Indus Institute of Technology and Engineering

7th Semester
Electronics And Communication Department
Final year Project

TDS and Conductivity

Meter
Guide: Prof. Vrushank Shah
Patel Dhruv(100250111051)
Bhavsar Kevin(100250111025)
 Enhancing Our Project

1 2 3 4
Introduction to
the Project
Theoretical
Background
Circuit
Diagrams
Circuit
Description

We have features for every step for the Implementation of our Project
1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

What is Project…
About the Project.

 The project targets the measurement of TDS and Conductivity.

 We measure TDS in ppm(parts per million) and ppt(parts per

trillions.

 We measure Conductivity in mS (milliSiemens) and μS

(microSiemens).

 It is a Microcontroller based Digital meter.

 We will get our output through 7-segment LED.

TDS(Total Dissolved Solids)

 TDS(Total Dissolved Solids) is the measuring of the amount of salts in a

solution.

 TDS correlates to the ability of water to conduct electricity.

 It is also an index used to determine the concentration of dissolved minerals.

The more minerals that are dissolved, the more conductive the water will be.

 TDS is the concentration of a solution as the total weight of dissolved solids.

(1 ppm = 1 milligram/litre).

 TDS is a mass estimate and is dependent upon the mix of nutrients as well as
the concentration.
Conductivity

 The electrical conductivity of a solution of an electrolyte is measured by

determining the resistance of the solution between two flat or cylindrical
electrodes separated by a fixed distance.

 An alternating voltage is used in order to avoid electrolysis.

 The resistance is measured by a conductivity meter.

 Typical frequencies used are in the range 1–3 kHz.

 The dependence on the frequency is usually small, but may become

appreciable at very high frequencies, an effect known as the Debye–
Falkenhagen effect.
Why we are using AC instead of DC..??

We cannot measure conductivity of salt using

DC current because it will rip the molecules
apart, and since the molecules are what
conducts the electricity you get a constantly
changing reading that is useless.

Overcome this by using an AC signal. If the

frequency is high enough (>1khz it seems) the
molecules don’t have time to move apart
before they are pulled in the opposite
direction
Application
 To measure the amount of salt in inductive of the levels of other stuff in a
solution.

 TDS/PPM meters used for gardening and aquariums figure the amount of
salt in Parts Per Million by measuring the Electrical Conductivity of the
solution under test.

 The resistance is also measured by a conductivity meter.

 Conductivity and TDS measurements are used to monitor quality in public

water supplies, in hospitals, in boiler water and industries which depend on
water quality such as brewing.

 TDS meter is used in controlling dissolved solid in boiler .If TDS value is high
then it caused carryover and if TDS value is low then it caused Priming.
Novelties of Project

 Our system offers automatic temperature correction and

automatically calibrate itself.

 Conductivity Range : 0.1 μS to 200 mS

TDS Range : 0.1 ppm to 200 ppt

 We can change Temperature range automatically and manually

according to our requirement.

 TDS and Conductivity meter is having accuracy of +/-1% of the

F.S , +/-1 digit.
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
OF PROJECT

Mathematical And Functional Description

Mathematical Description

 First we are defining about Conductivity

Terminology and Formulas.

Conductivity = Kcell {100-TC(25.0-TTC)}

R100
Kcell = cell constant in cm-1
R = Measured resistance in ohms
TC = temperature compensation factor as
% change per °C
TTC = measured temperature in °C
Conductivity Terminology and Formulas

Kcell can range from 0.01 cm-1 to 50.0 cm-1

Conductance = 1
Resistance
Conductivity = 1 =
Conductance/cm
Resistivity
Cell Constant = Kcell = L
A
L = distance in cm between electrodes
A = Area in cm2 of the electrodes
Block Diagram of Project
3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram of our Project

 VC C
C 21

D GN D
C 22 104 Q1

1
VC C
VC C 2
104 R 38 J4
1

20
40
U 1 1 0 K ,5 % R E S I N E TW O R K

D GN D
VC C

VC C
2

3
P 2 .0 21 39 P 0 .0 2 1 VC C Q2

1
P 2 .1 22 P 2 .0 /A 8 P 0 .0 /A D 0 38 P 0 .1 3 2 3

VC C
GN D
P 2 .2 23 P 2 .1 /A 9 P 0 .1 /A D 1 37 P 0 .2 4 VC C 4
P 2 .2 /A 10 P 0 .2 /A D 2 U 2 5

16
P 2 .3 24 36 P 0 .3 5 Q3

1
P 2 .3 /A 11 P 0 .3 /A D 3 6
Circuit diagram with labels
P 2 .4 25 35 P 0 .4 6 P 0 .0 1 15 2
P 2 .4 /A 12 P 0 .4 /A D 4 A Y 0 7

3
P 2 .5 26 34 P 0 .5 7 P 0 .1 2 14 VC C

VC C
GN D
P 2 .6 27 P 2 .5 /A 13 P 0 .5 /A D 5 33 P 0 .6 8 P 0 .2 3 B Y 1 13 Q4 LED 4 8

1
P 2 .7 28 P 2 .6 /A 14 P 0 .6 /A D 6 32 P 0 .7 9 C Y 2 12 2 LED 5 9
P 2 .7 /A 15 P 0 .7 /A D 7 Y 3 10

3
C 11 VC C LED 6
R XD 10 1 P 1 .0 VC C 6 Y 4 10 Q5 LED _C O M 11

1
TXD 11 P 3 .0 /R XD P 1 .0 /T 2 2 P 1 .1 P 0 .3 4 G1 Y 5 9 2 2N 2907 12
P 3 .1 /T XD P 1 .1 /T 2 -E X G 2A Y 6

3
IN T0 12 3 P 1 .2 D GN D 5 7 VC C D IG IT S (1 2 P IN )
IN T1 13 P 3 .2 /IN TO P 1 .2 4 P 1 .3 G 2B Y 7 Q6

1
C LK 14 P 3 .3 /IN T1 P 1 .3 5 P 1 .4 74LS138 2 2N 2907
P 3 .4 /T O P 1 .4

3
M U XS E L 15 6 P 1 .5 VC C
ORAN G 16 P 3 .5 /T 1 P 1 .5 7 P 1 .6 Q7

1
POL 17 P 3 .6 /W R P 1 .6 8 P 1 .7 2 2N 2907
P 3 .7 /R D P 1 .7

3
C R Y S TA L 12M H z C 28 104 VC C
29 19 1 0 3 (O P E N ) Q8

1
PSEN XTA L1 18 2 2 N 2 9 0 7 (O P E N )
XTA L2 C 1

3
30 9
A L E /P R O G R ST Y 1

D GN D
VC C
31 C 2 1 T6
E A /V P P

3
C T1 1 0 3 (O P E N )
CRYSTAL GND
89C 52 1 0 0 ,5 % X 8
U 8

14
7
1 u F , T a n t a lu m J1
VC C P 0 .4 1 3 R 9 LE D 1
VC C 2 A QA 4 R 10 LE D 2 1 e

VC C
GN D
R 3 6 1 0 K ,5 % B QB 2 f
5 R 11 LE D 3
QC 6 R 12 LE D 4 3 g
QD 4 dp
10 R 13 LE D 5
P 0 .5 8 QE 11 R 14 LE D 6 5 a
C LK QF 12 R 15 6 b
VC C 9 QG 13 R 16 7 c
C LR QH 8
74LS164 7 S E G N E M T (8 P IN )

J 3
P 2 .0
P 2 .1 1
P 2 .2 2
P 2 .3 3
P 2 .4 4
V C C P 2 .5 5
Q 9 L E D 1 6
1

P 2 .6 2 2 N 2 9 0 7 L E D 2 7
L E D 3 8

1
L E D _ C O M 9
1 0
3

K E Y B O A R D
 J10

1
2

C E L L (2 P IN )

C 46 680pf
Circuit diagram with labels
VC C

P 6 -O F F

2
1 0 0 K (1 O 4 ), P R E S E T
1 3
R 59
1 0 K ,1 %

1
5
R 54

11
2

4
- R 57 1 0 K ,1 %
2 2 K ,5 % 6 JP2 R 56 6 10 JP3
-
U 17 +
JP1 7 1 2 3 + 8 1 2
1 2 5 U 14B 9 U 14C
+ LF 356 -
TLO 84 1 K ,1 %
TLO 84
JU M PER JU M PER
1

7
4
JU M PER C 57 C 67

11
R 58 1 0 K ,1 %

4
P 4 -V O L T 2

-V C C
104

VC C
104
1 0 K (1 0 3 ), P R E S E T

AG N D R 60 1 0 K ,1 %
3

14 R L3 14 R L4 14 R L5 14 R L6 14 R L7
VC C 1 VC C 1 VC C 1 VC C 1 VC C 1
7 7 7 7 7
D 14 2 8 D 15 2 8 D 16 2 8 D 17 2 8 D 18 2 8
6 6 6 6 6

10
2

8
R 61 R 62 R 63 R 64 R 65
1 0 ,1 % 1 0 0 ,1 % 1 K ,1 % 1 0 K ,1 % 1 0 0 K ,1 %

74LS04 74LS04 74LS04 74LS 04 74LS 04

U 16A U 16B U 16C U 16D U 16E
VC C 14

14
P 1 .4 1 1
14

14

14
P 1 .0 1
7

P 1 .1 3
7

P 1 .2 5
7

P 1 .3 9
7

7
C 56
104 R 70 1 0 K ,1 %

R 71 1 0 K ,1 % R 77 1 0 K ,1 %
D 19 4148
C 47 10uF , ELE

11
VC C R 7 6 1 0 K ,1 %
R 74 R 75 6
R 67 1 0 0 K ,1 %
-
P 7 -O F F 1 0 0 K (1 0 4 ), P R E S E T 7 C O N D IN
2

4 .7 K ,1 % 1 0 K ,1 % U 19B
1 3 5 +
-V C C TLO 84
C 69
-V C C 104
11

4
R 66
13 JP4
1
5

R 68 1 0 K ,1 %

11
-
14 1 2 2 D 20 R 72
1 0 K ,1 % U 14D
-
12 + 6 2 - JP5
TLO 84 3 U 18 1 1 2
U 19A
+
JU M PER LF 356 4148 5 .1 K ,1 % 3 +
TLO 84
R 69
4

VC C JU M PER
R 73
7
4

4 .7 K ,5 %

4
4 .7 K ,5 % VC C
C 58
-V C C

C 68
VC C

C 59
104 104 104

AG N D

2
 VCC C 24 104 C 34
DGND 104 VCC
C 27

DGND
R 17

-V C C
1 0 4 (O P E N ) C 25 104

VC C
4 7 0 ,1 %
1 0 K (1 0 3 ), P R E S E T 2 .2 K ,1 %
Circuit diagram with labels

DGND
11

24
R 18

VC C
U4

3
P 1 -A D C

VCC -
20 D1

VCC +

DGN D
19 D1 2 L M 3 3 6 , 2 .5 V Z E N E R U5

8
18 D2 2
17 D3 REF 1 K ,1 %

VC C
GN D
12 D4 3 AGND R 19
U6 C 26 D5 ALG C O M VCC 4 7
13 R D IS
B1

1
1 8 VCC 104 14 4 R 20 2 7 ,1 % C LK 3 6
2 A0 VCC 7 15 B2 IN TO U T 5 0 . 4 7 u F , P o ly , B O X Q TH R
3 A1 TE S T 16 B4 AU TO 0 6 1 u F , P o ly , B O X C3
A2 B8 BFOUT 5 2
6 P 0 .7 CV TR
4 SCL 5 P 0 .6 28 22 C LK C7
GND SDA UNDRNG C LK C4 D 3 ,4 1 4 8
POL 23 1 0 0 K ,1 % R 2 1 C 15 N E555 680pf
OR AN G 27 POL
X2402 R 2 2 1 0 0 K ,5 % IN H I
IN T 0 21 OVRNG 10 103
BUSY IN + R 37
9 1 0 0 K ,1 %
C T10 7 IN - 25 C5
CRF- R /H 104
8 26 IN L O
CRF+ S TR B
1 u ,6 3 V ,E L E R 39 1 0 K ,5 %
IC L 7 1 3 5 VCC
R 23 R 24
VCC 3 1 1 0 K (1 0 3 ), P R E S E T 4 7 K ,1 % 3 .3 K ,1 %
3 .9 K ,1 % 1 K ,1 % P 3 -S P A N R 31 R 32
C 33 P 2 -Z E R O 3 1

AGND
C 23

-V C C
VC C
104 104 1 K (1 0 2 ), P R E S E T

2
AGND
R 25 5 6 ,1 %

-V C C
C 40 104

16

2
U3

8
7
C O N D IN 12 T4
X0 R 2 6 1 K ,1 %
T E M P IN 14 1 AGND C8 104 C 16
VSS
VEE
X1 VD D 5 6 ,5 %
15 104

4
8
X2 104 C 10 R 29
11 2 -
X3 13 IN H I 6 T E M P IN
X C9 U 10
AGND 1 T5 104 3 +
AGND 5 Y 0 3 IN L O 1 O P07
2 Y 1 Y R 2 8 1 K ,1 % R 30 C 17
4 Y 2 5 6 ,5 %
R 27 104
Y 3

7
1
6 VCC

-V C C
M U XS E L 10 IN H

VCC
9 A 1 0 K ,1 % AGND
B
4052 C 30 104

3
4 CIRCUIT DECRIPTION

Circuits detail explanation…

Temperature Sensing Circuit and Temperature PROBE

Input Output
Working of Temperature sensing circuit

• A main advantage of the platinum sensors is naturally the

very high linearity of their resistance vs. temperature, a good
basis for precise measurements.

• NTC resistances (N negative T temperature C coefficient) are

substantially nonlinear in addition, more inexpensive than
their colleagues from platinum.

• Still another temperature sensor from the group "separately

from evaluation electronics", are the thermocouples, which
have a very large measuring range.
Microcontroller AT89S52
Working of Microcontroller

• Pins P0.0 to P0.3 are used for 7-segment selection.

• Pins P0.4 and P0.5 are connected to 7-segment through

74LS164 .

• Pin P3.5 is used to multiplexer selection.

• Pins P2.0 to P2.5 are connected to Keyboard.

Multiplexer
Working of Multiplexer

• Multiplexers can implement arbitrary functions.

• We are actually putting these IC to good use in our project, as

building blocks for more complex design of our project due to
more selections.

• In our project we have used IC 4519BD as 2-to-1 multiplexer.

• Temperature output from temperature sensing circuit and

conductivity measurement form measurement cell are given as
input of the IC
ADC(Analog to Digital Converter)
Working of ADC

• In this project we are using ADC to convert signal to Digital form and
then applying it to Microcontroller, because we cannot apply analog
signal directly to microcontroller.

• Here we are converting our Analog signal to Digital signal because

Microcontroller only accept the Digital signal. And we are using
ICL7135 IC as ADC as shown in the figure.

• In ICL7135, we are applying power supply of -Vcc to pin 1 and power

supply of +Vcc to pin 11, signal input is given to pin 9 from any sensor
like temperature sensor or conductivity measuring cell.

• Pin 24 is grounded and clocked signal is applied to pin 22 , and pins

from 12 to 20 and 23 are connected to 7-segment LED display decoder
Segment Selection
Interfacing with 7-segment LED display
Keyboard

J3
• Pin 2.0 is connecting with
P 2 .0
P 2 .1 1 conductivity key and used for
2
P 2 .2
P 2 .3 3 to measure conductivity and to
4
VCC
P 2 .4
P 2 .5 5 display on the LED display.
6
Q9 LED 1 • Pin 2.1 is connected with TDS
1

P 2 .6 2 2N 2907 LED 2 7
8
LED 3
LED _C O M 9 key
10
• TDS measurement is display
3

KEYBOARD
on the LED display

• Pin 2.2 is connected with temperature measurement.

Which give the measured temperature.
• Pin2.3 is connected with calibration which will use to accurate
the result of our meter.
Over All schedule of Project

Task 1

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4

Task 5

Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

Task 9

Task 10

Task 11

Task 13
7-7-13

1-8-13

8-4-14
26-8-13

20-9-13

15-10-13

9-11-13

4-12-13

29-12-13

23-1-14

17-2-14

14-3-14
Work done by each Team Member
Dhruv 1. Study about ADC :
2. Study Microcontroller :
3. Kell C Programming :
4. Final Circuit Designing :
5. Hardware Implementation :

Kevin 1. Study about Power Supply :

2. Study Microcontroller :
3. Kell C Programming :
4. Study about Oscillator and Voltage Follower
:
5. Hardware Implementation :

Dhruv & 1. Study relay circuit :

Kevin 2. Study 7 segment LED :
(Karan) 3. Study conductivity sensor and temp-
erature sensor :
4. Study temperature sensing
circuit :
Thank You…