Documenti di Didattica
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International Seminar on
Computer Aided Analysis and Design
Of Building Structures
•Institute of Engineers Malaysia
Naveed Anwar
• Conception
• Modeling
• Analysis
• Design Integrated
• Detailing Design
• Drafting Process
• Costing
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System Floor Slab System
Gravity Load Resisting System
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements pv
Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x y z
pv
Real Structure is governed by “Partial
Differential Equations” of various order
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements pv
Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
Structural
Model
pv
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
xx yy zz
x
y
z
pvx 0
Stress-Strain Law
Kr R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial Differential
Equations”
Equations” _ _ _
t
dV p u dV p u ds
v
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads
D K
F
F=KD
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Ku F
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic
Mu(t ) Cu (t ) Ku (t ) F (t )
3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic
Ku FNL F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic Elastic OR Inelastic
Mu(t ) Cu (t ) Ku (t ) F (t ) NL F (t )
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Basic Steps in FEA
Discretize Model in FE
Solve FE Model
Engineer
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Z
H, B much less than L
Regular Solid
Beam Element
X
( T small compared to Lengths )
Y Solid Element
Plate/ Shell
Rz Dz
Dx Dx
Ry
Dy Dy Dy
Rz
Dx Rz Rx Dz Dx Rx
Rz
Ry ?
Ry ?
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz Dz Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Rz
Plate Shell
Membrane
Dy
Dz Dx
Solid/ Brick
2D Frame
Plain-Strain
Assumptions x
1 unit
x2
x3
x1
3D Problem
2D Problem x
• Use 6 to 20 node
elements
• Elastic Supports
• Spring to represent soil
• Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
Truss
OK OK Dz OK OK OK
Plate
Rx, Rz OK Rx, Rz OK OK Rx, Rz
• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both
Action
Action
Deformation Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids
• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress
• Solid Structures
Regular Solid
(3D)
y
Plate/Shell (2D) z
x z x Beam (1D)
t<<(x,z)
b h
L>>(b,h)
h
t
z
x L
b
Plate Element
Slab Load
Area Wind Load
Shell Element Soil Support
Panel/ Plane
Seismic Load
Volume Liquid Load
Solid Element Soil Support
Vol.
– Complexity of Load
– Complexity of Medium Area
Line
Area
Volume
Boundary
2 2
1 1
+V2 +M2
+P +T
2 2
3 3
+V3 +M3
+V3 3 +M3 3
+P +T
+V2 +M2
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Shell Element
General
•Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5)
•Total Displacements per Node = 3
U3, R3 U3, R3
•Total Rotations per Node = 3
U2, R2 U2, R2
•Used for curved surfaces
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
Application 3 2
U3, R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying 1
U1, R1 U1, R1
Building Specific Application
•May be used for modeling of general slabs Shell
systems. But not used generally
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3
•Total Displacements per Node = 1
•Total Rotations per Node = 2 U3 U3
•Plates are for flat surfaces Node 3
R2
Node 4
R2
R1 R1
Application 3 2
U3 U3
R2 R2
Node 1
out of plane loads Node 2
R1 R1
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2)
•Total Displacements per Node = 2 R3
U2 U2
•Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0) Node 3 Node 4
U1
•Membranes are modeled for flat surfaces 3 2
U1
Application
1
R3 R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying Node 1
U2
Node 2
U2
in-plane loads U1 U1
“Zipper”
• Architecture
• Building Services
• Construction Eng.
• Value Eng.
• Aesthetics
• Ergonomics Eng.
Construction Structural
• Structural Eng. Engineering System Selection Artificial Intelligence
• Knowledge Eng.
• Economics
• Artificial Intelligence
Engineering
• System Eng.
Structural
• Common Sense
m n p
Value of
an Option
Vl Ai Si Bij Sij Cijkl Sijk
i 1 j 1 k 1
System – 1
System – l Cijkl Sijkl Cijnl Sijpl Cinkl Sinkl Cinnl Sinpl Smnpl
System - q
B
Slab T = 200 mm
Beam Width, B = 300 mm
5.0 m
Beam Depth, D
a) 300 mm
b) 500 mm
c) 1000 mm
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Design Strip
½ Middle Strip L2
Column Strip
½ Middle Strip
L2
Drop Panels
Longitudinal Beams
Transverse Beams
L1
• Single System
• Moment Resisting Frames
• Braced Frames
• Shear Walls
• Tubular Systems
• Dual System
• Shear Wall - Frames
• Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
1. 2D Frame Models
– Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction
– Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry
2. 3D Frame Model
– Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure
– Can be “open floor” model or “braced floor” model
3. Full 3D Finite Element Model
– A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements
4. Rigid Diaphragm Model
– A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid
Floor Diaphragm
2. Select and
isolate Typical
2D Structure
4. Obtain results
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Using Linked Frames
F1
Linked Elements
Shear Wall F2
F3
Modeling
Plan
F1 F2 F3
Diaphragm
– Link Frames in 2D
– Master DOF in 3D
– Use Approximately
uilding d.o.f.’s
Y
F1 , 1
UL
r UL3
rY
X UL2
rx
F3 , 3
UL1
F3 , 2
F2 , 1
(In ETABS)
• Automatic Meshing of Line Objects
– Frame elements are meshed at locations where other frame
elements attach to or cross them and at locations where point
objects lie on them.
– Line objects assigned link properties are never automatically
meshed into the analysis model by ETABS
– ETABS automatically meshes (divides) the braces at the point
where they cross in the analysis model
– No end releases are introduced.
Beam 2
the ETABS Analysis Model
Girder B
a) Floor Plan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they
support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
– ETABS automatically meshes a floortype area object up into four
sided (quadrilateral) elements
– Each side of each element of the mesh has a beam (Real or Imaginary)
or wall running along it
– ETABS treats a wall like two columns and a beam where the columns
are located at the ends of the wall and the beam connects the columns.
– Each column is assumed to have four beams connecting to it
– The floor is broken up at all walls and all real and imaginary beams to
create a mesh of foursided elements
Girder A Girder A
Beam2
Beam1
Beam2
Beam3
Beam1
Beam3
Girder B Girder B
a) Floor Plan b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Shown Dashed c) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
Example of ETABS
automatically generated mesh
for floor-type area objects
– For floors that are automatically meshed by ETABS it is
recommended that model beams (or at least nulltype line objects)
are connecting columns rather than no beams (or line objects)
– This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner,
faster and more predictable
– Including beams and/or nulltype line objects between all
columns in your model makes automatic floor meshing more
predictable
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
d) e) f)
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
g) h) i)
The main issue:
How point loads, line loads and area loads that lie on an area
object in your objectbased ETABS model are represented in
the analysis model
automatic meshing into the analysis model r
– ETABS normalizes the coordinates of the 4 4
four corner points of the area object
3 3
a) Quadrilateral Element b) The r and s Axes
s (1, 1) s (1, 1)
– The normalization is the key assumption in (-1, 1) 1 (-1, 1) (r, s) 1
this method 2 r 2
P r
4 4
3 (1, -1) 3 (1, -1)
– It is a perfectly valid assumption if the (-1, -1) (-1, -1)
parallelogram
Example of transfer of out-of-plane loads
for other area objects
• The load distribution for deck sections is one way, in
contrast to slab sections which are assumed to span in two
directions
• ETABS first automatically meshes the deck into
quadrilateral elements
• Once the meshing is complete ETABS determines the
meshed shell elements that have real beams along them and
those that have imaginary beams
• It also determines which edges of the meshed shell elements
are also edges of the deck.
If the supporting member
at the end point of an
imaginary beam is itself x x/2 x/2
imaginary, then the load Edge 3 Edge 3
wx / 2
Edge 4
Edge 2
Edge 4
Edge 2
is lost, that is, it is c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element b) Distribution of Uniform Load
of Meshed Floor
Example of rectangular interior meshed
element with a uniform load
If the supporting x1 x2 P P * x1
member at the end point x1 + x2
Edge 3
of an imaginary beam is
itself imaginary, then the Direction of deck span Edge 4 Edge 2
c) Loading on Edge 2
x1 x2
load from the imaginary
Edge 4
Edge 2
Point load, P
beam tributary to that P * x2
P * x2 P * x1 x1 + x2
end point is lost, that is, x1 + x2 x1 + x2
it is ignored by ETABS Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element b) Distribution of Point Load d) Loading on Edge 4
of Meshed Floor
– A line load is transformed in a similar fashion to that for a point load
using a numerical integration technique
– The line load is discredited as a series of point loads which are
transformed to surrounding beams
– The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the
surrounding beams
– An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed
in a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration
technique.
Uniform load
2
Midpoint
4
4
4
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Direction of deck span Midpoint
P2 P2 Line 2 3 3
Edge Edge
2
P1 P1
4
Edge
Edge
Line 1
Edge
Edge
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of b)
d) e) Transformation of Uniform Load f) Loading on Edge 1
Meshed Floor Deck
Example of general interior meshed
element with a point load
g) Loading on Edge 2 h) Loading on Edge 3 i) Loading on Edge 4
Example of general interior meshed element with a
uniform load
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Exterior Meshed Element
Example of exterior meshed
Beam 1b Beam 1a Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
elements with real beams on all
D E F
sides
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
Edge of deck is at A B C
center of spandrel
beam, typical in this
example
Example of exterior meshed elements
Imaginary
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
No beam at
Beam 6
edge of deck D E
with cantilever beams extending to Beam 3a Beam 3b Beam 3a
edge of deck
Beam 3b
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
A B C
No beam at
edge of deck
Beam 4a Beam 4b
ImaginaryBeam 6
am 7
ary Be
Imagin
Beam 2b
No beam at
E
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
edge of deck D
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
A B C
No beam at
edge of deck
D
am 8 E2
ary Be
Example of exterior Imagin
ImaginaryBeam 6
am 7
meshed elements Ima g in ary Be
with cantilever
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
E1
beams extending to D
edge of a skewed Beam 3a Beam 3b
deck
c) Condition at Skewed Deck
Edge (Areas D and E)
Edge of deck
D E
Beam 1 Beam 1
Column 1 Column 1
Beam 2
Beam 2
A B C
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
Beam 3b
D E F J
Beam 3a
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
A B C
0.6 klf
0.2 klf
2'
Beam 1
1.5k 1.5k
2'
1 1
g) Real beam on one side h) Real beams on two i) Real beam on one side Tributary areas for various
plus one vertical adjacent sides plus plus two vertical
support element at one vertical support support elements at conditions of a membrane slab
corner point element at corner point corner points
4 3 3
Modeling,4 Analysis 3
3 and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
3 3 Example of load distribution on
a membrane slab
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
a) Full uniform load b) Partial uniform load
transformation transformation
3 3
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
c) Line load transformation d) Point load transformation
6.0
6.0
3
2.8
2
2.8
1
2.8
1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
6 5 4 3 2 1
Section
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
35 Story Office Building
5
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Typical Floor
1
(B1, B2, 4-35)
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
A B C D E F G
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 1-2
1
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 3
1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
C and D
5 4 3 2 1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
B and E
5 4 3 2 1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
A and G
5 4 3 2 1