Philippine History &

Geography
By Herald M. Baclaan
ALS-Teacher
Bugwak, Dangcagan Bukidnon
Basics in Geography
• Cardinal Directions – N,S,E,W
• Imaginary Lines
– Latitudes • Intermediate Directions – NE,NW,SE,SW
– Tropic of Capricorn • Types of Map Projection
– Tropic of Cancer – Mercator Projection – provide an accurate picture of
– Equator shape and direction; often use in ship navigation
– Arctic Circle
– Robinsons Projection – relative sizes more
accurately; useful for making comparisons between
– Antarctic Circle places on earth
– • Types of Maps according to usage:
Longitudes
– Prime Meridian – Political Map
– International Date Line (IDL) – Physical Map
– Grids – Economic Map
– Climate Map
5 Themes of Geography
• Location
• Place
• Human-Environment Interaction
• Movement
• Regions
Location
Where are we?
• Absolute Location • Relative Location
– A latitude and longitude (global – Described by landmarks, time,
location) or a street address direction or distance. From
(local location). one place to another.
– Paris France is 48o North – Go 1 mile west on main street
Latitude and 2o East and turn left for 1 block.
Longitude.
– The White House is
located at
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Place
What is it like there, what kind of place is it?
• Human • Physical
Characteristics Characteristics
– What are the main languages, – Landforms (mountains, rivers,
customs, and beliefs. etc.), climate, vegetation, wildlife,
– How many people live, work, and soil, etc.
visit a place.
Human-Environment Interaction
• How do humans and the environment affect each other?
– We depend on it.
– People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation.
– We modify it.
– People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for
comfort.
– We adapt to it.
– We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts)
and winter (coats), rain and shine.
Movement
• How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to place?
– Human Movement
– Trucks, Trains, Planes
– Information Movement
– Phones, computer (email), mail
– Idea Movement
– How do fads move from place to place?
TV, Radio, Magazines
 Regions
• How are Regions similar to and different from other places?
– Formal Regions
– Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States,
Countries, Cities)
– Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain
region, Chinatown).
– Functional Regions
– Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage
area).
– Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
– Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)
Remembering the 5 themes
• If you can’t remembering what they are
just ask MR. HELP!!!
– M – Movement
– R – Regions
– HE – Human Environment interaction
– L – Location
– P - Place
Philippine Geography/ Facts
• Mt. Apo, Tri-boundaries of Davao City, North Cotabato and Davao del
Sur – highest peak
• Mt. Dulang-dulang, Bukidnon – 2nd highest Peak
• Sierra Madre – longest Mountain Range, from Cagayan to Quezon
• Philippine Deep – deepest depths
• Luzon – largest Island, Mindanao- 2nd Largest Island- Most Populated
• Davao City – largest City, Puerto Princesa City – 2nd Largest City
• Pearl of the King – largest Pearl (9 kilos)
• As of 2014, Philippine Population estimated: 105 Million people, 2nd
in Southeast Asia and 12th in the World
• Manila – (May Nilad) Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad, The
Distinguished and Ever Loyal City) Capital City – June 24, 1571(ML.
Legaspi) July 17, 1948 (PD 940)
• Quezon City – (Largest City in the Philippines-according to
Population) Capital City (July 17, 1948-June 14, 1976 / RA 333)
• Cebu City – oldest city (San Miguel, Ciudad de Santisimo
Nombre de
Jesus, City of Most Holy Name of Jesus)
• Rio Grande de Cagayan/ Cagayan River – largest and
longest river
• Rio Grande de Mindanao – 2nd Largest and longest river
• Famous Volcanoes/ Mountains:
• Mt. Canlaon between 2 Negros provinces • 17 Regions
(Region 6 & 7)
• National Capital Region (16
• Mt. Taal – Batangas (Region 4a)
cities and 1 municipality)
• Mt. Banahaw – Quezon province (Region
4a)
• ARRM – Autonomous
Region of Muslim
• Mt. Bulusan – Sorsogon (Region 5) Mindanao
• Mt. Pinatubo – Zambales (Region 3)
• CAR – Cordillera
• Mt. Musuan- Valencia City, Bukidnon Administrative Region
(Region
10) • 81 – Provinces (Dinagat
Islands, Davao Occidental
• Mt. Iriga – Camarines Sur (Region 5)
(Malita) RA 10363
• Mt. Iraya – Batanes (Region 2)
• Mt. Matutum – South Cotabato (Region
12)
•
World Geography
• 7 Continents
• Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe,
Australia and Oceania
• Largest Nation/ Country: Russia
• Largest City: Tokyo, Japan
• Greatest Archipelago: 1st Indonesia 2nd Philippines
• Largest Peninsula: Arabian Peninsula
• Largest Ocean: Pacific Ocean
• Largest Sea: Mediterranean Sea
• Largest Lake: Caspian Sea
• Deepest Depths: Mariana Trench
• Highest Point/Peak/ Mountain: Mt. Everest (Nepal)
• Lowest Point: Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan)
• Smallest Nation/Country: Vatican City (Holy See)
• Largest Population: 1st China (1.4 Billion) 2nd India (1.3 Billion)
• Largest Economy: 1st China 2nd United States
• Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE)
• Longest River: Nile River
• Largest River: Amazon River
• Largest Desert: Sahara Desert
• Highest Waterfall: Angel Falls (Venezuela)
• Largest Continent: Asia, 17,212,000 square miles
• Smallest Continent: Australia, 3,132,000 square miles
• Highest Lake: The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru,
12,500 feet above sea level
• Lowest Lake: The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, surface of water 1,349
feet below sea level
• Largest Freshwater Lake: Lake Superior, U.S.-Canada, 31,820
square miles
• Smallest Ocean: Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square miles
• Largest Gulf: Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square miles
• Largest Bay: The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000 square miles
• Largest Island: Greenland, 839,999 square miles
• Largest Gorge: Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona, U.S., 217
miles long, 4–18 miles wide, 1 mile deep
• Deepest Gorge: Hells Canyon, Snake River, Idaho, 7,900 feet
deep
• Longest Mountain Range: The Andes of South America, 5,000
miles
• Shortest River: The Roe, Montana, U.S., 200 feet long
• Longest Estuary: Ob River, Russia, 550 miles long, up to 50 miles
wide
• Largest Lagoon: Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150 miles long, 4,500
 Continent Largest Smallest Highest Peak Lowest Peak
Country Country
Asia China Maldives Mt. Everest Dead Sea
Africa Sudan Seychelles Mt. Kilimanjaro Lake Chad
North America Canada St. Kitts and Mt. McKinley Death Valley
Nevis
South America Brazil Suriname Mt. Aconcagua Valdes
Peninsula
Antarctica - - Mt. Vinson Bentley Sub-
Massif Glacial
Europe Russia Vatican Mt. Elbrus Caspian Sea
Australia and Australia Nauru Mt. Kosciusko Lake Eyre
Oceania
• 5 Major Oceans
– Pacific (North & South Pacific)
– Atlantic (North & South Atlantic)
– Indian Ocean
– Southern Ocean
– Arctic Ocean

Land and Water Forms

• Archipelago - a group of many islands
• Canal - a man-made waterway connecting two bodies of water and is
designed to shorten travel time or irrigate
• Basin - an area of land largely enclosed by higher land.
• Bay - part of a body of salt water that reaches into the land; usually
smaller than a gulf
• Canyon - narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion
• Cape - a curved or hooked piece of land extending into a body of water
• Channel - a narrow deep waterway connecting two larger bodies of water;
the deepest part of the waterway.
• Coast - land along the sea or ocean
• Delta - land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some
rivers
• Desert - dry, barren region usually sandy and without trees, little rainfall or
practical use of land unless irrigated
• Forest - a large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush; extensive
wooded area
• Glacier - a large body of slow moving ice which alters the land around it
through displacement
• Gulf - part of a sea or ocean that reaches into land; usually larger than a
bay
• Highland - an area of hills, plateaus, and mountains
• Hill - a raised part of the earth’s surface with sloping sides; old
mountain which because of erosion has become rounder and shorter
• Iceberg - a large mass of floating ice that has broken off from a
glacier,
most of this is underwater
• Inlet - a small part of a body of water that reaches into a coast
• Island - an are of land completely surrounded by water
• Isthmus - narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two
larger pieces of land
• Lake - a large body of water surrounded by land
• Mountain - high, rocky land, usually with steep sides and a pointed or
rounded top, higher than a hill
• Mountain range - a long chain of mountains; a row of connected
mountains
• Oasis - a fertile place in the desert where there is water and
some vegetation
• Ocean - largest body of salt water; these cover 3/4 of the earth’s
surface.
• Peninsula - piece of land that extends into a body of water and is
surrounded on three sides by water
• Plain - a broad, flat or gently rolling area; usually low in elevation
• Plateau - flat highland area with one steep face; elevated plain
• Port - man-made place along the coastline where ships can load and
unload cargo; not a natural harbor
• Prarie - a large plains region with tall grass
• Reef - a ridge of rock or sand at or near the surface of the waterriver
a large stream of water flowing through the land into a lake, ocean, or
other body of water
• Sea - a large body of water, usually salt water, partly or completely
surrounded by land
• Strait - a narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water
• Swamp - an area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet
land that supports grass and trees
• Valley - low land between hills or mountains
• Volcano - a cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown
up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression
at the top
• Waterfall - place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually
over a cliff
 Nick Names of the countries
• The Great White North - Canada
• The Cradle of Civilization - Egypt

• Hellas - Greece • The Jewel in the Crown - India

• Holy Land - Israel • The Red Dragon - China

• Land of the rising sun - Japan • Lusitania - Portugal

• The Emerald Isle - Ireland • Kiwiland - New Zealand
• India’s teardrop - Sri Lanka • Anatolia - Turkey
• Land of the Indus Valley Civilization - • The Boot - Italy
Pakistan
• Emerald of the equator - Indonesia
• Land of the Huns - Hungary
• The White Rus - Belarus
• Rainbow nation - South Africa
• Uncle Sam - USA
• Holland - Netherlands
• Abyssinia - Ethiopia
• Land of Chocolate and Cuckoo
Clocks - Switzerland
• Pearl of the Orient Seas -
Philippines
• Mesopotamia - Iraq
• The Gift of the Nile -
Egypt
• Land of the upright men - Burkina
Faso
• Bread basket of Europe - Ukraine
• Pearl of the India Ocean - Sri
Lanka
• Home of the Brave - USA
• The Sleeping Giant - China
• The Lucky Country - Australia
• The Armpit of Africa - Cameroon
• Land of Mary Waters - Guyana
• The Lungs of the world - Indonesia
• Land of saint and scholars - Ireland
• The country on the sunny side of
the Alps - Slovenia
• Land of poets - Chile
• The Land of smiles - Thailand
• An island surrounded by land -
Paraguay
• The Subcontinent - India
• Land of the blue sky - Mongolia
• The Deed Heart of Africa - Chad
• The Emerald Isle - Ireland
• Albion - United Kingdom
• Land of Milk and Money - Switzerland
• The Kingdom in the sky - Lesotho
• Land of the thunder dragon - Bhutan
• Lechia - Poland
 Philippine Cities Nicknames
• Makati - The Wall Street of the Philippines
• Marikina - The Shoe Capital of the
Philippines
• Navotas - The Fishing Capital of the
Philippines
• Pasay - The Travel Capital of the
Philippines
• Dagupan - The Bangus Capital of
the
Philippines
• Vigan - The Heritage City of the
Philippines
• Baguio - The Summer Capital of the
Philippines
• La Trinidad - Strawberry Capital of the
• Bongabon, Nueva Ecija - Onion Capital of
the Philippines
• Muñoz, Nueva Ecija - The Science City of
the
Philippines
• San Fernando, Pampanga - The Christmas
City of the Philippines
• Antipolo, Rizal - The Pilgrimage City of the
Philippines
• Lipa, Batangas - The Rome of the
Philippines
• Los Baños, Laguna- Special Science and
Nature City of the Philippines
• San Pablo, Laguna - The City of Seven
Lakes
• San Pedro, Laguna - Sampaguita Capital of
• Puerto Princesa - The Eco-Tourism
Capital of the Philippines
• Bacolod, Negros Occidental - The City
of Smiles
• Roxas, Capiz - Seafood Capital of the
Philippines
• Cebu - The Queen City of the South
• Calbayog - City of Waterfalls
• Dipolog - The Orchid City of the
Philippines
• Zamboanga - Asia's Latin City
• Cagayan de Oro - The City of Golden
Friendship
• Davao - The Crown Jewel of
Mindanao
• Tagum - Music Capital of the South
• General Santos City - The Tuna
Capital of the Philippines
• Butuan - Home of the Balangays
• Marawi - The Only Islamic City in the
Philippines
• Amadeo, Cavite - Coffee Capital of the
Philippines
• Batangas City - Industrial Port City of
Calabarzon
• Calamba City - Cradle of the National
Hero
• Puerto Gallera - The World's Most
Beautiful Bay
• Legazpi - The Queen City of Bicol
• Pagadian - The Little Hong Kong of the
South
 Philippine National Symbols
• Tree – Narra
• Leaf – Anahaw
• Fruit – Mango
• Bird – Philippine Eagle
• Animal – Water Buffalo/ Carabao
• Fish – Milk Fish/ Bangus
• Flower – Waling-Waling/Sampaguita
• Dish – Lechon/ Adobo
• House – Nipa Hut/ Bahay Kubo
• Costume – Male: Barong Tagalog
• Female: Baro’t Saya
• Laro – Sipa/Takraw/Arnis
• Hero – Jose P. Rizal
• Vehicle – Kalesa
• Gem – South Sea Pearls/ Pearls
• Anthem – Lupang Hinirang
• Language – Filipino
• Motto – Makadiyos, Makatao,
Makalikasan, Makabayan
Philippine Names
• Claudius Ptolemy – Maniolas
• Chinese – Mai-i (Mindoro) – Land of Gold
– Mintolang (Mindanao)
– Malilu (Manila)
– Luzon (Lusong)
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Las Islas Felipinas
• Ferdinand Magellan – Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• American Colonization – Philippine Islands
• Islas de Poniente (Islands of the West) – Europeans
• Pearl of the Orient Seas – Fr. Juan J. Delgado (1751) Dr. Jose P. Rizal
(1892)
Origin of the Philippines
• Biblical
• Legends (Philippines came from a giant who was carrying a huge rock
• Science (Claim that it was part of the remnant of Pre-historic Continent
called “Mu” or “ Lemuria”) Volcanic Eruptions
– Continental Shelf Theory
– Volcanic Theory
Location, Area and
Natural Resources
• Southeast Asia
• 4°23’ N & 21°25’N Latitudes and 116°E & 127°E
• Northernmost Island: Y’ami – 240 km from Taiwan
• Southernmost Island: Saluag Isle – 24 km. from Sabah, Malaysia
• Total Land Area: 300,780 sq.km. or 0.2% of the world's land mass
• Bigger than United Kingdom and almost as large as Italy and
slightly smaller than Japan
• 7,107 islands
• 3 Island Groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
11 main Islands • PD 1596 – declaring the Kalayaan Islands a part of
– Luzon the Philippines – as Municipality under Palawan
– Mindanao • Philippine Seas – increased due to UNCLOS
– Samar of December 10, 1982:
– Negros – Recognition of Archipelagic Doctrine
– Palawan – A 12-mile belt of territorial waters
– Panay – 200-miles EEZ
– Mindoro
• Climate
– Leyte
– Tropical and Monsoonal in Character
– Cebu
– 2 distinct seasons: the dry season (from December to
– Bohol May) and wet season (from June to November)
– Masbate
• Plant Life: Aurora, marigold, bandera española,
cadena de amor, dama de noche, gumamela,
kamuning, kalachuchi, jasmin and ilang-ilang
• Animal Life:
– Water Buffalo
– Eastern Sarus Crane or Tipol in Luzon and Labong in Visayas – biggest bird
– Philippine Monkey Eating Eagle (Philippine Eagle)
– Kalaw – clock in the mountain
– Katala – can talk like human
– Palawan Peacock
– Tamaraw in Mindoro
– Tarsier in Bohol
– Mouse deer in Balabac Is. in Palawan

• Fish and Marine Resources:

– Rhincodon typus (Whale Shark) Largest Fish
– Pandaka Pygmaea (Tabios) Smallest Fish
• Minerals
– Iron-bearing areas: Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur/ Angat,
Bulacan, Larap, Camarines Norte, Marinduque and Samar
– Chromite Deposits: Masinloc, Zambales
– Nickel: Surigao del Norte
– Coal: Cebu, Polillo Is, Masbate and Mindanao
– Asbestos: Ilocos Norte and Zambales
– Asphalt: Leyte
– Lead and Zinc: Masbate
– Cement: Cebu, La Union and Rizal
– Sulphur: Biliran, Camiguin and Mt. Apo
– Tin and Quicksilver: Palawan

• Energy
– Maria Cristina Falls (Hydro-electric)
– Dams
– Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant
• Scenic Beauties and Natural
Wonders
– Subterranean River National
Park, Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan
– Mt. Apo, Davao
– Chocolate Hills in Bohol
– Mt. Haguimitan in Davao Oriental
– Hundred Islands in Pangasisnan
– Mt. Mayon in Albay
– Banaue Rice Terraces in Benguet
– Boracay Island, Panay Is.
– Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna
– Taal Volcano, Batangas
• Man-made Wonders
– Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte
– Aguinaldo Shrine, Cavite
– Rizal Shrine, Laguna
– Vigan Colonial Houses, Ilocos Sur
– Malacañan Palace, Manila
– Barasoain Church, Bulacan
– Corregidor Is., Cavite
– Death March Marker, Tarlac
– Fort Santiago, Manila
– Magellan Marker, Lapu-lapu, Cebu
– Rizal Monument, Manila
– Lapu-Lapu Monument, Mactan,
Cebu
– Magellan’s Cross, Cebu
Social Environment
• Population (2014) – 105 Million (12th in the World and 2nd in Southeast Asia)

• Social Classes: Rich, Middle Class and Lower Class (present time)
• Filipino Characters:
– Fatalism (Bahala na)
– Sensitive about their
honor and reputation
(self-pride)
– Smooth relations
with their relatives,
friends and
colleagues
(pakikisama)
– Lack of Discipline
– Hiya (Shame)
 – Liberty-loving people
– Gratitude (Utang na loob)
– Cooperative (Bayanihan)
– Hard Work
– Durability and Resiliency
– Kanya-kanya

• Regional Traits
– Ilocanos: are the most adventurous, hardworking, and frugal
– Tagalog: feel superior to other Filipinos because they live in a region blessed
with rich farm lands and navigable rivers and panoramic beauties and their
participation in history
– Bicolanos: are religious, mild-tempered and musical people
– Bisayans: particularly those from Ilo-ilo are extravagant, carefree and jolly
– Muslim Filipinos: are fierce and valiant warriors on both land and sea

• Filipino Women: occupy a high place in Philippine Society

 Early
•Ancestors
Biblical Story – Creation by God (Japheth-Javan-Elisha, Tharsis, the
Kittim and the Rodanim- Early Filipinos
• Scientific:
– Human Theory of Migration and Evolution
– Migration Theory (Dawn Men or Cave Men, Negritos, Indonesians, Malays) Henry
Otley Bayer
– Core Population Theory - Felipe Landa Jocano
– germinal period (250,000 to 10,000 BCE)
– formative period (10,000 to500 BCE
– incipient period (500 BCE to 900 CE)
– emergent period (900 to 1400 CE)
– Robert Fox discovered – Skull Cap of Tabon Cave Man (22,000 BC)

• Legends and Fairy Tales (Malakas and Maganda)

The Kingdom of Tondo
• Since at least the year 900, the thalassocracy centered in Manila Bay
flourished via an active trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and various
other peoples in East Asia.
• Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom

• Led by kings under the title "Lakan" and ruled a large part of what is now
known as Luzon from or possibly before 900 AD to 1571.
• It grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in
pre-colonial Philippines
• Due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as
China and Japan.
The Rajahnate of Butuan
• 1011AD Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the Indianized
Rajahnate of Butuan, a maritime-state famous for its goldwork sent a
trade envoy under ambassador Likan-shieh to the Chinese Imperial
Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states.
• The request being approved, it opened up direct commercial links with
the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing
the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals the
Dynasty of Tondo and the Champa civilization
• Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan
Silver Paleograph.
The Rajahnate of Cebu
• The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to
exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish.
• It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda
Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which happened to
occupy Sumatra.
• He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for
expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled
and established his own independent Rajahnate instead.
• This rajahnate warred against the 'magalos' (Slave traders) of
Maguindanao and had an alliance with the Butuan Rajahnate before it
was weakened by the insurrection of Datu (Lord) Lapulapu.
The Confederation of Madja-as
• During the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of
Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the
Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo.
• Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito
chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named
it the Confederation of Madja-as centered in Aklan and they settled the
surrounding islands of the Visayas.
• This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign
the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of
Visayas.
• Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chinese imperial
shipping.
The Country of Mai
• Around 1225, the Country of Mai, a Signified pre-Hispanic Philippine
island-state centered in Mindoro, flourished as an entrepot, attracting
traders & shipping from the Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Yamato
Empire of Japan.
The Sultanate of Lanao
• Founded in16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan, who
was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520.
• The Maranaos of Lanao were acquainted with the sultanate system when
Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the
Middle East, Indian and Malay regions who propagated Islam to Sulu and
Maguindanao.
• Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao, the Sultanate system in Lanao was
uniquely decentralized.
• The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a
Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses (Sapolo
ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen (16) Royal Houses) with specific territorial
jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao.
• This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders,
and maintained up to the present day, in recognition of the shared power and
prestige of the ruling clans in the area, emphasizing the values of unity of the nation
(kaiisaisa o bangsa), patronage (kaseselai) and fraternity (kapapagaria)
The Sultanate of Sulu
• In 1380, Karim ul' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr,
an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu from Malacca and
established the Sultanate of Sulu.
• This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its
manufacture of fine pearls.
The Sultanate of Maguindanao
• At the end of the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of
Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao
• Subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun Princess from
Mindanao, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao.
• By the 16th century, Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and
Luzon.
Malayan Heritage (Pre-Colonial)
• Food and Drinks:
– Rice, Carabao Meat, Pork, Chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas and other fruits
– They cooked their food in earthen pots on in bamboo tubes
– They ate with their fingers, using banana leaves as plates and coconut shell as
drinking cups
– They made fide through rubbing two pieces of dry wood

• Tuba- wine from coconut

• Lambanog- wine of Tagalogs
• Basi- wine of Ilocacos, made from sugarcane/ tubo
• Tapuy- wine of Igorots, made from rice/bigas
• Pangasi- wine of Visayans. Made from rice/bigas.
• Mode of Dressing:
– Men:
– Kangan- collarless, short-sleeved jacket
– Bahag- strip of cloth
– Putong – a piece of cloth wound around the head
– Kolambigas- gold armlets
– Women:
– Baro- wide sleeved jacket
– Patadyong- skirt

• Tattoos – to enhance their bodily beauty and to show their war record
• House:
– Batalan – where jars of water were kept for household purposes
– Bahay Kubo
• Amusements: carabao races,
wrestling, fencing, boat races, and
stone-throwing contest, banquets to
celebrate good harvests
• Music:
– Musical Instruments:
– Kudyapi (Tagalog guitar),
– Kalaleng, Tinggian (nose flute),
– the Kulintang (Moro Xylophone),
– Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo drum),
– the Silbay (Ilocano reed flute) and
– Suracan (Subanum cymbal)
– Folk
Dances:
– Kumintang (Love Dance),
– Dandansoy (Bisayan Tuba Dance),
– Kinnotan (Ilocano Ant Dance) ,
– Paujalay (Moro wedding Dance),
– Tadok (Tinggian love dance)
– Songs:
– Tagumpay (Victory Song),
– Dallu (Negrito Religious Song),
– Ayog-ku (Igorot serenade song),
– Bactal (Tagbanua death song),
– Dallot (Ilocano Ballad Song),
– Kuilay-kuilay (Tingian wine song),
– Tudob (Agusan harvest Song)
• Marriage Customs:
– To marry within their rank
– Before the marriage – groom gave dowry to the family of bride (Bigay-kaya)
– Early Filipinos Practice Divorce
– Panghimuyat – a certain amount of money given to the bride to be parents as
payment for the mother’s rearing the girl
– Bigay-suso – a form of payment given to girls wet nurse for feeding the bride
during
her infancy wit milk of her own breast
– Himaraw – another sum of money given to girl’s parents as reimbursement for the
amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy
• Government:
– Barangay (Balangay) composed of
100 families
– Ruler of Barangay was called Datu/
hari or Raja (Executive, Legislative
and Judicial Powers vested)
– Usually obtained his position
by inheritance
• Laws:
– Oral Laws were the customs
(Ugali)
– Umalahokan – announcer of
the government to the people
Religion:
- Bathala- the supreme God of
Ancient Filipinos
- Idiyanale- God of Agriculture
- Apolaki/Madarangan- God of War
- Sidapa- God of the Dead
- Siginarugan/ Agni- God of Fire
- Lalahon- Goddess of Harvest
- Ridul- God of Thunder
- Dal’lang- Goddess of Beauty
- Anito- the spirits of their
descendants
- Mag-anito- the sacrificial
- Katalonan o Babaylan- the leader of
sacrificial ceremony
- Balangaw/Barangao – god of
rainbow
- Diyan Masalanta – God of love
- Sisiburanin – goddess of
• Burial and Mourning Customs
– Morotal – Woman
– Maglahi – Man
– Laraw - Chieftain
• Superstitions:
– Asuang, Mangkukulam, Tianak,
Tikbalang, Anting-anting,
Gayuma
• Languages:
– Malayo-Polynesian Languages
• Writing:
– Use a sharp pointed iron
instrument called Sipol as pen
– They wrote on banana leaves, tree-
barks and bamboo tubes
• Literature:
–
– Bugtong – Riddles
– Talindaw – Boat Song
– Tagumpay – Victory Song
– Uyayi – Hele
– Ihiman – Wedding song
– Kumintang – War song
– Pangalay – Sayaw ng dalawang
ikinasal
– Kinnotan – Ant dance
– Dadansoy – Courtship
(Visayas)
• Epics:
– Hudhud & Alim – Ifugao
– Biag ni Lam-ag – Ilocano
– Handiong – Bicolano
– Bantugan, Indrapatra &
Sulayman , Bidasari, Parang Sabil
• Education:
– Bothoan – the name of the school
in Panay Island
– Taught in Sanskrit Language, reading,
writing, arithmetic, use of weapons
and bolos (art of acquiring amulets
and talismans)
– Banakal- stalk of the tree to be use
in writing
– Agurang- the elders of the society
who
will teach the young
• Sciences:
– Used mathematical operations in
their business transactions
• Weights and Measures
• Calendars
– 12 months a year with 30 days
each month
• Coinage
• Domestic and Foreign Trade
– China, Japan, Siam, Malacca, India,
Sumatra, Java and Borneo
• Agriculture and Industries
– Kaingin Method
– Wooden Plows
– Recognized the system of public and
private ownership of lands
 Indian, Chinese and Arabian Heritage
(Pre-Colonial) • In writing- our ancient alphabet
• Early Relations with India came from their Sanskrit
as early as 900 AD writing

• Hindus gave us such industries • In Language: The Tagalog language

as: has 375 Sanskrit words, some
examples are:
– Mining quicklime in Masbate
– Ama
– Waving cotton cloth
– Asawa
– making lotus designs
– Halaga
– making guitars
– Maharlika
– making sampaguita flower leis
– Nanay
– raising fruits (Mango, Langka and
– Mutya
sirisa) and
– vegetables (ampalaya, patola, – Paa
and malunggay) – Raha
– sandata
• Sarong (Skirt) and the putong of the
ancient Filipinos were Indian origin.
• Superstitious beliefs
• Customs
– Hanging a garland around the neck
of visitor
– Giving dowry by the groom to
the bride’s parents
– Showering the groom and bride
with
rice after the wedding ceremony
– Offering buyo to a visitor as a sign
of hospitality
– Pilgrimage by a childless couple to a
holy shrine
• Early Relations with China as early
as 982 AD – Filipinos from Mindoro
sailed to Canton, China in an Arab
Ship
• They did business around Lingayen
Gulf, Manila Bay, Mindoro and
Sulu
• We learned from Chinese how to
make:
– Gunpowder
– To mine a gold
– To work with metal
– and to make kites
• In costumes:
– Gave us early Filipino jackets and
loose trousers, slippers, wooden
shoes (bakya) fans and umbrellas.
– The use of white clothes for mourning
the dead
• Social Customs: Early Relations with Arabia (1380)
– Respect for elders
• 1380- first Arab visitor Mukdum
– Arranged Marriages came to Sulu from Mecca, Saudi
– And Worship of dead ancestors Arabia.
– The use of firecrackers at New Year
• He spread Islam, the Muslin Religion
– Tong (fees) and built the first Mosque at
– Gambling (Jueteng, cards and mah- Simunul, Sulu
jong)
• In Language: about 1500 words in • 1450- Abu Bakr went to Jolo and
Tagalog vocabulary came from Chinese married the princess of Jolo and
examples: founded the Sultanate of Sulu
– Ate, Bakya, Bantay, Buwisit, Gunting, Kuya, • 1475- Shariff Kabunsuan landed in
Pinto, susi
Cotabato and conquered that Valley
and built the Sultanate of
Maguindanao
• Sultanate Government
– Headed by a Sultan (King)
– Raja (heir)
– Dayang (Princess)
– Kali (Judge)
– Composed of 10-12 barangay/nayon
• Panglima- assistant of the Sultan
• Lakamana- personal sacrificial of
Sultan
• Bintala- administrator of all
Pandita
(priest of each purok).
• Nakib- the commander of the
armed
forces
• Makabili- services in the market
• Quran – holy book of Islam
5 Pillars of Islam
– Shahada- Allah is the only God and
Mohammad is the Phrophet
– Salat- prayer for 5 times a day
– Zakat- alms giving
– Saum- fasting
– Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca, once in
a life
• Mecca- were Mohammad came
from
• Muslim Culture Influences
– ARABESQUE Architecture in
all mosque
– SARIMANOK designs of
Maranaos
– OKIL of Tausugs
 Pre-Colonial Society
• Social Stratification:
– Nobles (Chiefs & and his Family)
– Freemen (Middle Class) Timawa
– Dependents (Alipin)
• 2 Kinds of Alipin/ Slaves
– Aliping Namamahay
– Aliping Saguiguilid
• Visayan Dependents
– Tumataban – work for his master if
requested
– Tumarampok – one day a week
– Ayuey – 3 days a week
– One could go up the social ladder or
lose his social status depending on
certain circumstances
• System of Writing
– Baybayin or syllabary
• Laws
– Code of Kalantiyaw – one of the first
known written laws, formulated
allegedly by Datu Kalantiyaw in 1453,
he was the third chief of Panay and a
descendant of Datu Sumakwel
 – Maragtas Code – is also considered among the oldest written laws. Major
crimes as rape, incest, murder, witchcraft, insult, trespassing, heretical acts, and
larceny were punish by death or heavy fine
– Trial by Ordeal - was used to determine the guilt of a person

• Trade Partners
– Blood compact called sanduguan was concluded between the
contracting parties to seal a treaty of friendship and alliance
– Orang Dampuans or Men from Champa in Southern Annam – established
trading post in Sulu and since then, trade between Sulu and Southern
Annam flourished
– Men of Banjars – Made Sulu became one of the chief trading centers in
the region
– Sri Vijaya – founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, powerful empire arose in
the city of Palembang located in Sumatra, Indonesia. Mahayana Tantric Buddhist
Kingdom and the greatest maritime empire in Southeast-asia. Made Sulu one of
the flourishing trade centers
– Madjapahit Empire – greatest Javanese empire. Founded by Raden
Wijaya (reigned 1293-1309). Under Hayam Wuruk the empire reached its
zenith, claiming sovereignty over Indonesia (now). It was a Hindu or Indian in
culture.
Factors triggered the Age of
Exploration
• Rise to Power of the Islamic Empire
– Muslims took control the major trade routes from the famous Silk (Central
Asia)
– Indian Ocean and the Moluccas – Muslims gained the monopoly of all
Asian products
– Only Venetian Merchants are allowed to use the Indian Ocean route

• Renaissance Period
– A revival of learning and renewed interest in wordly matters/Religious
Matters (1400-1600)
– New ideas are introduced that change almost entirely all of European society
– Belief that the world is flat
– Technological progress began
• The Medieval Travelers
– Marco Polo from Venice Italy – the most famous European visitor to the Mongol
court in China.

• The Crusades
– A military expedition to recover Jerusalem and other places of pilgrimage in
Palestine

• Propagation of Catholic Faith

– Portugal Spain, France, England, and Holland accompanied by merchants and
missionaries

• Pioneers of European Explorations

– Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator, 1488- Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good
Hope,
1497-Vasco da Gama in Calicut India, Alfonso de Albuquerque
– Spain: Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) form Genoa Italy
• Rivalry in Territorial Claims
– Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Inter Caetera/ Treaty of Zaragosa on
May 4, 1493
– it sought to divide the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal by drawing a
imaginary demarcation line in the Atlantic at 100 leagues west of Azores and the Cape
Verde Islands
– Non Christian ands lying east of demarcation line belonged to Portugal
– While those in the west to Spain
– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): where the demarcation line in the Atlantic was
moved farther to the west
– It was these two treaties that provided a legal basis for Spain to send
expeditions to the east by the westward route and pave way for sending the
Magellan expedition
– Pope Julius II issued another treaty that provided for another line of
demarcation and made Brazil a Portuguese possession
Spanish Exploration
• God, Gold, Glory
• Ferdinand Magellan (nationality:
Portuguese, naturalized Citizen of
Spain)
• September 20, 1519 left
San Lucar de Barrameda,
Spain
• With 5 Ships:
– Trinidad – Ferdinand Magellan
– Concepcion – Gaspar de
Quesada
– Victoria – Luis Mendoza
– Santiago – Juan Serrano
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel
of Spain financed the voyage of
Ferdinand Magellan
• Antonio Pigafietta - the
chronicle of Magellan’s Expedition
• March 16, 1521 – reach Samar and
Homonhon Island then to Limasawa
and met Raja Kolambu
• 1st Blood Compact (Magellan-
Kolambu)
• 1st Mass with Father Pedro de
Valderrama
• Named Philippines as Archipelago
of St. Lazarus
• They proceed to Cebu with Raja
Humabon (1st Baptized as Carlos and
his wife Juana) – Magellan gave the
beautiful image of Child Jesus
• After Cebu they proceed to Mactan –
Raja Lapu-lapu
• Magellan died in the battle with
Rajah Ci Lapu-lapu
• Juan Serrano took over the
leadership of Ferdinand Magellan
• Later Sebastian El Cano took the
leadership and bring Victoria back to
Spain
• Victoria only return to Spain with
Sebastian Del Cano
• Trinidad trapped at Moluccas Island
of Portugal
• Results of Magellan’s Voyage
– It was the first voyage around the
world by sea
– It proved that the earth is not flat
– It added to the knowledge
about geography
– It made Spain interesting in
colonizing the Philippines
Next Expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan
• Juan Garcia Joffre de Loaysa (1525) reached Surigao Bay. Its
leaders died along way
• Sebastian Cabot (1526) – reached only as far as South
America.
• Alvaro de Saavedra (1542) – reached Mindanao and attempted to go
to Cebu. Failed to find the survivors of Loaysa Expedition. Leader died
on its way back to Spain
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos- reached Mindanao and the coast of
Tandaya.He named Philippines as Las Islas Felipinas
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565)

- Voyaged through Viceroy Luis de Velasco of New Spain (Mexico)

– Reached Homonhon Island and Limasawa and met Datu Banka
– Blood compact with Datu Sikatuna and Sigala in Bohol
– He proceed to Cebu with Raja Tupas
– He named it the Most Holy Name of Jesus / Villa de San Miguel
– Due to food shortage he proceeded to Panay Islands and to
Manila
– Juan de Salcedo – expedition to the North (Ilocos)
– Marti de Goiti – conquered Manila defended by Raja Sulayman at
the Battle of Bankusay
– Manila declared as the Capital of Spanish Philippines
– The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City
 King of Spain

Council of Indies

Spanish Viceroy in
Mexico

Spanish
Archbishop Spanish Governor
Royal Audiencia
General in
Manila

Bishops Alcaldia (Provincial) Ayuntamiento Corregimientos

(City) (Unpacified area)
Alcaldes-Mayor Corregidores
Alcalde

Pueblos
Parish Priests (Towns/Municipalities
)
Gobernadorcillos
Barangay (Cabezas de Barangay)
 Spanish Philippines - Government
• 2 Branches of Government
– Executive and Judicial
• Headed by the Governor-General
– is the official representative of King of
Spain to the Philippines
– He has the power to Execute,
Legislate laws and Judge (Judiciary)
– He execute all laws and royal
decrees issued by King
– Can appoint, remove officials except
those appointed by the King
– He can appoint a friar curate
– Can resolve the issues between
thegovernment authority and religion
– Cumplase- the power of Governor
General to approved or not to apply
a certain decree issued by the King
of Spain
– Can be the President of Royal
Audiencia
• There is no Legislative Branch in
the Philippines
• All laws came from Spain like
Leyes de India, Siete Partidas,
Leyes de Toro at La Novisima
Recopilacion.
Mexican Viceroy & Council of Indies
• Mexican Viceroy
– Until 1821, the Philippines really was really by the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico
in the name of the King
– This was because the Philippines was colonized from Mexico, the Spanish
Colony in Americas

• Council of Indies
– Was mandated by the king to appoint the head of colonial government
Royal Audiencia (1583)
• First president – Governor General Santiago de Vera.

• Oidores- chief ministers

Duties:
• 1. Judicial – tried the cases from the lower courts
• 2. Executive – can be able to be the Governor General if there is
vacancy in the seat of Governor General
• 3. Legislative- can make laws which under the agreement with the
Governor General
• Will audit the over-all spending of the Government
Residencia and Visitador
• Residencia
– was an investigation of an official conducted at the end of his term
– Officials found guilty of public misconduct were penalized either with imposition
of
heavy fines, sequestration of property, imprisonment or dismissal form office

• Visitador/ Visita
– Was conducted without any previous notice
– Very rarely done, the visitador general was sent to the colony with the power
to investigate the governor and other high officials

.
 Local Government
• Provincial Level – They managed the day-to-day
operations of the provincial
– Alcaldias (Province) headed by government Implemented laws
Alcalde Mayor and
– Alcale Mayor - Salary of Php – supervised the collection of
300.00/ month taxes
– Though they were paid a small
• Unpacified area
salary, they enjoyed privileges
– Corregimientos headed by such as the
Corregidores (Mariveles, Mindoro – Indulto de Comercio or the right
and Panay)
to participate in the galleon
– Duties: trade.
– They represented the Spanish king • Reduccion - One of the major
and the Governor-General processes of pacification through
conversion. It was the system of
• Towns / Municipalities
– Pueblos (Municipalities) headed by
Gobernadorcillos or Little Governor
– MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance
and taxcollection.
– Four lieutenants aided the
Gobernardorcillo:
– Teniente Mayor (chief
lieutenant),
– Teniente de Policia (police
lieutenant),
– Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant
of the fields)
– Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant
of the livestock)
– They had small salaries but were
exempted from paying taxes
qualifications
•Any native or Chinese meztizo 25
years old Literate in oral or written
spanish Cabeza de Barangay for 4
years Ex: Emilio Aguinaldo
Barrio/ Barangay
- Barangays headed by Cabezas de
Barangay (Tax Collector for
Gobernadorcillos)
-Responsible for the peace and
order of the barrio
- Recruited men for public
works
- QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas
should be literate in Spanish Have
good moral character and
property Cabezas who served for
25 years
• The positions of Gobernadorcillos and Cabeza de Barangay were
given to the Filipinos particularly the former Datus
• City
– Ayuntamiento or Cabildo headed by the Alcalde
– Cebu, Manila, Nueva Segovia (Cagayan), Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva
Caceres (Camarines Sur), Ilo-ilo, Jaro, Arevalo (Ilo-ilo)
– It became the center of trade and industry
– The Ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO
– Cabildo is composed of:
– Alcalde (MAYOR)
– Regidores (COUNCILORS)
– Alguacil Mayor (POLICE CHIEF)
– Escribando (SECRETARY)
 Powers of the Parish Priest
– Tax Collector
Philippine Territory
– Preacher
– Confessor • 333 years under Spain
– Registrar of deeds, births, marriages and deaths
– Election Inspector • Territory includes:
– Law Enforcer – The island archipelagoes of
• Union of Church and State Guam, Marianas, the Carolines
and the Palaus in the South
• Archbishops became a acting Governor-General Pacific were included in Philippine
in times of vacancy territory
• Archbishops – the highest leader of Church in – Most of Mindanao and Sulu
the were excluded
Philippines
– Interior mountain regions of
• Bishops – Second highest leader of the Church Luzon and Visayas were also
• Propagation of Catholic Faith: Augustinians, excluded
Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, and
 Spanish Heritage
• Catholicism – Spain’s Greatest Legacy – Wheat
• 1578- 1st Hospital was founded in Manila – Beef
– San Juan de Dios and the San Lazaro – Mutton (from lamb)
Hospital
– Sausages
• Spain introduced new food plants like: – Ham
– Corn – Sardines
– Potatoes
– Coffee • Spoons, forks, table knives, napkins,
– Cacao crystal drinking glasses
– Cabbage • Drinks: Beer, Cognac, Port, Sangria
– Sigarillas
– Chicos • Clothing: Western Coat, Americana,
– Guavas Saya, Camisa
• Filipino Women in Spanish Time:
– Respected and honored by men
– They attended dances and other social events
– Young women were kept in the home or school “colegios”

• A New Calendar:
– Western Calendar
– Gov. General Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar on August 16, 1844 he
ordered that Tuesday, December 31, 1844 would be Wednesday, January 1,
1845

• Spanish Names for Filipinos:

– Gov. General Claveria , ordered all Filipino families to choose a surname from a
catalog sent to all provinces in the country – November 21, 1849 – (Catalogo
Alfabetico de Apellidos)

• Spanish Language:
– Mesa, Silla, Oras, Campana, etc.
• Western Education under Spain:
– Elementary, Secondary and College
– Religion is the main focused education
– Subject were taught in Elementary: reading, writing, arithmetic, catechisms
and
good moral/ values
– School for Boys:
– Colegio de San Ignacio became the Ateneo Municipal,
– Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) and
– Colegio-Seminario de San Jose in Maynila (1601)
– School for Girls:
– Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1594)- 1st School for Girls,
– Beaterio de la Compana de Jesus (1694),
– Colegio de Sta. Catalina (1696),
– Colegio de Sta. Rosa (1750),
– Colegio dela Concordia at Convento dela Asuncion,
 • Subject were taught: Music, Cooking, Sewing, Painting, Embroidery, Doctrina Cristiana,
Spanish Language, History and Mathematics

• Printing, Books and Newspapers:

– Doctrina Cristiana – first published Book in the Philippines
– Del Superior Govierno – first newspaper (Published by Gov. Gen. Manuel
Gonzales de Aguilar

• Literature:
– Urbana at Felisa by Father Modesto de Castro.
– Poetry and Plays - Jose dela Cruz or Huseng Sisiw and Francisco Baltazar
– Awit (Heroic Poems), Corridos (Religious-legendary poems)
– Don Juan Tenorio, Ibong Adarna and Bernanrdo Carpio
– Florante at Laura – Balagtas (Balagtasan)
– El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere
• Theatre:
– Western Style plays performed on stage by live actors
– Cenaculo - this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion
and death of Jesus Christ
– Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is
a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn
wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.
– Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many
Philippine towns.
– The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love,
hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political problem
– Moro-moro - is presented also on a special stage. This is performed
during town
fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion.
• Music: • Science:
– Manila Observatory- Federico Faura
– Cariñosa, Surido, Pandanggo, Jota
– Anacleto V. del Rosario became the first Filipino
director of Manila Laboratory in 1888 – Prince of
• Houses and Villages: Filipino Chemists
– Central Plaza
• Fiestas and Amusements:
– Bahay na bato – Cockfighting
– Patio and Azotea – Manila Lottery

• Arts: • Character Traits Influenced by Spaniards:

– Damian Domingo- father of – Christian Devotion
Filipino Painters – Delicadeza (Honor)
– Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion – – Palabra de Honor (good manners)
won international fame with their – Romanticism
paintings in National Exposition in
Madrid in 1883 – Mañana Habit
– Spolarium of Juan Luna – Sentimentalism
– Romanesque & Gothic – Siesta
– Doric, Ionian, Corinthian, Graeco- – Señorito Habit
Roman, Byzantine, and Baroque
– Aristocracy
Social Classes
• Principalia – made up of the kinship of the
ancient datus, nobility, encomenderos, Peninsulares
teachers and othr professionals and local
officials
• Masses – ordinary citizens Insulares
• Middle Class or the Ilustado
• Peninsulares – Pure Spnaish blood born in Ilustrados
Spain
• Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood boin in the
Philippines Chinese Mestizos
• Illustrados – Filipinos studies Abroad
• Chinese Mestizos – mixed races of
Indios
Chinese, Filipino and Spnaish
• Indios – the native Filipinos
Social Stratification
 Economic Life Under Spain
• Encomienda: • Polo or Force Labor:
– was the money from the tribute upon certain – All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old
conquered territory
were forced to work for the government
– It was given by the King to a Spanish
conquistador as reward for his services – At first, it lasted for 40 days and reduced
– 1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the to 15 days in 1884
Philippines
– Polistas of (force laborers)
– Due to abuses, it was abolished
in 16 th – Build schools, roads and bridges
Century
– Filipino Men can buy their Force
• Tribute: Labor paying called Falla
– Was the residence tax
– Each family paid one peso per year
• Bandala:
– A single person paid one-half peso – An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino
– Can be paid in Cash or in good farmers who were required to sell
their products to the government
– It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax
• Sanctorium
– A tax of three reales was collected by
the government but turned over to the
Church
• Economic Society and the Royal
• Abolition of Slavery
• Galleon Trade and Subsidy from
Mexico
– Manila-Acapulco Trade
– It ended in 1815
– Real Subsidy (real situado)
– Php 250,000.00
• Rise of Banks
• Introduction of New Plants and
Animals
– Corn, coffee, cacao, beans, achuete,
maguey, peanuts, chico and papaya
– Sheep, carabaos, ducks, geese and
better breeds of chickens and
roosters
• Introduction of New Industries
– Cattle-ranching, making of candles
and soap, sugar, tobacco
Company
– Sent the first shipment of indigo (dye)
to Europe
– Imported new seeds and machinery
from the United States to help farmers
– King Charles III founded the
Royal Company of the
Philippines
– Obras Pias (Good Works System)
– First Bank was founded by
Francisco
Rodriguez
– Oldest existing bank in the Philippines is
the Bank of the Philippine Islands
• Tobacco Monopoly • -
– Founded by Governor General
Jose Basco y Vargas in 1782.
– Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,
Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque
– It was abolished by Governor
General Primo de Rivera

• Opening of the Philippine Ports to

the World
– Opening of the other Philippine Ports:
Sual, Ilo-ilo, Cebu and Zamboanga
 British Colonization (1762-1764)
• Why British came?
• Invaded Philippines as part of the Seven
Years War (Britain vs. France)
• British invasion was planned from India
by the British East India Company
• September 22, 1762- British fleet
entered Manila Bay
• General Draper ordered the attack of
Manila
• October 5, 1762 – Manila fell to the
British invaders
• Looting of Manila
• During the British Colonization there
were 2 British Governor lead the country
(1) Dawsonne Drake and the (2)
Alexander Dalrymple.
• Spanish Governor General also exists
during the British Colonization – the
acting Governor General Antonio
Manuel Rojo and Rebel Governor
General Simon de Anda
• Filipinos remain loyal to Spain
• End of British Invasion:
– Seven Years was ended
– May 31, 1764 rebel leader Simon de
Anda
made their triumphant entry into Manila
Filipino Revolts
Causes: Heavy Taxes imposed, force labor, illegal land possession,
monopoly, religious freedom, oppression and exploitation of the
foreigners
1. Tondo Conspiracy (1687-1588) – Objective: To regain freedom from
Spain lead by Magat Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal, Pedro
Balingit
2. Revolt of Magalat (1595)– Objective: Disillusionment with Spanish
rule and Opposition of Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)
3. Ladia Conspiracy (1543) – Objective: Restoration of Barangaic
Political Set-up lead by Pedro Ladia
4. Revolt of Maniago (1660-1661) – Objective: To free and Independent
from Spain and Force Labor (Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/
Cavite
5. Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish Oppressive
impositions, Force Labor (Andres Malong) - Pangasinan
6.Revolt of Bancao (1622) - Disillusionment with Spanish rule /
Religious (Leyte)
7.Revolt of Sumuroy (1649-1650) –Defiance of the order given by Gov.
General Fajardo (Agustin Sumuroy) - Cavite
8.Silang Revolt – (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion of Spaniards and
Spanish Mestizos – lead by Diego and Gabriela Silang
9.Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) – lead by Juan Dela Cruz Palaris, end the
payment of tributes (Pangasinan)
10.Igorot Revolt (1601) – Opposition to the attempts of the Spaniards to
convert them to Christianity
11.Gaddang Revolt (1621) – Revolted against Encomenderos and
government officials
12. Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) – Religious motive (Bohol)
13.Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) – Francisco Dagohoy – refusal of
Father Gaspar Morales friar curate of the town of Bohol to give Christian
burial to the brother of Francisco Dagohoy
14. Tapar Revolt (1663) – Modification of Christianity
15.Basi Revolt (1807) – government imposition of the monopoly on
wine (basi)
16.Cavite Revolt (1822) – Injustices committed by the rich landowners
against the helpless farmers – Luis de los Santos and Juan Silvestre
17. Hermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841) – Religious causes “Confradia
de
San Jose (Tayabas, Quezon)
Propaganda Movement and
Katipunan
• Causes of Nationalism
– New idea from abroad about the freedom and the rights of men
– Opening of Suez Canal
– Race prejudice against Filipino priests
– The Spanish Revolution of 1868
– Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za

• Propaganda Movements
– La Solidaridad – founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena and 1st Editor (1889) and
purchased by Marcel H. Del Pilar
– La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose P. Rizal (Noli Me Tangere/ Touch Me Not and
El Filibusterismo/ The Reign of Greed)
• Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (KKK) founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 at
Azcarrga St. (Claro M. Recto Avenue, Tondo, Manila)
– Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
– To fight for Philippine Independence
– Civic. Moral and Political

• Government:
– Supreme Council (Central Government)
– Provincial Council
– Popular Council
– Judicial Council

• Members:
– 1st Grade (Katipon) – Anak ng Bayan
– 2nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za
– 3rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal
• Literature of Katipunan:
– Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)
– Kartilla (E. Jacinto)
– Kalayaan (E. Jacinto) Official Newspaper of KKK
– A la Patria (E. Jacinto)

• Discovery of Katipunan
– Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the plot
– Honoria told to a Visayan Nun everything
– Visayan Nun told everything to Father Mariano Gil
Philippine Revolution
• Cry of Pugadlawin- August 26, 1896
• Causes of the Revolution
– Abuses of Spanish Officials and priests
– Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow
countrymen
– Filipinos desire to regain their freedom
– Discovery of KKK

• First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte on Sunday August
30, 1896
• Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in 8
provinces: Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Tarlac,
• Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio
• Magdiwangs (Bonifacio) and Magdalos (Aguinaldo)

• Tejeros Assembly: March 22, 1897 – wanted to settle controversy between

two factions.
– They elect officials representing the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
– Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President
– Andres Bonifacio Elected as Interior Secretary
– But Daniel Tirona protested on Bonifacio’s elections
– Bonifacio declared the election is null and void
• Death of Bonifacio: Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to imprison Andres Bonifacio
and his
brothers
• The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and his brother Procopio
and sentenced to die
• But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life imprisonment.
• But he was pressured to cancel that order and to execute Bonifacio
• May 10, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by Aguinaldo’s soldiers under
the command of Major Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon
• Biak-na-Bato Republic
– San Miguel, Bulacan
– Made a Constitution copied the Cuban Constitution (Isabelo Artacho and
Felix Ferrer)
– Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno of the
Philippine Government)
– Exile of E. Aguinaldo
– Spain pay an amount of Php 800,000 to be given in three installments- Php 400,000-
upon the departure of Aguinaldo, Php 200,000 – the surrender of arms and Php
200,000 amnesty to the rebels
– Additional Php 900,000 would be given to Civilian Filipinos affected by the revolution

• No Peace after Biak-na-Bato Truce

 The Coming of
•America
Why America come to the Philippines
– The Spanish-American War
– American Bases
– The Policy of Manifest Destiny
– The Filipino Invitation

• The Battle of Manila Bay –Americans won over Spanish Navy (May
01, 1898) Lead by Admiral Patricio Montojo of Spain and Admiral
George Dewey of USA
• The Return of Aguinaldo –McCullough Dewey’s dispatch ship and
arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898. Aguinaldo and Dewey agreed to
fight together the Spaniards
• Dictatorial Government was declared by Emilio Aguinaldo lasted from
May 24, 1898.
• Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 ay Kawit,
Cavite
• Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the Philippine
Independence
• The Philippine Flag also displayed and the Philippine National Anthem
was played
Second Revolutionary Government – declared as Aguinaldo’s adviser
Apolinario Mabini advised Pres. Aguinaldo – June 23, 1898
– Mabini issued a decree of June 23 for the creation of Congress to draft the
Philippine Constitution
– Reorganization of the Government in Provinces
Surrender of Spain
• Governor General Fermin Jaudenes and Wesley Meritt agreed for a
Mock Battle and Spain paid by USA of Php 20 Million US Dollar in
Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898
Women of the Revolution
– Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora – Grand old Woman of Balintawak, Mother of
Katipunan
– Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of Cavite
– Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of Santa Cruz, Laguna
– Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of Visayas
– Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-na-Bato
– Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay
– Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo
– Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the Philippine National Flag
• Periodicals of Revolution
– El Heraldo dela Revolution
– Indice Official /
Gaceta DE Filipinas
– La Independencia –
Antonio Luna
– La Republica Filipina –
Pedro Paterno
– La Libertad – Jose Zulueta
– Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan
– El Nuevo Dia – Sergio
Osmeña
– El Pueblo – Vicente Sotto
 Spanish Governor Generals of the
Philippines
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1st Governor • Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Introduced the
General of the Philippines Liberalism in the Philippines
• Guido de Lavesares – 2nd Governor General
of the Philippines • Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biak-
na-Bato Pact
• Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – 1st
Archbishop- Gov. General • Emilio y Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere
• Cristobal Fellez de Almanza – 1st Royal open minded
Audiencia – Gov. General
• Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of
• Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General Jose P. Rizal
during the British Colonization
• Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8
• Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the Provinces
Filipinos
• Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death
• Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly
sentence of Rizal
• Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney Gonzales – birth
of Jose P. Rizal • Diego delos Rios - Last Governor
The First Philippine Republic and
Filipino-American War
• Malolos Congress
– September 15, 1898
– President of Malolos Congress Pedro Paterno
– Malolos Constitution by Felipe G. Calderon
– Approved by Congress on November 29, 1898
• First Philippine Republic
– January 23, 1899 inauguration of the First Philippine Republic
– Emilio Aguinaldo as First Philippine Government

• Filipino American War

– Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers shot and killed a Filipino
Soldier at San Juan Bridge
– First American War on Asian soil
– By winning this was, the US became a world power
– February 05, 1899- American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila
– Filipinos lost ground to the superior forces of US- retreated to provinces
– March 31, 1899 – Malolos captured by Americans, Aguinaldo fled to
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and to Northern Luzon
– In Negros: Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta organized the Republic
of
Negros – American Government toppled it
– In Battle of San Mateo Rizal: December 19, 1899 – General Henry C. Lawton
killed by Filipino troops (General Licerio Geronimo)
– Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to fight a guerilla warfare, Filipino forces
were divided into small groups
– Capture of Aguinaldo: Palanan, Isabela by General Frederick Funston on March
23, 1901 and Aguinaldo was taken to Manila and took his oath of allegiance to
the US on April 16, 1902
– Miguel Malvar fought on Batangas until April 16, 1902
– Macario Sakay – try to establish Republic of Southern Tagalog
– Simeon Ola of Albay Province gave up on September 25, 1903
Filipino General of the War
• Antonio Luna – Luzon
• Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon ans Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon
• Miguel Malvar in Batangas
• Juan Cailles in Laguna
• Mariano Trias in Cavite
• Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia and Artemio Ricarte in Luzon
• Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol
• Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua brothers (Pascual and Elias) in Ilo-ilo
• Vicente Lucban in Samar
• Simeon Ola in Albay
• Gregorio del Pilar - Tirad Pass
 First Philippine Republic (1898-1901)

Emilio Famy
Aguinaldo
Era: The only President of the First Republic

Constitution: 1899 Malolos Constitution

Inauguration: January 23, 1899, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan (aged 29)

Vice President: None

Prime Minister: Apolinario Mabini (January 21-May 7, 1899); Pedro Paterno (May
7- November 13, 1899)

Chief Justice: None

Senate President: None

Speaker of the House: None

 Contributions and
•Achievements
first president
• youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28
• longest-lived president – he died when he was 94
• one of the active leaders of KKK
• signed the Pact of Biak na Bato
• known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
• he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our
independence

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Philippines as an American Colony
• Philippine Territory in American Times:
– The island archipelagos of Marianas, Carolines and Palaus in the South
Pacific no longer part of the Philippines
– Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines (through the Bates Treaty)
– Interior Mountain region of Luzon were also included

• American Policies:
– The Americans said they would ho as soon as the Filipinos could stand on
their own as a free nation
– Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers
– Filipinos adopted American ways very well (Brown Americans)
• American Colonial Government:
– Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 04, 1901)
– Gen. Wesley Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Arthur MacArthur
– Civil Government (July 04, 1901 – August 1902)
– The Philippine Commissions
– Schurman Commission (1899) (Dr. Jacob Schurman)
– Taft Commission (1890-1916) – William Howard Taft – organized the Civil Government in the
Philippines
– Spooner Act – Establishment of Civil Government in the Philippines

• American Governor-General: (1901-1935)

– July 04, 1901 the civil government was inaugurated and William Howard Taft became the first
American Governor-General and Frank Murphy the last

• The Americans shared power with the Filipinos unlike Spanish

• The Americans train our people in democracy and self-rule
• At first Filipinos are only appointed to local government as the war ended
Filipinos can participate and were elected in free elections
• 1901- Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• 1903- Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet Secretary
• Philippine Bill of 1902 or Cooper Law on July 01, 1902 – was
passed to create the Philippine Assembly
• Philippine Assembly:
– July 30, 1907 the first free national elections were held
– Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in Manila Grand Opera House on
October
16, 1907 and Sergio Osmeña was elected as Speaker
– First all-Filipino lawmaking body during the American era
– Helped the Philippine Commission making laws for the colony
– Philippine Commission acted like the upper house and assembly acted
as lower
house

• Philippine Legislature:
– Inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1616
– 2 Houses; the House of Representative and Senate
– Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate President
Significant Laws acted under
America
• Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago of Sulu
and its dependences is acknowledge
• Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of US and Philippines
• Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an open trade between the
Philippines and Us (October 13, 1913)
• Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of inhabitants of a town
known to have thieves/ outlaws
• Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino advocating independence or
separation from US would be punished severely by death or
imprisonment
• Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty those who steal carabao
• Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio schools (Isauro Gabaldon)
• Municipal Code Act • Filipinization of the Philippine
– Municipal President Government by FB Harrison –
– Vice President
replacing American Officials and
employees with Filipinos
– Council
– Qualified voters – were males, 23
years
old
• Provincial Code Act
– Governor
– Treasurer
– Supervisor

• Civil Service Act

– To enter in government it must be take
the examinations
– Introduction of merit system
 Economic Progress under
•America
New Land Policy
– Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers
– Taft colonial administration bought these friar lands and resold to the Filipino farmers
– Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public land
– All lands had to be registered and their owners got Torrens titles

• Agricultural Increase
– 1902 the Bureau of Agriculture became the first government agency in the new
American Colony
– 1903 the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to support rice and
carabaos from other Asian countries
– Modern farm tools from US were introduced

• Free Trade with America

– Philippine products, copra, sugar, cigars hemp, etc. were sold to the Americans
– American products, cars, radios, appliances, cigarrettes, etc were bought by the
Filipinos
• New Industries
– Manila and other cities and towns sprang up hundreds of factories to make coconut
oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar rope and textiles
– Mining and fishing became big industries
– Household cottage industries also boomed
– Developed the coconut and hemp industries
– Tobacco were also developed

• Improvement of Transportation and Communications

– Automobile, electric street car, airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio and
movie were introduced
– American developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu and Panay
– Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia
– Manila became the center of air travel in Asia
– The Kennon Road opened Baguio and the Mountain Province to travel

• New Banks
– 1906 Postal Saving Bank was opened
– Philippine National Bank established in 1906
• Economic Problems
– We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured
goods from America
– Colonial Mentality became worse
– Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s and 1930’s
– The world depression hit the poor masses worst of all
– American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies

• Significant American Administrators

– Wesley Merritt – 1st American Military Governor
– Arthur MacArthur – last American Military Governor
– William Howard Taft – 1st American Civil Governor
– Frank Murphy – Last American Civil Governor/ 1ST High Commissioner
– Paul V. McNutt - last High Commissioner
 Our American Heritage
• Religious Freedom
– Filipinos became free to choose their own religion
– American Influences: Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalian, Pentecostals, etc.
– Filipinized Catholicism: Isabelo delos Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay – Philippine Independent Church
(Alipayananism)
– Felix Manalo of Iglesia ni Cristo (1914)

• Free Education
– All children could study in schools
– The brightest children from poor families could go as far as university
– First American Teachers are soldiers
– 1901, the first batch of professional teachers came from the US onboard the US Army Ship Thomas
-
Thomasites

• Better Health
– Filipinos enjoyed better health and hygiene
– Death rate fell/ Americans introduced the use of the flush toilet
• English Language
– Filipinos learned the English Language
– English became the official language of the government and business
– Filipinos adopted the names like John, Bobby, Mary, Lily, Rosie, Mark
– New Filipino writers mastered the English Language: Carlos P. Romulo – won the Pulitzer Prize for
Journalism 1942

• Free Press
– 1930’s the Philippines had fastest press in Asia
– Filipino journalists championed independence and reported freely about the government
– Manuel L. Quezon founded The Philippine Herald (1920)
– Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”
– Sergio Osmeña – Nuevo Diaz in Cebu (1900)
– Rafael Palma and Teodoro Kalaw – El Renacimiento
– Alejandro Roces, Sr. - La Vanguardia

• Diet and Dress

– Cornflakes, oat meal, ham, egg sandwiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, pan americano, tomato catsup,
mayonnaise, beefsteak, apple pie, ice cream and chewing gum
– Men worn trousers with belt and suspenders, polo shirts and tennis shoes
– Women dressed in fancy hats, shirt and blouse, high heeled shoes, silk stockings and make-up
• Democratic Family and Social Classes
– Old customs of addressing elders with “po”, “opo”, “ate”, “kuya” or kissing the hands of parents and
elders (mano po) – were gone
– Uses “hi” in greetings
– Filipinos celebrating holidays like 4th of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Halloween, and Valentines
Day

• Women’s Rights
– Women enjoyed greater rights (September 17, 1937)
– They were free to work in an office, study with men in co-ed schools and date without chaperones
– First Asian women vote and hold public office were the Filipinas in 1937

• Recreations
– Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, calisthenics, boxing, billiards, poker, bowling, tennis and
badminton

• Movies and Entertainment

– First Movie house Cine Rizal (1903) at Tondo, Manila
– Cine Ideal (Roces brothers) in 1903
– First local film “La Vida de Dr. Rizal” by Edward Meyer Gross
– Zarzuela and Mor-moro replaced by Vodavil/ vaudeville
• Music and Dance
– American Jazz
– Boogie-woogie
– Fox trot

• Houses
– Small apartments
– New bungalows, chalets, two story concrete houses and earthquake proof building
were built

• Arts
– Guillermo Tolentino

• Freedom Theater and Literature

– Tagalog zarzuelas became popular like Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad and
Kahapon,
Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino
– “Bayan ko” also popular
– Amado V. Hernandez
– Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat (1935)
The Commonwealth of the
Philippines
• Peasant Revolts and the Communist Party
– There were peasant revolt in Nueva Ecija, Ili-ilo, Negro Occidental, Pangasinan, Laguna and
Bulacan
– Sakdalista lead by Benigno Ramos – May 02, 1935
– All revolt failed
– The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was founded in Manila by Crisanto Evangelista
on August 26, 1930

• Political Campaign for Independence

– Jones Law (1916) granted independence as soon as a stable government be establish therein
– With 3 branches of Government, Bill of Rights and Council of State (Wilson Admin)
– 1932 American Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (HHC)
– It was the first Philippine Independence Law passed by the United States (thru the initiative of
Os-Rox Mission)
– It was now approved by the Philippine Legislature
– It was rejected by Philippine Legislature on October 17, 1933
 – Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) signed by FD Roosevelt with revision from Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Law
– Retention naval reservation and fueling stations
– Drafting a new constitution

• The 1935 Philippine Constitution

– July 10, 1934 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention
– Claro M. Recto as the President of the Convention
– February 8, 1935 the new constitution was approved by the majority of the delegates
– March 23, 1935 Pres. FD Roosevelt signed the Philippine Constitution
– May 4, 1935 Filipino people ratified the constitution

• The Commonwealth of the Philippines

– A semi-independent (autonomous) government of Filipinos under American Colony
– September 17, 1935 first national election under Commonwealth Government
– Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay run for the
presidency
– Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña elected as President and Vice-President
respectively
 Commonwealth of the Philippines

Manuel Luis Molina

Quezon Second President of the Philippines
Era
First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

November 15, 1935, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 57)

Inauguration December 30, 1941, Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor (aged 63)

November 15, 1943, Washington, D.C. (aged 65)

Sergio Osmeña (November 15, 1935-December 30, 1941;

Vice-President
December 30, 1941-August 1, 1944)

Ramon Avanceña (April 1, 1925-December 24, 1941)

Chief Justice
Jose Abad Santos (December 24, 1941-May 2, 1942)

Gil Montilla (November 25, 1935-December 30, 1938)

Speaker of the National
Assembly
Jose Yulo (January 24, 1939-December 30, 1941)
 Contributions and
•Achievements
first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines
• first president elected through a national election
• first president under the Commonwealth
• he created National Council of Education
• he initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
• he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
• he appears on the twenty-peso bill
• a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila were named after him
• his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Sergio Suico Osmeña, Sr.
Fourth President of the Philippines
Era
Second President of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines

Inauguration August 1, 1944, Washington, D.C. (aged 67)

Vice-President None

Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)

Senate President Manuel Roxas (July 9, 1945-May 25, 1946)

Speaker of the House Jose C. Zulueta (June 9-December 20, 1945)

 Contributions and
•Achievements
he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to
hold office
• he was the first Visayan to become president

• he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting

the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II
• during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the
country joined the International Monetary Fund
• on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress
• Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill

Source:
• United Nations Charter President Osmeña sent the Philippine
delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo, to the San
Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of the United
Nations on 26 June 1945.
Second World War and Japanese
Occupation
• Second World War was the war between the allied nations (US, Britain,
China, France and Union Soviet) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy,
Japan)
• It started in Europe when Adolf Hitler troops attacked on September 1, 1939
• December 08, 1941 (Pacific Time) Japan made a sneak attacks on Pearl
Harbor,
Hawaii, United States
• Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in Philippine skies
• They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Air Field
• Manila and Nichols (Villamor Airbase) bombed
• Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon, at Legaspi in
Bicol, Davao City in Mindanao and Lingayen in Tayabas Luzon
• General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of US Armed Forces in the Far
• The Commonwealth in Exile
– President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon to escape to the United States
– President Quezon, his family, and War Cabinet secretly left Corregidor by
submarine on February 20, 1942 to October 3, 1944, the
Commonwealth Government went in Exile at Washington, DC
– President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944 and he was succeeded
by Vice President Osmeña

• I Shall Return
– General Douglas MacArthur was also ordered to leave by Pres. Roosevelt
– But when he landed in Australia on March 17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world
“I shall return”

• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor

– Bataan: April 09, 1942 headed by Gen. Eduard P. King
– Corregidor: May 06, 1942 headed by Gen. Jonathan Wainwright
– Visayas and Mindanao: May 10, 1942 headed by Gen. William Sharp
• Death March
– One of the cruelest atrocities by the Japanese
– Some 62,000 Filipino soldiers and 11,000 American troops were forced to March from
7 to 11 days without food, water or medicine
– They marched 120 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in
Capas, Tarlac
• Japanese Military Occupation
– January 2, 1942 to July 5, 1945
– January 3, 1942- the Japanese Military Administration was set up in Manila
– Head by General Yoshihida Hayashi and General Takazi Wachi
– Japanese declared Martial Law
– Imposed curfew black-outs, rationing and censorship
– They punished Filipinos for any hostile acts against Japanese soldiers
– One Japanese is equivalent to 10 Filipinos
– They banned the shortwave radio so we could not hear news from abroad
– They circulated money with Japanese script
– They called this as “Mickey Mouse Money”
• Second Philippine Republic
– Jorge B. Vargas became the Chairman of the Philippine Executive Commission
– January 23, 1942 the members of the Executive Commission sent a letter to the
Japanese Military promising to obey the Japanese order for the sake of the
Filipino people
– January 21, 1942 – Japanese Premier Hedeki Tojo came to the Philippines and
announced the Philippine independence and said that Japan was the Liberator
of Asians
– He launched the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
– September 04, 1943 the new constitution was finished
– October 14, 1943 the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated and Jose P.
Laurel as the President

• Propaganda War
– Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Kalibapi) agency of Japanese
propaganda
– The only political party allowed during Japanese Occupation
• The Collaborators
– Most Filipinos had to collaborate with the Japanese during the war
– Japanese controlled food, medicine and other supplies
– Makapili – Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino

• Guerilla Warfare
– Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HukBaLaHap/ Huks) Headed by Luis Taruc

• Japanese Atrocities
– Deaths of Filipino Soldiers and Civilians: 1,111,998
– Damage to property, goods and services: USD 6,411,732,000
– Murder, torture and rape of civilians
– Looting, burning and destruction of property
– Rape, sex slaves
– Cruel Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police)
• Liberation of the Philippines
– October 20, 1944 the American liberation forces landed in Palo, Leyte with 650 ships and
four army divisions
– Gen. MacArthur retuned as he promised
 – New US Air Force fighter planes shot down the Japanese kamikaze pilots
– The US Navy won the big battle of Leyte Gulf on October 23-26, 1944
– February 1945 the Battle in Manila ended and liberated the City on February
23, 1945
– July 05, 1945 General MacArthur announced the liberation of the Philippines

• End of the Second World War

– May 7, 1945 the war in Europe ended
– Germany surrendered to the Allied Forces (V-E Day in Europe)
– August 06, 1945 the first atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima
– August 09, 1945 another atomic bomb dropped in Nagasaki
– Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945
– V-J Day

• Restoration of the Commonwealth

– February 22, 1945 – President Osmeña installed at Malacañan Palace after
the liberation of Manila
• Japanese Administrators
– Masaharu Homma – 1st Japanese Military Governor
– Tomoyoki Yamashita – Last Japanese Military Governor
 Second Philippine Republic (1943- 1945)

Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel, Sr.

Third President of the Philippines
Era
The only President of the Second Republic

October 14, 1943, Legislative Building, Manila

Inauguration
(aged 51)

Vice President None

Chief Justice Jose Yulo (February 5, 1942-August 1945)

Speaker of the National Benigno S. Aquino Sr. (October 17, 1943-

Assembly February 2, 1944)
 Contributions and
•Achievements
he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines
• he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas).
• he declared Martial Law in 1944
• he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the
Philippines

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Third Philippine Republic
(1946-1972)
• Problems of the New Republic
– Reconstruction
– Poor Government and poor people
– Peace and Order
1946-1948 1948-1953
– Moral and Spiritual
decline

1954-1957 1957-1961 1961-1965 1965-1986

 Manuel Acuña Roxas
Fifth President of the Philippines

Era Third and last President of the Commonwealth

First President of the Third Republic

May 28, 1946, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 54)

Inauguration
July 4, 1946, Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 54)

Vice-President Elpidio Quirino (May 28, 1946-April 17, 1948)

Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)

Jose Avelino (May 25, 1946-July 4, 1946; July 5, 1946-

Senate President
February 21, 1949)

Eugenio Perez (May 25, 1946-July 4, 1946; July 5, 1946-

Speaker of the House
December 30, 1949)
• Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation – for building houses after the
World War II
• Creation to Central Bank of the Philippines – to help the system of banking in the
Philippines and stabilize the Philippine Peso Dollar reserves
• Republic Act No. 1946 or Tenancy Act – the 70/30 share and regulation of
tenancy
contacts
• Amnesty Proclamation – for the Japanese Collaborators
• Treaty of General Relations – to give all sovereignty power of the Philippines from
United States
• Military Base Agreement – with United States
• War Surplus Agreement - Military Assistance Agreement
• Bell Trade Act – Philippine Peso pegged to US Dollar, system of Tariffs
• Parity Rights – exploitation of Philippine Natural Resources by the Americans/ led
to
the amendment of the 1935 Constitution
• Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933
 Contributions and
•Achievements
was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic
because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II
• in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage
and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule
• under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade
Act laws were accepted by the congress
• he is in the 100 peso bill

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Elpidio Rivera Quirino
Era Sixth President of the Philippines
Second President of the ThirdRepublic
Inauguration April 17, 1948, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 57)
December 30, 1949, Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 58)
Vice-President: Fernando Lopez (December 30, 1949-December 30, 1953)
Chief Justice Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February 17, 1961)
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)
Mariano Jesús Cuenco (February 21, 1949-December
Senate President
30, 1951)
Quintin Paredes (March 5, 1952-April 17, 1952)
Camilo Osías (April 17, 1952-April 30, 1952; April 17, 1953-
April 30, 1953)
Eulogio Rodriguez (April 30, 1952-April 17, 1953;
November 30, 1953-December 30, 1953)
Jose Zulueta (April 30, 1953-November 30, 1953)
Speaker of the House Eugenio Perez (July 5, 1946-December 30, 1953)
• Economic Development Corporation (EDCOR) – for the HukBaLaHap
Rebels
• Reorganization of Arm Forces of the Philippines
• President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) –
to mitigate the sufferings of indigent families
• Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) – to
help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks
• Korean War – deployment of Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or
PEFTOK
• Quirino Foster Agreement – help the Philippines for five years
• Minimum Wage Law (RA 602) Repealed by PD 442 and Repealed again by
RA 6727
• Judge Antonio Quirino – emissary of Quirino Administration to have peace
talk with Luis Taruc
• Rural Banks of the Philippines - to facilitate credit utilities in rural
areas.
• Seven point program for social security, o wit:
– Unemployment insurance
– Old-age insurance
– Accident and permanent disability insurance
– Health insurance
– Maternity insurance
– State relief
– Labor opportunity

• Social Security Commission - making Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion

Perez chairman of the same
• Executive Order No. 355 - replaced National Land Settlement Administration with Land
Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities
of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration
• Integrity Board - to probe into reports of graft and corruption in high government places
• Killing of former First Lady Aurora Quezon and her companions on April 28, 1949 by
the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler
• "Total Economic Mobilization Policy" failed to give economic relief to the suffering nation
 Contributions and
•Achievements
under his term Hukbalahap movement was active
• he created Social Security Commission
• he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
• in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines
• peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay, Sr.
Seventh President of the Philippines
Era
Third President of the Third Republic

December 30, 1953, Independence Grandstand, Manila

Inauguration
(aged 46)

Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia (December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957)

Chief Justice Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February 17, 1961)

Eulogio Rodriguez (January 25, 1954-December 30,

Senate President
1957)

Jose B. Laurel Jr. (January 25, 1954-December 30,

Speaker of the House 1957)
• Laurel – Langley Agreement (1955-1974) – replaced Bell Trade Act,
continuation of US authority to control exchange rate of peso , sugar quota
and tariffs
• Presidential Complaints and Action Committee – hear the grievances of
common people and give solution on it
• National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration – to make the
land distributes as soon as possible
• Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration
(ACCFA)
– to help farmers
• Farmers Cooperative Marketing Association (FaCoMA) - to buy
equipment for farmers
• RA 1400 – (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure
Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and
distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for
individuals and 600 hectares for corporations. RA 821 – ACCFA
• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the
relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-
tenancy and leasehold system
• Reparations agreement - the reservations made by Ambassador
Romulo, on the Philippines behalf, upon signing the Japanese Peace
Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, for several years of
series of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine government
and that of Japan
Contributions and
Achievements
• was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs
• was the first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his
inauguration
• his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the
cleanest and zero-corruption
• the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed
countries
• Operation Thunder Lightning – surrender of Luis Taruc by Ninoy Aquino

• Benigno Aquino, Jr. was appointed by President Ramón Magsaysay to act as

personal emissary to Luís Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap, a rebel group.
• SEATO was formed on September 8-10, 1954 to fight communism
 Carlos Polistico Garcia
Eighth President of the Philippines
Era
Fourth President of the Third Republic

March 1, 1957, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 61)

Inauguration
December 30, 1957, Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 62)

Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1957-December 30,

Vice-President
1961)

Chief Justice Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February 17, 1961)

Senate President Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22, 1957-April 5, 1963)

Speaker of the House Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 27, 1958-December 30, 1961)
• RA 1700 – Outlawing the Communist Party of the Philippines
• Filipino First Policy
• Austerity Program
– tighten up its controls to prevent abuses in the over shipment of exports under
license and in under-pricing as well.
– more rigid enforcement of the existing regulations on barter shipments.
– Government imports themselves were to be restricted to essential items.
– reduce rice imports to a minimum.
– An overhauling of the local transportation system would be attempted so as to
reduce the importation of gasoline and spare parts.
– tax system would be revised so as to attain more equitable distribution of the
payment- burden and achieve more effective collection from those with ability to
pay

• Bohlen-Serrano Agreement – shorten from 99 years to 25 years

renewable every five years (military base agreement of Philippines and
United States)
 Contributions and
•Achievements
he was known for “Filipino First Policy”
• he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and
commerce
• was known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “bard from
Bohol”
• cultural arts was revived during his term
• was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan
ng
mga Bayani

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Diosdado Pangan Macapagal, Sr.
Ninth President of the Philippines
Era
Fifth President of the Third Republic

Inauguration December 30, 1961, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 51)

Vice-President Emmanuel Pelaez (1961-1965)

Chief Justice Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)

Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22, 1957-April 5, 1963)

Senate President
Ferdinand E. Marcos (April 5, 1963-December 30, 1965)

Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 22, 1962-March 9, 1962)

Speaker of the House
Cornelio T. Villareal (March 9, 1962-December 30, 1965)
• Republic Act No. 3512 – An Act Creating A Fisheries Commission Defining
Its Powers, Duties and Functions, and Appropriating Funds Therefor
• Republic Act No. 3518 – An Act Creating The Philippine Veterans Bank, and
For Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 3844 – An Act To Ordain The Agricultural Land Reform
Code and To Institute Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The
Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of Capital Into Industry, Provide For
The Necessary Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds Therefor and For
Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 4166 – An Act Changing The Date Of Philippine
Independence Day
• Republic Act No. 4180 – An Act Amending Republic Act Numbered Six
Hundred Two, Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By Raising The
Minimum Wage For Certain Workers, And For Other Purposes.
• Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program – it could be
seen that it aimed at the following objectives.
– immediate restoration of economic stability;
– alleviating the plight of the common man;
– And establishing a dynamic basic for future growth.

• Sabah Claim- On September 12, 1962, the territory of North Borneo, and the
full sovereignty, title and dominion over the territory were ceded by Sultan of
Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the
Philippines.
• The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to
pursue their claim in international courts.
• The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation
had included Sabah in 1963.
• It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations have
placed the claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial
economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur.
• To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to resolve
the matter of Sabahs jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice.
• Maphilindo - was described as a regional association that would
approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus.
• However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and
Manila to delay, or even prevent, the formation of the Federation of
Malaysia.
• Manila had its own claim to Sabah (formerly British North Borneo), and
Jakarta protested the formation of Malaysia as a British imperialist
plot.
• Vietnam War - Before the end of his term in 1965, President
Diosdado Macapagal persuaded Congress to send troops to South
Vietnam. However this proposal was blocked by the opposition led by
Senate President Ferdinand Marcos who deserted Macapagal’s Liberal
Party and defected to the Nacionalista Party
 Contributions and
•Achievements
he established the first Land Reform Law
• he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange
market
• he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day
• he signed the Minimum Wage Law
• he signed the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Fourth Philippine Republic (1972-1986)

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos,

Sr.
Era
Tenth President of the Philippines
Sixth and Last President of the Third Republic
The only President of the Fourth Republic

December 30, 1965, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 48)

December 30, 1969, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 52)
Inauguration
June 30, 1981, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 64)
February 25, 1986, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 69)
Quezon City (1965-1978)
Capital
City of Manila (1978-1986)
Fernando Lopez
Vice-President (December 30, 1965-December 30, 1969)
(December 30, 1969-September 23, 1972)

Ferdinand E. Marcos (concurrent capacity as

President) (June 12, 1978-June 30, 1981)
Prime Minister
Cesar E.A. Virata
(June 30, 1981-February 25, 1986)
 Felix V. Makasiar (July 25, 1985-November 19, 1985)
Enrique M. Fernando (July 2, 1979-July 24, 1985)
Fred Ruiz Castro (January 5, 1976-April 19, 1979)
Chief Justice Querube C. Makalintal (October 21, 1973-December
22, 1975);
Roberto V. Concepcion (June 17, 1966-April 18, 1973);
Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)

Gil Puyat (January 26, 1967-September 23, 1972)

Senate President
Arturo M. Tolentino (January 17, 1966-January 26, 1967)
Speaker of the National Nicanor E. Yñiguez (July 23, 1984-March 25, 1986)
Assembly Querube C. Makalintal (June 12, 1978-June 30, 1984)
Cornelio T. Villareal (April 1, 1971-September 23, 1972)
Speaker of the House Jose B. Laurel Jr. (February 2, 1967-April 1, 1971)
Cornelio T. Villareal (January 17, 1966-February 2, 1967)
• Green Revolution
– Production of rice was increased through promoting the cultivation of IR-8 hybrid
rice. In 1968 the Philippines became self-sufficient in rice, the first time in history
since the American period. It also exported rice worth US$7 million.

• Blue Revolution
– Marine species like prawn, mullet, milkfish, and golden tilapia were being produced
and distributed to farmers at a minimum cost. Today, milkfish and prawns
contribute substantially to foreign exchange income.

• Liberalized Credit
– More than one thousand rural banks spread all over the country resulting to the
accessibility of credit to finance purchase of agricultural inputs, hired labor, and
harvesting expenses at very low interest rate. During 1981-1985, credit was available
without interest and collateral arrangements. Some of the credit programs were the
ff:
– 1. Biyayang Dagat (credit support for fishermen)
– 2. Bakahang Barangay –supported fattening of 40,000 head of cattle in
farmer backyards
 – 3. Masaganang Maisan, Maisagana, and Expanded Yellow Corn Program –
supported 1.4 Million farmers through P4.7 Billion loans from 1975-
1985
– 4. Gulayan sa Kalusugan and Pagkain ng Bayan Programs –provided grants and
loans of P12.4 Million to encourage backyard and communal production of
vegetables and improve nutrition of Filipino households
– 5. Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (KKK)—supported 25,000 entrepreneurial
projects through P1.8 Billion and helping 500,000 beneficiaries

• Decontrol Program
– Price control polices were implemented on rice and corn to provide greater incentive
to farmers to produce more.
– Deregulation of trading in commodities like sugar and coconut and agricultural
inputs like fertilizer were done for more efficient marketing and trading
arrangements.

• Education Reform
– Access to free education widened during the Marcos Administration. The biggest
portion of the budget was allotted for Educational Programs (P58.7 Billion in 20
years). The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to 93% in 1985 and almost
100% in Metro Manila on the same year.
• Agrarian Reform
– Tenant’s Emancipation Act of 1972 or PD 27 was implemented without bloodshed. 1.2
million farmers benefited, either they became the owner or leaseholder in more than 1.3
million hectares of rice and corn lands.
• Primary Health Care
– made medical care accessible to millions of Filipinos in the remotest barrios of the
country.
• Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS)
– Housing project had expanded the government’s housing program for the low-income
group. Housing were conceptualized by a series of legal issuances from the funding, the
lending, mortgaging and to the collection of the loans. These are governed by the Home
Mutual Development Fund (Pag-Ibig Fund), the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
(HLURB) and the National Home Mortgage Finance which remain intact up to the present
• Energy Self-Reliance
– Indigenous energy sources were developed like hydro, geothermal, dendrothermal, coal,
biogas and biomass.
– The country became the first in Asia to use dendrothermal and in five years we became
number two, next to US, in geothermal utilization.
– The extensive energy resource research and exploration and development resulted to
reduction of oil imports from 100% in 1965 to 40% in 1985
• Export Development
– During 1985 textile and textile products like garments and embroideries, furniture and
rattan products, marine products like prawns and milkfish, raw silk, shoes,
dehydrated and fresh fruits were exported

• Labor Reform
– The Labor code was promulgated which expanded the concerns of the
Magna Carta of Labor to extend greater protection to labor, promote employment,
and human resource development.
– The minimum wages of the workers were boosted through the guaranteed 13th
month pay and cost of living allowances.

• Unprecedented Infrastructure Growth

– The country’s road network had improved from 55,778 kilometers in 1965 to 77,950 in
five years (1970), and eventually reached 161,000 kilometers in 1985.
– Construction of irrigation facilities was also done that made 1.5 million hectares
of land irrigated and increased the farmer’s harvest and income.
– In addition, nationwide telecommunication systems—telephone systems,
telex exchange too centers, and interprovincial toll stations were also built.
• Political Reform
– The structure of government established by President Marcos remains substantially
the same except the change of name, inclusive of superficial features in laws, to give
a semblance of change from that of President Marcos regime.

• Fiscal Reform
– Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue collections and loans
from treasury bonds, foreign lending institutions and foreign governments.

• Peace and Order

– In 1966, more than 100 important smugglers were arrested; in three years 1966-
68
they arrested a total of 5,000. Military men involved in smuggling were forced to
retire.
– Peace and order significantly improved in most provinces however situations in
Manila and some provinces continued to deteriorate until the imposition of martial law
in 1972.

• Decentralization Act – Philippine Regionalization, Divided the Philippines

into 13 regions
 Contributions and
•Achievements
he was the first president to win a second term
• he declared Martial Law on Sept. 23, 1972
• he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
• in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972
• in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
• he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures
than all former presidents did combined
• is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated
crypt
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Marcos Dictatorship
• Marcos became a dictator for 14 years (1972-1984)
• September 21, 1972 – Martial Law was declared (Proclamation 1081)
• September 23, 1972 – Marcos announced the declaration of Martial Law via
Nationwide television and radio broadcast in the evening
• 1973 Constitution – November 30, 1972 – finished and signed the new
constitution by the delegates (Former President Carlos P. Garcia as
President)
• January 17, 1973 – President Marcos signed the New Constitution
• 1973 Constitution – amended 22 times during the Marcos dictatorship
91973, 1976, 1981, 1984)
• Death of Democracy
– Arrest and detention of Marcos Opponents and protesters against the government
(Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jose Diokno and Ramon Mitra)
 – Closing down of all newspapers, radio and television stations and
presses
printing
– Government control of all public utilities and important industries
– Travel Ban abroad
– Ban on public meetings, student demonstrations and labor strikes
– Ban on private weapons
– Torture and murder of political prisoners

• Government Reorganization
– Marcos replaced Congress with several lawmaking bodies
– 1984 he organized the Batasang Pambansa
– Marcos also changed the local government (old barrios now called
barangays)
– The country was divided unto 13 administrative regions
– Marcos became the President and Prime Minister of the country
– Motto: Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Spirit)
– Cesar Virata appointed as Prime Minister
– Marcos has its absolute power
• Strong Military Power
– Marcos created special military courts
– Major General Fabian C. Ver headed the National Intelligence and Security
Agency
– Military got the biggest share in government budget

• Fourth Republic
– January 17, 1981 – ended the Martial Law
– Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines
– June 16, 1981 – first Presidential election after Martial Law
– June 30, 1981 – inauguration of the Fourth Philippine Republic
– Kilusang Bagong Lipunan – as official Political Party

• Aquino Assassination
– August 21, 1983 – a China airlines jet brought back Sen. Benigno Aquino
to Manila International Airport
– Shot by a military assassin as he got down the plane
People Power Revolution
• Snap Elections
– February 7, 1986 – Marcos farce to call Snap Election
– Marcos declared as winner according to Commission on Elections
– According to NAMFREL (National Movement for Free Elections) Aquino won

• People Power Revolution

– February 22- 25, 1986 the Filipino People united in a peaceful, prayerful and successful
revolution to bring back democracy in the Philippines
– Started at Camp Aguinaldo, EDSA on Saturday February 22, 1986
– With Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos
called press conference to announce they they no longer support President Marcos
– Cardinal Jaime Sin, Mrs. Aquino, Agapito “Butz” Aquino and other inspired volunteers to
protect the rebels in Camp Auinaldo
– The Appeal also went over Radio Veritas and a secret radio station with June Keithley.
– By the morning of Sunday, February 23, tens of thousands of eople men, women, and
children formed a human barricades along EDSA and nearby streets
 – During the next 2 days more and more soldiers sided with the people
– Millions of people, rich and poor alike, went to the barricades
– President Marcos was finished. One the night of Tuesday, February 25, he and his
family and some friends left the country to Hawaii in a US Air Force jet

• The Aquino Government

– February 25, 1986 – Corazon Aquino took her oath of office a the New President
of the republic at Club Filipino, Greenhills, Metro Manila
– March 25, 1985 – she proclaimed a temporary “Freedom Constitution”
– She appointed delegates to a new constitutional Commission to make the new
constitution (Cecilia Muñoz Palma as President)
– February 2, 1987- the people voted yes for the adoption of constitution
– May 11, 1987 -new senators and congressmen were elected to the new Congress
– Local Government - was also retuned to democracy
– January 18, 1988- the people voted for new governors, mayors and councilors
– March 28, 1989 - the new barangay official were also elected
 Fifth Philippine Republic
(1986-present)

1986-1992 1992-1998 1998- 2001 2001-2010 2010-2016

 Maria Corazon Cojuangco
Era
Aquino Eleventh President of the Philippines

First President of the Fifth Republic

Inauguration February 25, 1986, Club Filipino, San Juan (aged 53)
Seat of Government City of Manila
Vice-President Salvador H. Laurel (1986-1992)
Marcelo B. Fernan (July 1, 1988-December 6, 1991)

Pedro L. Yap (April 18, 1988-July 1, 1988)

Chief Justice
Claudio Teehankee (April 2, 1986-April 18, 1988)
Ramon C. Aquino (November 20, 1985-March 6, 1986)

Jovito Salonga (July 27, 1987-January 1, 1992)

Senate President
Neptali Gonzales (January 1, 1992-June 30, 1992)

Speaker of the House Ramon V. Mitra Jr. (July 27, 1987-June 30, 1992)
• The return of Democracy, freedom and justice in the Philippines

• Partial recovery of the big sums of money stolen by Marcos and some
members of his family
• Stability of the government despite six successive military coups led by
loyalists forces of Marcos, reformist soldiers of Col. Gregorio Honasan and
separatist Mindanao hero Col. Alexander Noble
• Easier credit terms and better conditions of repayment
• Push back the communist New People’s Army rebels and arrest the top
communist leaders
• Passed the best agrarian reform

• Improved the image of the Philippines abroad

• Mobilized national and international aid for the victims of various calamities
• Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code
 Contributions and
•Achievements
was named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 • she’s been cited as a modern-day Joan of
by Time magazine Arc by many

• first woman president of the • she is in the new 500 peso bill together
Philippines and Asia with her husband Ninoy Aquino

• she abolished 1973 Marcos
Constitution brought the new
Constitution of the Philippines
• she reorganized the structure of
the executive branch of
government
• she always initiated charitable and
social activities helping the poor and the
needy
Source:
http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
• she has received great honors and
awards such as one of:
• 100 Women Who Shaped World
History
• 20 Most Influential Asians of the
20th Century
• 65 Great Asian Heroes
• a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize
for International Understanding
 Fidel Valdez Ramos
Twelfth President of the Philippines
Era
Second President of the Fifth Republic

Inauguration June 30, 1992, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 64)

Vice-President Joseph Ejercito Estrada (June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998)

Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30,
Chief Justice
1998)

Neptali Gonzales (January 26, 1998-June 30, 1998;

August 29, 1995-October 10, 1996; January 1, 1992-
January 18, 1993)
Senate President
Ernesto Maceda (October 10, 1996-January 26, 1998)

Eduardo J. Angara (January 18, 1993-August 29, 1995)

Speaker of the House Jose de Venecia (July 27, 1992-June 30, 1998)
• Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the Department of Energy)
– This act was signed and implemented so that the department of energy would be
created.

• Republic Act 7648 (Electric Power Crisis)

– This act prescribes the measures that are necessary and proper to effectively address
the electric power crisis in our country.

• First RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement

– The effect of this agreement is that it allows the government of the United States to keep
the authority over their military personnel that are accused of committing crimes in the
Philippines.

• Republic Act 7832 (Anti-electricity and Electric

Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act)
– This act penalizes theft and pilferage of electric lines and materials.

• Republic Act 8179

– This act further allows foreign investments. It supports Republic Act 7042, which
promotes foreign investments and prescribes the procedures and actions foreign
investors have to do when registering for a business in the Philippines.
• Deregulation and Privatization of Major Industries
• Protection of Migrant Workers (Republic Act 8042)
– which is also known as the Migrant Workers Act.
– This act protects Filipino workers abroad.

• Philippines 2000
– Peace and Stability
– Economic Growth and Development
– Energy and Power Generation
– Environmental Protection
– Streamlined Bureaucracy
– Agrarian Reform Program
– Restatement of the Death Penalty
 Contributions and
•Achievements
during his time, the Philippines was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger
because he brought back economic growth
• the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998
• he’s the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from the United
Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order
of St. Michael and St. George)
• he led the 4th APEC Summit held in the Philippines
• his “Philippines 2000” vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the
best in the world in the mid-90s
• Death Penalty was reinstated at his time
• he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF

Source:
 Joseph Marcelo Ejercito Estrada
Thirteenth President of the Philippines
Era
Third President of the Fifth Republic
June 30, 1998, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan
Inauguration
(aged 61)
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (June 30, 1998-January 20,
Vice-President
2001)
Hilario G. Davide (November 30, 1998-December 20,
2005)
Chief Justice:
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30,
1998)
Aquilino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June 30, 2001)
Franklin M. Drilon (July 12, 2000-November 13, 2000)
Senate President
Blas Ople (June 29, 1999-July 12, 2000)
Marcelo H. Fernan (July 27, 1998-June 28, 1999)
Arnulfo T. Fuentabella (November 13, 2000-January 24,
Speaker of the House 2001)
Manuel Villar (July 27, 1998-November 13, 2000)
• Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749)
– Designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the
sustainable development of its natural resources.

• Incentives for Regional Headquarters of Foreign Multinationals

(Republic Act No. 8756)
– The measure grants a host of incentives to multinational firms establishing
their regional hubs in the country.

• Retail Trade Liberalization Act (Republic Act No. 8762)

– This law dismantles 40 years of state protectionism over the country’s retail
trade
industry and opens the sector to big foreign players.

• New General Banking Act (Republic Act No. 8791)

– The measure opens up the local banking industry to foreign players after almost
50 years of having it exclusively reserved and protected for Filipino nationals.
With the industry’s liberalization, at least 10 foreign banks have already
established their presence in the Philippines.
• Agrarian Reform
– widened the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
to the landless peasants in the country side. The latter’s administration distributed
more than 266,000 hectares of land to 175,000 landless farmers, including land
owned by the traditional rural elite.

• Anti-Crime Task Forces

– In 1998, by virtue of Executive Order No.8, President Estrada created the
Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF) with the objective of
minimizing, if not totally eradicating, car theft and worsening kidnapping cases
in the country.

• Death Penalty
– The death penalty law in the Philippines was re-enforced during the
incumbency of Estrada’s predecessor, Fidel Ramos. This law provided the use
of the electric chair until the gas chamber (method chosen by government to
replace electrocution) could be installed. The Estrada administration peddled
the death penalty as the antidote to crime.

• Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)

– Outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new
businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy.
• New Securities Act (Republic Act No. 8799)
– This law liberalizes the securities market by shifting policy from merit regulation to full
disclosure. With its strengthened provisions against fraud, the measure is expected to pave
the way for the full development of the Philippine equities and securities market.
• Charter Change
– Under President Joseph Estrada, there was a similar attempt to change the 1987
constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for
Development.
– Only amend the ‘restrictive’ economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as
impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines.
• RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
– On 1999 a Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, which was ratified in the
Senate.
– The first Visiting Forces Agreement was actually signed under President Ramos in 1998,
and the second was subsequently signed under President Estrada.
– The primary effect of the Agreement is to require the U.S. government
– (1) to notify RP authorities when it becomes aware of the apprehension, arrest or
detention
of any RP personnel visiting the U.S. and
– (2) when so requested by the RP government, to ask the appropriate authorities to waive
jurisdiction in favor of RP, except cases of special interest to the U.S. departments of State
or Defense
 Contributions and
•Achievements
during his time, the MILF’s headquarters and camps were captured
• he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the
Charter Change
• was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
• was among the “Magnificent 12” who voted for the termination of the
Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and
Subic Naval Base

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Gloria Macapagal
Era Arroyo Fourteenth President of the Philippines
Fourth President of the Fifth Republic
First Inauguration January 21, 2001, EDSA Shrine (aged 54)
Second Inauguration June 30, 2004, Cebu Capitol (aged 57)
Manuel de Castro (June 30, 2004-June 30, 2010)
Vice President
Teofisto Guingona (February 7, 2001-June 30, 2004)
Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29, 2012)
Reynato Puno (December 8, 2006-May 17, 2010)
Chief Justice
Artemio Panganiban (December 20, 2005-December 7, 2006)
Hilario Davide (November 30, 1998-December 20, 2005)
Juan Ponce Enrile (November 17, 2008–June 5, 2013)
Manuel Villar (July 24, 2006-November 17, 2008)
Senate President
Franklin M. Drilon (July 23, 2001-July 24, 2006)
Aquinlino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June 30, 2001)
Prospero C. Nograles (February 5, 2008-June 30, 2010)
Jose C. de Venecia (July 23, 2001-February 5, 2008)
Speaker of the House
Feliciano R. Belmonte Jr. (January 24, 2001-June 30, 2001)
• RoRo (roll-on, roll-off) network of ships and barges that link the highly
fragmented islands of the Philippines
• Job creation Arroyo has always had a mantra of creating one million jobs for
Filipinos.
• Amnesty proclamation
– On September 5, 2007 - signed Amnesty Proclamation 1377 for members of the
Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing, the New Peoples Army; other
communist rebel groups; and their umbrella organization, the National Democratic Front.

• US-led coalition against global terrorism in the aftermath of the September 11,
2001 attacks, and remains one of its closest allies in the war on terror
• Philippines-Japan Trade Deal -August 21, 2007

• Council of Women World Leaders

– an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers
whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally
• Education Reform
– easing the textbook backlog;
– constructing more school buildings;
– restoring English as medium of instruction; implementing the Basic Education
Curriculum or BEC ;
– improving teacher welfare;
– sparing public school teachers from the “vagaries of politics”;
– mainstreaming distance learning;
– and launching the internet-based education program.

• The National SME Development Agenda

– small and medium enterprises through her national SME Development Agenda,
believing that they are a vital engine of the Philippine economy.

• Housing
– sustainable housing financing, the private sector, especially the banks, is called to
participate in the housing market.
– provide security of tenure for the informal sector, consisting of poor and low salaried
workers from government and the private sector.
• Election Modernization
– On May 10, 2004, the Philippines will hold its first elections using modern
counting and canvassing methods.

• Land Distribution
– accelerated land distribution and delivery of support services to the farmer-
beneficiaries.
– The same shall apply to the distribution of public lands.

• The Mindanao National Initiative or “Mindanao Natin”

– is the sound strategy for peace and development in Mindanao that is being
implemented across many areas of action from security to infrastructure to
education to economic growth to poverty reduction to law enforcement.
– aims to mobilize the local governments, civil society and the business community
in the blueprint for development for Muslim Mindanao

• Presyong Tama, Gamot Pampamilya

– The Presyong Tama, Gamot Pampamilya is the government's concrete response
to address the heavy burden of high medicine prices on the Filipino consumers.
• KALAHI
– The Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan (KALAHI) program is an anti- poverty initiative
– The project will assist the government in strengthening the capability of local government
units (LGUs) to design, implement, and manage development activities.
– Such activities may include basic infrastructure like new or rehabilitated roads and
bridges, barangay schools and clinics, and water supply and sanitation facilities.

• E-Procurement
– The Electronic Procurement System or EPS is one initiative of government to reform and
modernize government's procurement services.
– creation and operation of a central portal for government procurement, bidding and
supplier information requirements, and the increasing use of the portal among
government agencies.
– The EPS is expected to achieve transparency in public procurement activities.

• National Health Insurance Program

– Philhealth is the government's priority health program that aims to benefit the country's
poor communities.
– A health insurance card holder and any member of his family who gets sick can go to a
government hospital and present the said card to avail of free medical services.
• KABAYANIHAN
– The program is an integrated delivery of basic services to OFWs at worksites abroad and at
home in the Philippines.
– Under Kabayanihan, the OFWs will be able to avail themselves of the following services:
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration On-Site Welfare Services that would include
expanded/voluntary membership.
– DOLE/OWWA/Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Electronic Identification
Card
(E-Card) services.
– Health maintenance services through the OWWA Medicare program wherein the OFW and
members of the family will be entitled to benefits over and above those granted by PhilHealth.

• Expanded Value Added Tax (e-VAT) Law RA 9337

• RA 9189 – Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003
• RA 9160 Money Laundering Law
• RA 9225 Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act
• Proclamation 1017 State of National Emergency 9February 24, 2006
• RA 9256 Ninoy Aquino Day
• Proclamation 1946 Martial Law in Maguindanao
 Contributions and
•
Achievements
second female president of the
country
• economy grew at its fastest in 3
decades in 2007, GDP exceeding
7% growth
• first and only female vice-president of
the Philippines so far (to date) • US ex-president Bill Clinton cited
Gloria’s “tough decisions” because
• first president to had oath of her brilliant strategy to make
taking outside Luzon the country's economy back in
• an ex-professor of Economics at shape amidst the 2008 global
the Ateneo de Manila University
financial crisis
where Noynoy Aquino was one of • Peso became the best performing
her students
currency of the year in Asia in 2007
• an ex-classmate of former US
• EVAT Law was implemented under
president Bill Clinton at Georgetown
University’s Walsh School of Foreign her term
Service where she maintained Dean’s
list status • she is currently in the 200 peso bill
• she regained higher economic
growth
Source: than the past 3 presidents
http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
 Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III
Fifteenth President of the Philippines
Era
Fifth President of the Fifth Republic

Inauguration June 30, 2010, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 50)

Vice President Jejomar C. Binay (June 30, 2010-Present)

Ma. Lourdes P.A. Sereno (August 25, 2012-Present)

Chief Justice
Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29, 2012)

Juan Ponce Enrile (July 26, 2010-June 5, 2013)

Senate President
Franklin M. Drilon (July 22, 2013-Present)

Speaker of the House Feliciano Belmonte (July 26, 2010-Present)

• Executive Order No. 1- creating the Truth Commission
– tasked to investigate various anomalies and issues including graft and corruption
allegations against the past administration
– government officials and their accomplices in the private sector during the last nine
years
• Executive Order No. 2 - signed on July 30, 2010
– ordering the immediate removal of all midnight appointments made by the previous
administration for violating the 60-day constitutional ban on presidential appointments
before a national election
• Executive Order No. 3 - signed on July 30, 2010
– an executive order revoking Executive Order No. 883, signed by former Pres. Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo on May 28, 2010, that automatically promoted lawyers in
government executive service to the rank of Career Executive Service Officer III
(CESO III)
• Executive Order No. 7
– suspension of all allowances, bonuses and incentives of board members of
government-owned and-controlled corporations (GOCCs) and government financial
institutions (GFIs) until December 31, 2010
• Executive Order No. 10
– declaring October 2, 2010 as the Nationwide Philhealth Registration Day (NPRD)
• Republic Act No. 10645
– Mandatory Philhealth Coverage for all Senior Citizens, amending for the purpose
Republic Act No. 7432, as amended by Republic Act No. 9994, otherwise known
as the “Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010.”

• Republic Act No. 10640

– strengthen the anti-drug campaign of the government, amending for the
purpose Section 21 of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the
“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

• Republic Act No. 10639

– An Act mandating the telecommunications service providers to send free
mobile alerts in the event of natural and man-made disasters and calamities.

• Republic Act No. 10630

– An Act strengthening the Juvenile Justice System in the Philippines, amending
for the purpose Republic Act No. 9344, otherwise known as the “Juvenile Justice
and Welfare Act of 2006” and appropriating funds therefor.
• Republic Act No. 10627
– An Act requiring all elementary and secondary schools to adopt policies
to prevent and address the acts of bullying in their institutions.

• Republic Act No. 10533

– An Act enhancing the Philippine basic education system by strengthening its
curriculum and increasing the number of years for basic education,
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.

• Republic Act No. 10360

– An Act creating the Province of Davao Occidental

• Republic Act No. 10351

– An Act restructuring the excise tax on alcohol and tobacco products by
amending Section 141 142, 143, 144, 145, 8, 131 and 288 of Republic Act No.
8424 otherwise known as The National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, as
amended by Republic Act No. 9334, and for other purposes..
• Republic Act No. 10175
– An Act defining Cybercrime. providing for the prevention, investigation,
suppression and the imposition of penalties therefor and for other
purposes.

• Republic Act No. 10173

– An Act protecting individual personal information in information and
communications systems in the government and the private sector, creating
for this purpose a National Privacy Commission, and for other purposes.

• Republic Act No. 10157

– An Act institutionalizing the Kindergarten education into Basic Education
system
and appropriating funds thereof

• Republic Act No. 10354

– The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

• Republic Act No. 10586

– Anti Drive-Drugged- Drunk Act of 2013
 Contributions and
•Achievements
he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his inaugural address
• he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010.
• he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines
• he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential
Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers
• he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and
GFIs board members
• has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement
• in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7.1% besting other South East Asian
countries

Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
References:
• Yaman ng Lahi (Binagong Edisyon) by Amelia Tuico & Edna Perez
• MET- LET Reviewer On Social Science by Rogelio I. Esperitu (2011)
• Philippine History and Government (2002) by Gregorio and Sonia
Zaide
• Philippine History Module-Based Learning (2002) by Rebecca and
Reena Ongsotto
• Philippine History Revised Edition (2010) Teodoro Agoncillo
• Saint Louie Reviewer – Philippine History (April, 2014)
• http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-

their-Achievements-and-Contributions Retrieved November 24, 2014