Mansoor Asif

Lecturer
Electronics, Power and Control Group
Electrical Engineering Department
SEECS, NUST
Carrier-aided Protection of
Transmission Lines
1-Need for a carrier

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 1-Need for a carrier
• Only 60% of the length in the middle gets high
speed protection from both ends

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
1.1-Coupling and Trapping a carrier
into the desired line section: Single
Line to ground Coupling

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 1.1-Coupling and Trapping a carrier
into the desired line section: Single
Line to ground Coupling
• This kind of coupling bound to cause severe
attenuation of the carrier signal, rendering it
unusable at the remote end. Thus, line-to-
ground coupling is not a very sound choice as
far as carrier coupling is concerned

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 1.2-Coupling and Trapping a carrier
into the desired line section: Line to
Line Coupling

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 1.2-Coupling and Trapping a carrier
into the desired line section: Line to
Line Coupling
• The carrier signals propagate through air
between the line conductors, therefore, the
attenuation is much less. This mode of
transmission, known as the aerial mode,
results in a much better performance during
single line-to-ground faults.

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
2-Unit type carrier aided protection

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
2-Unit type carrier aided protection

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 3-Carrier-aided distance Schemes for
Acceleration of Zone-2

• In further slides various schemes for

acceleration of zone 2 will be discussed
and compared

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 3.1-Transfer trip or inter trip
How to speed up the remote end distance protection?
Consider a fault in zone-2 of distance protection but not beyond bus B
FD has been
bypassed, this
scheme is known as
Transfer trip or
<<<<<<<<<
inter trip
Z1 will be used to
Initiate the carrier
That will trip the
I I remote circuit
breaker
Carrier Receipt
Relay
at end A

I I

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 3.1-Transfer trip or inter trip
• The carrier signal is required for tripping
purposes
• Failure of carrier equipment or severe
attenuation of the carrier signal due to fault
will jeopardize the operation
• The logic should be built in such a way that in
case of failure of carrier, it should be
automatically stepped back to three stepped
protection scheme

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 3.2-Permissive inter trip
Suppose there is no fault in zone Z2
So, what can be
the solution to this
problem

FD has been
used, so as to avoid
False tripping due to
Noise.

Some noise I
Causes CRRA
to close School of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, NUST
 3.3-Acceleration of Zone-2
How to speed up the remote end distance protection?
Consider a fault in zone-2 of distance protection but not beyond bus B
Any false tripping
due to noise has
Zone-2 timer contact
been catered for,
Has been
since FD is involved
bypassed
<<<<<<<<<
Z1 will be used to
Initiate the carrier
That will trip the
I I remote circuit
breaker
Carrier Receipt
Relay
at end A

I I

School of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, NUST
 3.4-Pre-Acceleration of Zone-2
Consider a fault in zone-2 of distance protection but not beyond
bus B

<<<<<<<<<

I A little
I
<<<<<<<<<

propagation delay

Zone-2 is pre accelerated for faults occurring

Behind bus B
This scheme will decelerate zone 2 for faults
occurring beyond bus B, so as to allow
Changes from operation of relay beyond bus-B
close to open
 3.4-Pre-Acceleration of Zone-2
• The occurrence of fault and its detection at CRRA, will not be
an instantaneous process
• However, the above mentioned scheme will make the
operation of Z2, instantaneous and hence, not giving chance
for Z2 to de accelerate.
• Zone-2 should be pre accelerated to an operating time of