Management at

Different Levels-
Elementary,
Secondary, Higher
Education
Unit 3
 Objectives:
O Explain about the meaning of management
of an institution
O Discuss about the characteristics of
institutional plan
O Describe about the aims and objectives of
institutional planning
O Discuss about the management of
elementary level education
O Describe about the management of
secondary level education
O Discuss about the management of higher
level education
O Explain about records and lesson plan
O Discuss the role of head in institutional
activities
 3.1 Institutional
Management
- An attempt to organize resource for an
entertainment of a chosen goal. It is a
purposeful action.
Educational planning
- like other planning
“implies the taking of
decision for future action
with a view to achieving
predetermined objectives
through
 institutional plan
O When a plan is prepared
by a particular institution
on the basis of its own
development and
improvement
 3.2 Characteristics of
Institutional Plan
1. It should be need based. It
should be prepared according to
the needs of the institution and
not on the basis of grants
sanctioned.
2. It should aim at the maximum
use of the available human and
material resources.
3. It should be a ‘plan of work’ and not a
charter of demands. In other words, it must
aim at utilizing what is available and not
demanding what is not available and/or is
available to more fortunate schools.
4. It should limit itself to the total
improvement of the school and should not
suggest work for the district educational
authorities or demand funds from the
directorate of education for its
implementation.
5. If, at all, it needs more finance, the
same should be available from the local
community which must be a party to the
preparation of the school plan.
6. It should be based on certain
‘predetermined objectives’ and goals
and all activities planned should help
directly or indirectly to achieve these
ends.
7. The plan should have a well-defined and
finely classified activities for the school
improvement and school development.
8. It should be flexible in nature so that at
various stages of its implementation
changes may be effected according to
needs and requirements. How-so-ever
brilliantly a plan may be prepared, there
can be some unforeseen circumstances
which may, later on, force an amendment
9. It should only further the cause of
education-its quality and quantity
and should not criticize and
condemn the approach of the district
authorities or the directorate of
education.
10. It should be in consonance with
the district educational plan and
should in no-case run contrary to it.
11. It should be neither too ambitious to
be implemented nor too modest to make
any appreciable improvement. It should,
therefore, be working plan based on the
capacity of teachers, the needs of the
students and the local community.
12. It should clearly indicate the time limit
for its implementation. It can be a short
term one or a long term one depending
upon the circumstances and needs of the
school.
13. It should have a plan of evaluation
also, so that the result of the efforts could
be evaluated after some intervals, say
every years.
14. It should have a balanced approach so
that it does not towards academics or out
of class activities alone. The principal has
to play a very important role as a
coordinator.
 3.3 Aims and Objectives of
Institutional Planning
O Each institution should prepare the plan on the
basis of the following characteristics;
1. On the academic side institutional planning
should aim at.
(a) Qualitative improvement.
(b) Providing more amenities to
(i) the teacher
(ii) the students and
(iii) the local community.
(c) Maintaining if not improving the
educational standard if the number
of students increases in the school
and.
(d) reducing and even eliminating
the incidence of wastage and
stagnation
2. On the skill side it should
aim at :
(a) cultivating a liking for
gardening, craft, interior and
exterior decoration.
3. On the attitude side it should aim at
(a) promoting better relationship between
the students and the teachers on the one
hand, the teachers, and the parents on
the other.
(b) Inspiring the teachers to give their
best to the students in particular and the
school in general.
(c) developing a taste in the students for
dramatics, athletics and hobbies.
(d) creating a felling of belongingness
the institution in both the students and
teaches.
4. On the economic side it should
aim at :
(a) reducing the cost of education
per student by making the optimum
utilisation of existing resources.
(b) tapping all the economic
resources of the local community.
(c) procuring all possible plan and non-
plan, recurring and non recurring grants
from the government agencies.
(d) receiving all possible help from the
philanthropic associations in the form of
scholarships for the students, book aid
and amenities like the water cooler, the
public address instruments etc.
5. If it is a newly started school, the first
aim should be to give a firm footing to it.
But if it is an old and established one, the
main objectives would be to review and if
need be, to redefine its philosophy.
6. On the political side it should aim at
developing democratic attitude the
teachers and the students.
 Areas of Institutional
Planning
O Administration
O School-Community
relations
O Academic
O Co-curricular Activities
O Discipline
 3.4 Management at
Elementary Level Education
An Elementary school is the basic
need of our society. This is the
first level of Education,
Management of Education at this
level is not an easy task.
School Infrastructure
OSchool building and
management is a major
part of Educational
management.
Seven principles for planning a
school plant building:
1. Curriculum adequacy
2. Safety and well-being
3. Inter functional co-ordination
4. Efficiency and Unity
5. Beauty
6. Adaptability
7. Economy
 The School Office
It is the nerve centre of the school plant
where various records, reports and
registers are stored, where the important
matters of administrative policy are
discussed and where the visitors are
received. It serves as a ’home-base’ for
the principal, ‘professional centre’ for the
school staff, and the ‘service-centre’ for
the entire school.
 Functions of the School
Office
1. Up-to-date file of data about the
children
2. Setting up the actual schedules
3. Making up supply order and doing the
actual purchasing
4. Help teachers in survey tests
5. Help in duplication or typing of teacher-
made materials
 The school clerk can be
assigned the following duties :
1. Office work.
2. Correspondence.
3. Maintenance of records.
4. Typing and duplicating.
5. Banking and accounts.
6. Stores.
7. School Meals.
8. First Aid.
 Filing Systems
O 1. The Flat File System files
are kept in a wooden-box
with a number of drawers-
one drawer is used for two or
three alphabets. The names
of files in each drawer are
pasted on one side of the
box.
O 2. The Vertical File System files
are arranged in alphabetical
order and there is an alphabetic
index. A number of
compartments in the office rack
may be labelled according to the
nature of the problem e.g.
“Urgent”, “Deffered”,
“Immediate”,
 3.5 Management at
Secondary Level Education
O Secondary Schools play a very
important role in every student.
Students spend their most crucial and
adolescence years in it, so there are
different needs and different aspects
as according to their course choices,
interests etc.
Different Types of Designs
for Secondary Schools
1. The I type—consisting of a row of class-
rooms.
2. The L type—I type with an extension on one
side.
3. The T type—I type with extension on one
side both ways.
4. The U type—Two I’s joined on one side.
5. The E Type, and
6. The H type.
 Essential Qualities of
School Structure
1. Simple but elegant and
beautiful design.
2. Low cost.
3. Comprehensive Plan
4. Maximum Utility
5. High standard Material
 Requirements of a
Classroom
1. Space
2. Lighting
3. Ventilation
4. The Blackboard
5. Furniture
 Special Rooms
1. Library and Reading Room
2. Assembly Hall
3. Medical Examination Room
4. The Office Room
5. Staff Room
6. Storage and Supply Rooms
 3.6 Management at Higher
Level Education
O Colleges or higher education
institution are made for giving job
oriented information, they prepare
students in a particular field in a
specialized way. So many things are
same as secondary schools and some
are different.
 3.7 Records
Objectives of School Records:
1. To help the School
2. To help the Classroom Teacher
3. To help the Pupil
 Types of School records
1. General Records
2. Financial Records
3. Educational Records
4. Equipment Records
5. Correspondence Records
6. Account Books
7. Special Registers Maintained by the
Basic Schools
 The School Calendar
School calendar is a useful record. It helps in the systematic
organisation of school activities. It should contain the following
items of information :
1. General, partial and local holidays.
2. Dates for the submission of monthly, quarterly, half yearly and
annual reports and returns.
3. Dates of public and school examinations.
4. Dates of sending up applications for public examinations.
5. Dates of meetings of School Committees, Teachers
Associations, different clubs and societies,
school tournaments, school excursions and educational tours.
6. The dates of periodic and terminal tests in different subjects.
 3.8 Lesson Plan
O “Lesson plan is the title given to a
statement of the achievement to be
realized and have the specific
meaning by which these are to be
attained as a result of the activities
engaged during the period of
teaching.”
 Need and Importance of
Lesson Plan
1. In teacher-education programme, the
lesson planning provides the guideline
to pupil-teachers during their teaching
practices.
2. It provides awareness of teaching
objectives and structure of content and
teacher has to perform his activities in
the direction to achieve the objectives.
3. The sequence of content is to be
planned and finalized by content-analysis
in lesson-planning.
4. The apperceptive mass of the learner is
developed or encouraged by linking the
new knowledge with the previous
knowledge of the students.
5. The use of teaching aids, techniques,
methods and maxims are predetermined
for the presentation of the content.
6. The teaching activities are related to learning
structures with the help of scientific lesson plan.
7. It maintains the sequence of content
presentation and prevents the teacher to deviate
from the topic.
8. It determines the suitable places of reinforcing
and controlling the students behaviour during
teaching.
9. The classroom teaching activities are
organised by considering the students individual
differences.
.
10. The effectiveness of a teacher
depends on a good lesson plan. It
develops the reasoning, decision making
ability and imagination and pupil teachers.
11. The micro-lessons are helpful in
developing specific teaching skills.
12. The pupil-teacher gains confidence in
performing the classroom teaching
activities for presentation and
demonstration
 Principles of Lesson Plan
The lesson planning is an instructional
procedure designed and prepared by
pupil-teachers and inservice teachers
before the classroom teaching. It is also
known as pre-active stage of teaching or
planning of teaching. The lesson planning
involves several types principles, because
teaching is an art as well as science.
 Approaches of Lesson
Planning
O The Herbert Approach
O Evaluation Approach
O John Dewey and Kilpatrick
Approach
O Morrison’s Approach
 3.9 Laboratory
O The word ‘Laboratory’ is used for a large room where
practical classes are conducted and a group of
students carry out practicals. ‘Science laboratory’
provides instruments, apparatus, chemicals and other
materials safe and secure and ready for use. Various
types of apparatus and material are placed in shelves
or almirah under lock and key. The environment and
the setting of the laboratory encourages students’
participation. Laboratories help in the development of
a sense of cooperation and a spirit of competition.
 Objectives of Laboratory
(1) To develop scientific attitude among children through
practical work in the laboratory.
(2) To develop the skill in handling scientific apparatus,
instruments and equipment.
(3) To provide opportunity for the training in scientific,
method.
(4) To help students in developing the of cooperation
resourcefulness, initiative, self-dependence,
self-confidence, cohesion, sociability, self-reliance, and
self-discipline.
5) To provide real and stable knowledge of
science.
(6) To provide opportunities to think, observe,
apply reason to arrive at a decision/conclusion
independently.
(7) To encourage students to save the time,
resources as well as energy.
(8) To arrange an atmosphere conducive to
learning science.
(9) To enable the students to interpret and verify
the various scientific principles.
 Laboratories For
Intermediate Colleges
1. Physics Laboratory
2. Chemistry Laboratory
3. Biology Laboratory
 3.10 Library
Library occupies a very prominent place in the
educational set-up. Modern changing pattern of
education demands that the learning must be
accelerated and broadened by the use of many
and varied devices and materials. Library is an
essential part of school. In a dynamic approach
to teaching, it supplies enriched materials in all
fields of study.
 Important Library
Resources
1. Book Resource
(i) Text-books :
(ii) Unit Booklets
(iii) Literary
(iv) Reference Materials
2. Non-Book Resources
(i) Periodicals
(ii) Pamphlets.
(iii) Newspapers
 3.11 Role of Head in School
and College Activities
(1) Leadership behaviour.
(2) Alert to the forces of environment.
(3) Selection of goals.
(4) Knowledge and professional training.
(5) Loving the teachers, students and parents.
(6) Sound physical health.
(7) Sound attitude towards life.
(8) Winning of faith.
(9) Supervision of each Teacher’s
work.
(10) Right delegation of authority.