Unit 1 Principles of

Anatomy and Physiology

in Sport
Dom Hughes 12JL
 THE STRUCTURE OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 The Skeletal System is made up of bones ,cartilage and
joints.

 Without bones, we would be shapeless and be unable to

stand.

 The Skeleton provides a framework that supports your

muscles and skin and protects internal organs.

 There are 260 bones in the human body.

 80 form your Axial skeleton -
 Being the long axis of your body.

 126 form your Appendicular skeleton –

 The bones that are attached to the axis
Picture of Skeletal System
 Axial skeleton
 STRUCTURE

 The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body. It

consists of the skull (which includes the cranium and
facial bones), the vertebral column and the thorax
(which includes the ribs and the sternum).
The Skull and Vertebrae
The Thorax
 Appendicular Skeleton
 STRUCTURE

 The appendicular skeleton consists:

 60 bones forming the Upper Limbs
 60 bones forming the Lower Limbs

 The Shoulder Girdle consists of 4 bones:

 2 clavicle (also known as the collar bone)
 2 scapulae (also known as the shoulder blade)
The Shoulder Girdle
 The Pelvic Girdle

 This is made up of 3 bones:

 Ilium
 Pubis
 Ischium

 All together known as the Innominate

Bone.
 The Pelvic Girdle

 The Pelvic Girdle also:

 Provides attachment for the powerful
muscles of lower leg and back.
 Protects the digestive and reproductive
organs.
 TYPES OF MAJOR BONES
 Bones vary in shape and size.
 They can be classified as :
 Long bones –Found in limbs –arms and
legs.
 The shaft is known as Diaphysis .
 2 expanded ends known as Epiphysis.
A Long Bones
 Short Bones

 Small, Light ,strong, cubed shaped.

 Consists of Cancellous bone surrounded

by a thin layer of compact bone.
Example of Short Bones
 Flat Bones
 Thin ,flattened, slightly curved.
 Large surface area.
 Examples : Scapulae, Sternum, Cranium.
Example of a Flat Bone
 Irregular Bones

 Complex and irregular shapes .

 Do not fit into any other category of Bone.
 Many are short ,flat notched rigid.
 Examples are:
 Vertebrae bones
 Skull
 Hip bones.
Example of Irregular Bone
 Sesamoid Bones
 Seamed bones are found in locations
where a tendon passes over a joint such
as the hand, knee, and foot.
 LOCATION OF MAJOR BONES

 The position of anatomical structures such

as bones are sometimes described as:
 Anterior – to the front or in the front.
 Posterior – to the rear or behind.
 Medial – Towards the midline.
 Lateral – Away from the midline
 Proximal – Near to the root or origin
 Anatomomical Positions

 Distal – Away from the root or origin.

 Superior – Above
 Inferior – Below
ANATOMICAL POSITIONS
 SPECIFIC LOCATIONS

 Cranium: Box like cavity. Protects and

contains brain. Consists of interlinking segments
of bone fused together during early years of life.
 Clavicle: Long slim Bone. Forms anterior
part of shoulder girdle.
 Ribs :Long flat bones. 12 pairs in total.
Joined directly to sternum.
 Specific Locations

 Sternum : Flat bone. Runs down centre

of chest base of neck to abdominal wall.
 Pubis : Forms lower posterior .
 Carpals : 8 small bones that make up
wrist. Irregular bones.
 Metacarpals: 5 long bones.
 Phalanges: make up thumbs, fingers and
toes.
 Specific Location

 Femur: longest and strongest bone in

body. Head fits into socket of pelvis to
form hip joint. Lower end joins tibia to
form knee joint.
 Patella :The large ,triangular sesamoid
found in the quadriceps. Protects knee
joint.
 Humerus – Largest bone of upper limb.
 Specific Locations

 Tibia and Fibula: Bones that form the

long bones of the lower leg. Tibia is the
inner and thicker bone also known as the
shin bone. The fibula is the outer, thinner
bone of the lower leg.
 Tarsals : Foot and heal formed from seven
bones known collectively as the tarsal's and
often referred to as the mid foot and hind
foot .
 Specific Locations

 Metatarsals: 5 form dorsal surface of

foot with 14 phalanges forming toes.
 Radius and Ulna: Ulna is longest to the
two bones in forearm.
 Scapulae (shoulder blade): large,
triangular flat bone in posterior part of
should girdle.
 Ilium: bony structure at base of spine.
 Specific Locations

 Ischium: bone situated below the ilium that

forms lower posterior part of the innominate
bone.
 Vertebral column : extends from the base
of the cranium to the pelvis, providing a
central axis for the body. It is made up of 33
irregular bones called vertebrae.
 Vertebrae : Cervical vertebrae ( in the
neck )
 Specific Locations

 Thoracic vertebrae -in the chest region

 Lumbar vertebrae - in the small of the
back
 Sacral vertebrae (form sacrum)
 Coccygeal vertebrae - fused vertebrae
that forms the coccyx.
 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Support : Your bones give your body

shape and provide the supporting
framework for the soft tissues of your
body.
 Protection : Bones of your skeleton
surround and protect tissues and organs
in the body .
 Functions
 Attachment for skeletal muscle – this
allows us to move. Tendons attach to
muscles to bone providing leverage.
 Blood cell production : Your bones are
not completely solid. Blood vessels feed the
centre of your bones and stored within
them is bone marrow. The marrow of your
long bones continually produce red and
white blood cells.
 Functions

 Store of minerals: These minerals are

stored and released into the bloodstream
as required, facilitating your body.
 THE CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

 There are 3 major joint classifications:

 Fibrous
 Cartilaginous
 Synovial joints
 A joint is formed where 2 or more bones
meet known as articulation.
 Joints are classified according to degree of
movement they allow.
 Fibrous/Fixed Joint
 The fibrous joint is a fixed joint or
immovable joint.
 Interlock and held together by tough
fibrous tissue.
 Fibrous/Fixed Joints

 Example of a fixed joint is the cranium.

 Slightly Moveable/Cartilaginous

 These joints allow slight movement.

 Made possible by pads of cartilage
compressing – reduces friction.
 Ends of bones covered in cartilage
separated by pads of white tough fibro
cartilage capable of bearing considerable
loads.
Example of Cartilaginous Joint
 Synovial Joints

 Offer highest level of mobility and also

known as freely movable joints.
 Consist of 2 or more bones with ends
covered with articular cartilage.
 Allows bones to move over each other –
minimum friction.
 Lined with synovial fluid which lubricates
and nourishes the joint.
 Synovial Joints

 Synovial Joints contain following:

 Outer sleeve or joint capsule helping to hold
the bones in place and protect.
 A synovial membrane – a capsule lining
containing the synovial fluid which lubricates
the joint.
 Joint cavity – the gap between the
articulating bones containing the synovial
fluid.
 Synovial Joints

 Articular cartilage – on the ends of the

bones providing smooth covering
preventing the bones knocking and grinding
against each other.
 Ligament – hold the bones together and
keep them in place.
 Synovial joints are divided into the
following groups depending on movement:
 Hinge
 Hinge joints allow movement in only one
direction. The movement is flexion and
extension. Sporting example is rowing .
 The Ball and Socket Joint
 Round end of one bone fits into a cup-
shaped socket of other bone.
 Allow movement in all directions.
 Example is the hip joint
 The Pivot
 A Pivot joint (trochoid joint, rotary joint)
is a joint that moves by rotating.
 Examples are the joint of the atlas and
axis in the neck.
 Saddle
 A saddle joint allows movement back and forth
and up and down.
 Similar to the ellipsoid joint.
 Surfaces are concave and convex. Best
example is the hand.
 Condyloid/Ellipsoid Joint

 Similar to ball and socket joint and saddle.

 Allows circular movement.
 Ligaments can prevent rotation.
 Examples – carpals of the wrist rest
against the end of the radius bone in the
forearm.
Condyloid Joint - Wrist
 TYPES OF MOVEMENT
 Flexion: Reducing the angle at the joint,
such as bending your arm in a bicep curl.
 Movement

 Extension: Straightening a limb to

increase the angle at the joint.
 Movement

 Abduction: Movement away from the

body.
 Movement

 Adduction: Movement towards the

body.
 Movement

 Rotation: Circular movement of a limb.

 Movement

 Pronation: An inward rotation of the

forearm .
 Movement

 Supination : an outward rotation of the

forearm.
 Movement

 Plantar Flexion: A movement that

points the toes downwards by
straightening the ankle.
 Movement

 Dorsiflexion: An upward movement ,as

in moving the foot to pull the toes towards
the knee in walking .
 Movement

 Hyper –extension: Involves movement

beyond the normal anatomical position.
 Sources

 WWW.Chairo.org
 BTEC LEVEL 3 BOOK /SPORT
 UNIGE.CH
 WEB-BOOKS.COM
 SHOPPINGTROLLEY.NET
 EN.ACADEMIC.RU
 MIDWESTSPORTSFAN.COM
 TEACHPE.COM
 Structure and function of the
muscular system
 In this task I will be explaining the
structure and function of the muscular
system.
 I will be looking at the major muscles
groups in the body and how they help the
body in function and movement.
 Muscle types
 There are 650 skeletal muscles in the
human body but very few qualify as major
muscle groups. Major muscles are the
largest muscle groups in the body and are
largely responsible for all our body
movements. About 40% of your body
mass is muscle.
 Your muscles are supplied with arteries to
convey nutrients and oxygen and veins to
remove waste products. Most sporting
movements involve the co ordinated
action of muscles rather than muscles
working in isolation.
Anterior and Posterior Muscular
System
MAJOR MUSCLES AND WEIGHT
TRAINING EXERCISE
MUSCLE EXERCISE ACTIVITY
Biceps Arms Curls/Front dumb bell
raises
Triceps Press ups/Tricep press down
Deltoids Overhead lifting/seated shoulder
press
Pectorals Bench press
Rectus abdominis Sit ups/Crunches
Quadriceps Knee bends, squats
-Rectus femoris
-Vastus lateralis
-Vastus medalis
- Vastus intermedius
Hamstrings Leg curl machine
-Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius Calf raises/running and jumping and

standing on tip toe
Soleus One leg press machine
Tibialis anterior Donkey calf raises
Erector spinae Dumbbell shrugs
Teres major Lateral raises
Trapezius Shrugs/Overhead lifting with weights
Latiissimus Dorsi Barbell rows/rowing movements
Obliques Side bends/oblique curls
Gluteus Maximum Cycling/knee-bending movements