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5 syntactic
structure
PRESENTED BY:
ALIYA MARIE G. VALDEZ

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5 syntactic structure
1. Word-Order
2. Prosody
3. function word
4. Inflection
5. derivational contrast
WORD-ORDER

• the linear of time sequence in which word

appear in an utterance, or the positions of
words relative to each other in time.
Types of Word Order
• a. Standard Word Order
• A sentence’s standard word order is Subject + Verb + Obj
ect (SVO). Remember, the subject is what a sentence is ab
out; so, it comes first. For example:
• The dog (subject) + eats (verb) + popcorn (object).
• The subject comes first in a sentence because it makes our
meaning clear when writing and speaking. Then, the verb c
omes after the subject, and the object comes after the verb
; and that’s the most common word order. Otherwise, a sen
tence doesn’t make sense, like this:
• Eats popcorn the dog. (verb + object + subject)
• Popcorn the dog eats. (object + subject + verb)
Types of Word Order
B. Questions-When asking a questiHere’s a chart to help you:
on, we follow the order auxiliary v
erb/modal
auxiliary + subject + verb (ASV)
.
Auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliarie
s share meaning or function, many
which are forms of the verb “to be.”
Auxiliary verbs
can change
form, but modal auxiliaries don’t.
Parts of Word Order
a. Indirect Objects
• When we add an indirect object, a sentence will follow a slightlydiffe
rent order. Indirect objects always come between the verb and the obj
ect, following the pattern SVIO, like this:
Ex: I fed the dog some popcorn.
This sentence has “I” (subject) “fed” (verb) “dog” (indirect object) “popcor
n” (direct
object).
Parts of Word Order
b. Prepositional Phrases-Prepositional phrases also have specia
l positions in sentences. When we use the prepositions like “to” o
r “for,” then the indirect object becomes part of a prepositional p
hrase, and follows the order
SVOP, like this:
Ex: I fed some popcorn to the dog.
Other prepositional phrases, determining time and location, can
go at either the beginning or the end of a sentence:
Ex: He ate popcorn at the fair. -Or- At the fair he ate
popcorn.
Parts of Word Order
• c. Adverb-Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, add
ing things like time, manner, degree; and often end in ly, like “slowly
,” “recently,” “nearly,” and so on. As a rule, an adverb (or any modifier
) should be as close as possible to the thing it is modifying. But, adv
erbs are special because they can usually be placed in more than on
e spot in the sentence and are still correct. So, there are rules about
their placement, but also many exceptions.
• In general, when modifying an adjective or adverb, an adverb shoul
d go before the word it modifies:
Ex:
The dog was extremely hungry. CORRECT adverb modifies “hungry”
Extremely, the dog was hungry. INCORRECT misplaced adverb
The extremely dog was hungry. INCORRECT misplaced adverb
The dog was hungry extremely. INCORRECT misplaced adverb
PROSODY

• musical pattern of stress, pitch and junctur

e in which the words an utterance are spok
en, or combination or patterns of pitch, str
ess and juncture.
Types of Prosody
• There are four distinguishable prosodic metrical patterns, which are:
• Syllabic Prosody – Syllabic prosody counts a fixed number of syllables in
each line, while accent, tone, and quantity play a secondary role.
• Accentual Prosody – Accentual prosody measures only the accents or stre
sses in a
line of verse, while the overall number of syllables may vary in a line. It is
very common
in Germanic, old English, and modern English verses.
• Accentual-syllabic Prosody – Accentual-syllabic prosody counts both the
number of
syllables and accents in each line. We commonly find it in English poetr
y.
• Quantitative Prosody – Quantitative prosody does not measure the num
ber of syllables, rather depending upon duration of syllables. This can be d
etermined by the amount of
FUNCTION WORD
• words with little or no lexical meaning whic
h are used in combining other words into la
rger structures.
• Words largely divide of lexical meaning that
used to indicate various functional relations
hip among the lexical words of an utterance
(doesn’t have meaning in grammatical but i
n lexical), e.g. Does she go there?
9 TYPES OF FUNTION WORD

• noun determiner; all, twice, one, third, a, an, this, that, these, th
ose, etc.
• auxiliaries; verb, is, am, are, has, have, do, does, did, will
• qualifiers/ compare; fairly, merely, very, pretty, quite, etc.
• preposition; in, on, at, of, over, etc.
• conjunction/ coordinator; and, but, nor…or, not only…but also, e
tc
9 TYPES OF FUNTION WORD

• interrogator; who, which, what, etc.

• includes; when, like, that, whatever, etc.
• sentence linkers; consequently, accordingly, however, even
though, as a result
• miscellaneous/ interjection
There are two kinds of meaning:

a) lexical meaning : the meaning of morphemes

and words considered in isolation (dictionary meaning).
a) Grammatical/structural meaning: the meaning
of the way words are combined in larger structures (sentence
)
INFLECTION

• suffixes, always final, which adapt words to fit varying of structural

positions without changing their lexical meaning or part of speech.
• Morphemic changes without changing the lexical meaning, e.g. – ed,
plural (s/es).
• work — worked (change in the form of word to show a past tense)
• book — books ( to show a plural)
DERIVATIONAL CONTRAST
• derivational prefixes and suffixes which change words from one p
art of speech to another. In short, addition of the prefixes or suffi
xes that change the world class.
• e.g. manage—management—manager
lead—leader—leadership
test—pre-test