power converters a n d hence achieving
speed control of electric motors

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• Disadvantage
Power t r a in components h a s to be rated for
the full rating.

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 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain

HEV Architecture Contd.,

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Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
contd.,
• IC engine and battery operate in parallel
i. Based on the rating of the IC engine a n d
battery, electric motor the propulsion power is
shared between the sources

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ii. The battery can be charged through wheels by
increasing the power output of the IC engine by
using the control algorithm for regenerative
braking

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Parallel Hybrid

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Drivetrain Contd.,

• Advantage
Reduction in size of drive tr ai n components
• Disadvantage

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Power blending from two sources becomes
difficult an d it requires additional
mechanical equipment like planetary gear
arrangement.

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HEV Architecture Contd.,
Series- Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain

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Series- Parallel Hybrid

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Drivetrain

• It combines both the architecture to extract

respective benefits
• A power splitter is used to feed a p a r t of IC engine
power to drive the on board electric generator

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which is used to charge the battery through a
power converter when the SoC of the battery is
below the threshold value.

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• PHEVs are charge depleting HEV
• They operate in fully electric mode up to certain
distance a n d th e n as a regular hybrid vehicle
for longer distances.

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• It h a s a large rated storage system compared to
HEVs
• It h a s to be plugged in for recharging the
battery

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Plug In Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Contd.,
• They are designed for daily commute to work a n d
for longer distances the it is supplemented by
the IC engine.
• This type of PHEV is also called as range

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extender.
• Hence this h a s high potential to replace ICEV for
u r b a n commuting.

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PHEV charging
stations

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• Plug a n d charge
• Battery swapping

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Plug and charge in
USA

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Level 1 (residential)
• Uses a st an da r d 120 VAC, 15 A
• Charging equipment is typically installed on the
vehicle

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Contd
Level 2 .,
• Preferred method for a battery electric vehicle
charger for both private a n d public facilities.

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• Uses 240-VAC, single-phase, 10-40-A branch
circuit.
• The conversion from AC to DC takes place on
board.

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 TESLA motors
Level 2 Charging station by
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Contd
Level 3 (Fast Charging) .,
• For commercial a n d public applications.
• It uses a n off board charge system serviced by a

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480-VAC, three-phase circuit.
• The conversion from AC to DC is done off
board.

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 DC Fast charging by TESLA
motors
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 Present scenario in
India
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National Mission for
Electric Mobility (NMEM)
• Government of India approved the National
Mission on Electric Mobility in 2011.
• As p a r t of the mission, Department of
Heavy Industries h a s formulated a scheme

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namely
FAME – India
F a s te r Adoption a n d Manufacturing of Hybrid &
Electric Vehicles in India.

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NMEM
Contd.,
Phase-1
Proposed to be implemented in 2 year period of
2015-2017

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Focus on four Major Areas
• Technology Development
• Demand Creation
• Pilot Projects
• Charging Infrastructure

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National Electric
Mobility Mission Plan
2020 (NEMMP)

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• Launched in J a n u a r y 2013 by the t he n Prime
Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh und er the
Ministry of Heavy Industries a n d Public
Enterprises.
• Aims a t ensuring vehicle population of 6-7

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million
electric/hybrid vehicles in India by the year
2020 .

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Current Status of
• ToNMEM
promote eco-friendly vehicles, the government h a s been offering
incentives on electric a n d hybrid vehicles of up to Rs.29,000 for
bikes a n d Rs.1.38 lakh for cars und er the FAME India scheme.
• In Budget 2017-18, Rs.175 crore h a s been ea r mar k ed for the

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FAME India scheme.

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Current Status of
i.
NMEM
On 23 February 2017 a meeting was scheduled by
Higher
Govt.,
rd

cost
of India of vehicles
to discuss several factors including ,

ii. Power outages

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 Lack of charging infrastructure
 iii.
iv. Dearth of facilities for eco-friendly
disposal of batteries to curb pollution

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BHEL: Pivoting from Power
Sector to Transportation
• On 16 t h February 2017 BHEL signed a n agreement
with Ashok Leyland Ltd a n d Tata Motors Ltd for
developing a propulsion system for buses.
• It is also seeking technical collaboration to

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manufacture metro rail locomotives a n d h a s
initiated separate talks with Hitachi
Transportation Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries a n d Škoda Transportation.

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Global leaders in terms of
total units sold
1. Renault – Nissan
2. Mitsubishi
3. General Motors

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4. Toyota
5. Tesla
6. Ford
7. BYD
BMW

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8.

9. The Geely Group

10. Volkswagen 37
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Indian
Scenario
Company and model
Electric Vehicle:
Range Cost

Mahindra e2o 120km/full charge Rs.4.79 lakh - Rs.5.34

lakh
Mahindra e-Verito 110 km/full charge Rs.9.5 lakh –
Rs.10 lakh

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Hybrid Vehicle: All electric range
Toyota Prius 23 km/full charge Rs.38.1 lakh –
Rs.41.87 lakh
Toyota Camry Hybrid 18km/full charge Rs.31.01 lakh
- Rs.34.67
lakh
Mahindra 15km/full charge Rs.9.97 lakh –

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Scorpio Micro Rs.14.24 lakh
Hybrid
BMW i8 37km/full charge Rs.2.14 Cr

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Contd
.,
MOTORCYCLE

Brand And Range Max Speed Charging Cost

Model time

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LOHIA 60km 25 km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.26000
Oma –
star Rs.35000
series
Heroelectr 70km 25km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.38000-
ic Rs.55000
Optima
series

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YO Bykes 55-60km 55km/hr 6hrs Rs.36000-

Rs.50000
BSA 70km 25km/hr 6hrs Rs.25000-
motors
Rs.36000

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Contd
.,
ELECTRIC BUS

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Ashok Leyland
• It h a s a seating capacity for 31 passengers
• It can travel for 120km on a single charge
• It costs Rs 1.50 crore to Rs 3.50 crore, which
depends on the batteries a n d seats.

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 Ashok Leyland E-bus
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Referenc
esElectric
1. a n d Hybrid Vehicles Design
Fun da men tals 2 edition by Iqbal Husain.
nd

2. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, a n d Fuel Cell

Vehicles by Mehrdad Ehs a ni et al.

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3. Energy World from Economic Times.
4. Ministry of Heavy Industries a n d
Public Enterprises, Govt., of India.
5. http://kseboa.org/news/bhel-looks-to-pivot-from-
power-sector-to-transportation-electric-vehicles-
17024527.html

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