BY

ARSLAN RASHID (18501510-015)

ABDUL RAHMAN ANJUM(18501510-024)
NABEEL AHMED(18501510-034)
MUHAMMAD OSAMA(18501510-039)
ALI NAQI CHEEMA(18501510-047)
MUHAMMAD USMAN ALI(18501510-053)

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An environmental impact assessment is an assessment
of the possible positive or negative impact that a
proposed project may have on the environment,
considering natural, social and economical aspects. It
ensure that all environmental matters are taken into
account. EIA is intended to prevent potentially adverse
environmental impacts and enhance overall quality of
project.

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NEPA called for:
consideration of environmental values in decision making
use of a systematic, interdisciplinary approach.
A detailed statement on:
 The environmental impact of proposals.
 Any adverse effects which cannot be avoided.
 Alternatives to the proposed action.
making the statement available to the public.

 This process became known as Environmental Impact

Assessment.

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i. State of the Environment (SOE).
ii. Integrated Environmental Assessment and
Reporting (IEA).
iii. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
iv. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).
v. Corporate Environmental Assessment and
Reporting.

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 The EIA directive requires projects likely to have
significant effects on the environment by virtue of
their nature, size or location.
 The EIA should identify, describe and assess the effects
on the following factors:
o Human Beings
o Fauna and Flora
o Soil, water & air
o Climate and the landscape
o Cultural heritage

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EIA can:
o modify and improve design .
o ensure effeicient resource use.
o enhance social aspects.
o identify key impacts and measures for mitigating
them.
o inform decision-making and condition setting.
o avoid serious and irreversible damage to the
environment.
o protect human health and safety.

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1. Integrity - the EIA process will conform to agreed
standards.
2. Utility - the EIA process will provide balanced,
credible information for decision making.
3. Sustainability - the EIA process will result in
environmental safeguards.

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The EIA process comprises:
 Screening - to decide if and at what level EIA should
be applied .
 Scoping - to identify the important issues and prepare
terms of reference.
 Impact analysis - to predict the effects of a proposal
and evaluate their significance.
 Mitigation - to establish measures to prevent, reduce
or compensate for impacts.

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 Reporting - to prepare the information necessary for
decision-making.
 Review - to check the quality of the EIA report.
 Decision-making - to approve (or reject) the
proposal and set conditions.
 Follow up – to monitor, manage and audit the
impacts of project implementation.
 Public involvement - to inform and consult with
stakeholders.

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The EIA process should be:
 Purposive – meeting its aims and objectives.
 Focused – concentrating on the effects that matter.
 Adaptive – responding to issues and realities.
 Participative – fully involving the public.
 Transparent – clear and easily understood.

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 Rigorous – employing ‘best practicable’ methodology.
 Practical – establishing mitigation measures that
work.
 Credible – carried out with objectivity and
professionalism.
 Efficient – imposing least cost burden on proponents.

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Positive externalities:
o New job generated, economic growth stimulated.
o Growth of local business enterprises supported.
o Development of supporting and complementary
industries.
o Influx of capital and disposable income.

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Negative externalities:
o Impact of health of local population.
o Increase in crime and deviant behavior.
o Decline in community cohesion.
o Changed cultural values.
o Depletion of natural resources.
o Destruction of habitats.
o Global warming.
o Ozone deletion.
o Increase in toxicity of air.

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1. Checklists 4. Matrices
2. Networks 5. Overlays/GIS
3. Expert Systems 6. Risk Assessment
1. Checklists
 ADVANTAGE-
o Simple to understand and use.
o Good for site selection and priority setting.
 DISADVANTAGES-
o Do not distinguish between direct and indirect
impacts.
o Do not link action and impact.
o Qualitative. 14
2. Matrices
 ADVANTAGES- Link action to impact Good method
for displaying EIA results.
 DISADVANTAGES - Difficult to distinguish direct
and indirect impacts Significant potential for double-
counting of impacts Qualitative.
3. Networks
 ADVANTAGES - Link action to impact Useful in
implied form in checking for second order impacts
Handles direct and indirect impacts.
 DISADVANTAGES- Can become overly complex if
used beyond implied version.
Qualitative

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4. Overlays
 ADVANTAGES- Easy to understand and use Good
display method Good for site selection setting.
 DISADVANTAGES- Address only direct impacts Do
not address impact duration or probability.
5. Expert Systems
 ADVANTAGES- Excellent for impact identification
and analysis Good for experimenting Semi-
quantitative to quantitative.
 DISADVANTAGES- Heavy reliance on knowledge and
data Often complex and expensive.

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o Environmentally sound and sustainable design.
o Better compliance with standards.
o Savings in capital and operating costs.
o Reduced time and costs for approvals.
o Increased project acceptance.
o Better protection of the environment and human
health.

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o The EIA is commenced too late in the project cycle.
o The terms of reference are poorly drafted.
o The EIA is not managed to a schedule.
o The EIA report is inadequate and needs to be
upgraded.
o There is a lack of technical data.

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o Register consultants’ names and terms of reference.
o Name consultants and their expertise in the EIA
report.
o Publish the terms of reference in the EIA report.
o Make EIA reports available to the public.
o Publish lists of screening and finil decisions along with
conditions for approval.

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EIA (Environmental) reports in Pakistan, as follows:
o Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA),
1997.
o Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency’s
Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of
Environmental Reports, Pak-EPA, 1997.
o Policy and Procedures for the Filing, Review and
Approval of Environmental Assessments.
o Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of
Environmental Reports.
o Guidelines for Public Consultation.
o Spectral Guidelines for Preparation of
Environmental Reports.
o Pak-EPA (Review of IEE and EIA) Regulations, 21
2000.