Brain Teasers

• It can run but it never walks, it

has a mouth but never talks, it has
a bed but never sleeps. What is it?

RIVER
Growing Old

O L D
The spare tire
 The match
• You are locked in a freezing cabin
with no way out. There is a
candle, a wood stove, and a
lantern. You only have one match,
what do you light first?
 Choices
• If you have three, you have three.
If you have two, you have two. But
if you have one, you have none.

• What is it?
The Polarity of a
Molecule Based
on Its Structure
At the end of the lesson,
What are the different
types of Chemical
bonding and how are we
going to relate these to
POLARITY?
What do you
think will
happen next?
 Ask…
• How would you describe what
happens in scenario A and
scenario B?
• Do you think atoms also do the
same thing?
We’ll see…
Watch a video about Ionic
and Covalent Bond
 Octet rule
• Matter always wants to be in the most
stable form. For any atom, stability is
achieved by following the octet rule,
which is to say all atoms (with a few
exceptions) want 8 electrons in their
outermost electron shell (just like
noble gases). The electrons present in
the outermost shell of an atom are
called valence electrons.
Lewis Dot Structure
• Exceptions to the octet rule:
- include hydrogen (H) and helium (He)
that follow the duet rule
- some group 3 elements like boron (B)
that contain three valence electrons
• There are almost 118 elements listed in the
periodic table
• But there are obviously more substances in nature
than 118 pure elements.
• Attributed to the capacity of the atoms to combine
and react with other atoms to form new
compounds. Every compound formed is unique
both chemically and physically from its parent
atoms
 How do they form?
• Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Ionic - donation of electrons is
called ionic bonding
Covalent – sharing of the atoms’
valence electrons with each other
 Two types of Covalent
Bonding
• Polar and Non-Polar Bonding
• Non-Polar - Covalent bonds where
electrons are shared equally
between two atoms
• Polar - the electrons in a covalent
bond between two different atoms
are not equally shared by the
atoms
Non-polar Polar
 Properties of non-polar
covalent bonds:
• often occurs between atoms that
are the same
• electronegativity difference
between bonded atoms is small
(<0.5 Pauling units)
• electrons are shared equally
between atoms
Properties of polar covalent
bond:
• always occurs between different
atoms
• electronegativity difference
between bonded atoms is moderate
(0.5 and 1.9 Pauling units)
• electrons are not shared equally
between atoms
Polar Covalent Bond
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
 Electronegativity
• is a measure of how strongly an
atom attracts electrons from
another atom in a chemical bond
and this value is governed by where
the particular atom is located in the
periodic table (francium is the least
electronegative element while
fluorine is the most
electronegative).
Show video about Electronegativity
How do we calculate for the
electronegativity?
• When two atoms are bonded
together, the difference between
their electronegativities can tell
you about the qualities of their
bond. Subtract the smaller
electronegativity from the larger
one to find the difference.
 Steps in Determining the
Polarity of a Molecule
1. Draw the correct Lewis structure and molecular
geometry of the molecule.
2. Identify the polarity of each bond present in the
molecule. A bond is polar when the atoms in the bond
have different electronegativities. Recall that
electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of an
atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. (You may
use the periodic table to determine the
electronegativity values of the atoms.)
3. Draw the dipole moment vectors for polar bonds. The
dipole moment vector points to the more
electronegative atom.
 Bond polarity

• Bond dipole moment – vector quantity

(magnitude and direction)
Similar? Different?
 Polar Molecules?
• More than two atoms?
 MOLECULAR POLARITY
• Same shape?
 MOLECULAR POLARITY
• Same shape?
 MOLECULAR POLARITY
• Same shape?
Why they don’t mix?
The Water Molecule
• Each atom attains a
filled outer level by
sharing electrons in
single covalent
bonds.
The Water Molecule
• H2O molecule is bent
and highly polar:
– 2 bonding pairs
– 2 lone pairs
– large EN diff in
O─H bond
 The Water Molecule
• Exceptional solvent
properties result from
its polarity and H-
bonding ability.
Vegetable oils
• Molecules of
vegetable oils
consist of glycerol
and fatty acids.
• Glycerol has 3 C
atoms and fatty
acids have long
chains of C atoms.
 Predicting polarity
• From electronegativity (EN) values and their
periodic trends, predict whether each of the
following molecules is polar and show the
direction of bond dipoles and overall
molecular dipole when applicable.

• Ammonia, NH3
• Boron trifluoride, BF3
• Carbonyl sulfide, COS (atom sequence SCO)