EDUC 601 Research Methodology

Dr. Rachel Luz P.. Vivas-Rica

Research as defined

Research is defined as the scientific

investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that
links an individual’s speculation with
reality.
Why do Research?

to monitor a situation

to assess a situation
to evaluate the impact of something
to develop a model that predicts the
likely cause of events
to create or test a theory.
Development Trends in Research
The Research Process:

Planning and Conceptualization –

involves identification of the problem,
conceptualization of the research problem,
determining the scope of the study, budget
The Research Process:

Identification of the Research Problem

 beginning of the research process and is often difficult

problem must be identified with adequate specificity

 factors (internal and external) that will guide a

researcher in the choice of a problem

 Variables must be identified and defined adequately

for their use in the context of the study so that necessary
data can be identified in preparation for data collection
The Research Process:

Identification of the Research Problem

a must that researchers should review existing

literature (conceptual and related studies) to gain
information related to the problem and to the
possible methodology for conducting the research,
the purpose of determining what others
(researchers/writers) have done and have
discovered that might be useful.
Why RESEARCH is of value?

-gaps, mistakes
-no insights or value
-no experience
-Irrelevant or misunderstood

KNOWLEDGE ON SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Provides way of obtaining information that is
accurate and reliable.
Types of RESEARCH ( Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006)

EXPERIMENTAL

• Involves manipulating condition and

studying effects

CORRELATIONAL

Studying relationships among variables within

a single group and frequently suggests the
possibility of cause and effect.
Types of RESEARCH ( Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006)

CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE

• Comparing known groups who have had different

experiences to determine possible causes or
consequences of group membership

SURVEY

Involves describing the characteristics of a

group by means of such instruments as interview
questions, questionnaires, and tests.
Types of RESEARCH ( Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006)

ETHNOGRAPHIC

• Is a form of qualitative research, it concentrates on

documenting or portraying everyday experience

Historical

Involves studying aspects of the past

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research has established

widely agreed general formulations of
steps
-designs are pre established
-facts and feelings are separated
-detached observer
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research
assumed that the world is made of multiple
realities
situations and events are from the
viewpoints of participants
greater flexibility in both the strategies and
techniques used
participants are involved in the research
process
Immersed in the situation
Characteristics of Research
 directed towards the solution of a problem.
 emphasizes the development of generalizations,
principles or theories that will be helpful in
predicting future occurrence
 based upon observable experience or empirical
evidence.
 demand accurate observation and description
 involves gathering new data from primary or
firsthand sources using existing data for a new
purpose.
 it is more often characterized by carefully designed
procedures that apply rigorous analysis
Characteristics of Research
 requires expertise.
 to objective and logical, every possible test to
validate the procedures employed, the data
collection, and the conclusion reached.
 involves the quest for answers to unsolved
problems.
 characterized by patience and unhurried
activity.
 carefully recorded and reported.
 requires courage.
 General Types of Research

Basic research

- theoretical research
- designed to address theoretical issues concerning
phenomena such as cognition, emotion, motivation or
social behavior
- arrive at a theory with ultimate goal of establishing general
principle. (Fox .1969).

Ex: test or construct theories, and those conducted to

establish facts on issues which are debated upon because
there are no valid data by which agreement can be reached.
Applied research

practical research .
not just to acquire knowledge but to use that
knowledge to solve problems or improve the
prevailing condition
 applied research is to apply, test and evaluate the
usefulness of a theory or knowledge arrived at in
solving problems (Gay , 1976)

Ex: the study of various factors which contribute to

the rapid population growth of a country. The findings
of such investigation will be useful in understanding
the phenomenon and in finding effective solutions
which will arrest or control the increase in the
population size.
 STAGES IN RESEARCH PROCESS

1.Problem Identification 2.Review of related literature

3.Objectives formulation

4.Formulation of hypothesis and assumptions

5.Theoretical and Conceptual framework

6.Research design selection 7.Data collection

8.Data processing 9.Data analysis and interpretation

10.Report writing
 Functions of Research
Research corrects perception

Research gathers information on subjects or phenomena we lack or

have little knowledge about.

 Research develops and evaluates concepts, practices and theories.

 Research also develops and evaluates methods that test concepts,

practices and theories.

 Research obtains knowledge for practical purposes like solving

problems on population explosion, drug addiction, juvenile
delinquency and the like.

 Research provides hard facts which serve as bases for planning,

decision making, project implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Role of Research in Development Process

Planning Implementation

Research

Evaluation Monitoring
 THE RESEARCH AGENDA (GS)
MTE – Research in management and and development of instructional
innovations, and community extension services

MAVED – Research in the management and development of

instruction, planning, and innovation of products and processes for
technical and vocational-oriented leaders

MEd – Research in management and development of the instruction,

planning and community development of the educational leaders.

MPA – Research in providing/equipping managerial skills for executive

leaders and non-teaching personnel in various offices towards effective
and efficient public service

MSIT – Research in the implementation and evaluation of industrial and

management standards in design, processes, and innovations towards
total quality management
National Higher Education
Research Agenda -2
 Characteristics of a good
Research Question
1. Feasible- time, energy , money
2. Clear
3. Significant-worth investigating,
contributes important knowledge
4. Ethical – does not harm human
beings or the environment
 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

- problem that
someone would like
to research
TO BE CONTINUED…

MUCHAS GRACIAS!!