Chapter 9

1. Understand what is government and governance.

2. The different forms of government and their nature.
3. The principles of governance of each type of
government.
4. The operative nature of such system and type of
government.
5. And most, how it develops its justice system.
 From the Latin “Gobernaculum”, signifies the
instrument, the helm, whereby the ship to
which the state was compared, guided on its
course by the “gubernator” or helmsman.
 It refers to a governing body of institutions,
organization or territory means that body
which has ultimate power to determine its
policies and control its activities.
 It means to direct and control the actions or
conduct of, either by established laws or by
arbitrary will.
 A. Communism

The practice of the doctrine that all goods, means of production etc.
should be property of the community and each member should
work for common benefits.

As developed by Lenin and others, it advocates the seizure of power

by a cinspiratorial political party, internal oppositions, centralized
public ownership of almost all.
 Commune

Small community of people, usually with

common interests, who own and share
property in common.
 B. Democratic

Pertains to democracy characterized by the fact,

spirit or principles of popular government
tending to level social distinction practicing
social equality.
 Democracy

That form of government in which the sovereign power resideds in

and is exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or
indirectly through a system of representation, as distinguished
from a monarchy, aristocracy or oligarchy.
1. ANARCHY may refer to any of the following:

A. “No rulership or enforced autority”

B. “Absence of government
C. “A social state in which there is no governing person or group of
persons, but each individual has absolute liberty”
D. “Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any givern
sphere”
 Are thos who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that
common sense would allow people to come together in agreement
to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely
develop their own sense of morality.

 The rise of anarchism as a philosophical movement occurred in

the mid 19th century.
Most forms of anarchism, such as that of;

A. anarcho-collectivism
B. anarcho-communism
C. anarcho-syndicalism

However, anarchists still argue that anarchy does not imply nihilism,
anomie, or the total absence of rules, but rather an anti-
authoritarian society.
2. Aristocracy

Is a form of government in which a selected few such as most wise,

strong or contributing citizens rule, often starting as a system of
corporation where a council of prominent citizens add leading
soldiers, merchants, land owners, priests or lawyers to their
number.

The term, “aristocracy” is derived from the Greek language

aristokratia, meaning ‘the rule of the best’.
 CORPORATOCRACY OR CORPOCRACY- is a form of
government where a corporation, a group of corporations, or
government with private components, control the direction and
governance of a country.

 A historical example of corporatocracy that can be given is the

East India Company which was a British trade organization that
ruled over most of India, with the support of the British Empire,
starting from the end of 18th century until mid-19th century.
 CONSOCIATIONAL STATE- political scientists define a
Consociational state as a state which has major internal divisions
along ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, with none of the
divisions large enough to form a majority group, yet nonetheless
manages to remain stable, due to consultation among the elites of
each of its major social groups. Consociational states are often
contrasted with states with majoritarian electoral system.
A. DIRECT DEMOCRACY- classically termed pure democracy,
comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein
sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to
participate. Depending on the particular system, this assembly
might pass executive motion, make laws, elect and dismiss
officials and conduct trials.

B. GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY- is a tendency towards designing

political processes where as much decision-making authority as
practical is shifted to the organization’s lowest geographic level of
organization.
C.ILLEBERAL DEMORACY

-Is the government system in which although fairly free election

take place, citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of
civil liberties. This may be because a constitution limiting
government power exits but its liberties are ignored, or to the
simple absence of an adequate legal constitutional framework of
liberties. Illiberal democratic governments may believe thy have
mandate to act in any way they see fit as long as they hold regular
elections. Lack of liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom
of assembly make opposition extremely difficult. The ruler may
centralize power between branches of the central government and
local government (having no separation of power). Media is often
controlled by the state and strongly supports the regime. Non-
governmental organization may face onerous regulation or simply
be prohibited. The regime may use red tape, economic pressure, or
violence against critics
D. ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY

-Known as islamic democracy. Two kinds of democratic states can

be recognize in the islamic countries. The basis of this distinction
has to do with how comprehensively islam is incorporated into the
affairs of the state.
-A democratic state which recognizes islam as a state religion, such
as MALAYSIA,PAKISTAN,ALGERIA, BANGLADESH. Some
religious values are incorporated into public life, but islam is not
the only source of law.
-A democratic state which endeavors to institute shariah. It is also
called as islamist democracy. Islamist democracy offers mmore
comprehensive inclusion of islam into the affair of the state.Islamist
democracy is highly controvensial topic.
E. LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

-(or constitution democracy) is the dominant from of democracies in the 21st

century.During the cold war, liberal demoracies were constrasted with the
communist people’s republic or “Popular Democracies”, which claimed an
alternative conception of democracy. Today, constitution democracies are
mostly contracted with direct democracy and /or participatory democracy.

-The term “liberal” in “liberal Democracy” refers to adherence to the

ideology of political liberalism. Liberal democracies feature constitutional
protections of individual rights from government power, which were first
imposed during the age of enlightement by social constract theorists such
as hobbes and later Rousseau. At present, there are numerous countries
ruled by non-liberal political parties – for example parties that uphold
conservatism, Christian democracy, social democracy, or some forms of
socialism- which are considered to have liberal democracy as their form of
government.
F. MESSIANIC DEMOCRACY
- Is a neologism originally used by Jacob Talmon inhis book the
origins of Tolalitarian Democracy (1951) to describe the “democracy
by force” doctrines of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and its philosophical
descendants, as an effective tyranny that demotes democratic
principle to rhetorical use only. Variants included tolalitarian
democracy and Jacobin democracy
-In recent years the term has seen some increased use among anti
iraq war activists to refer to the United states stated proclamation
for war as self-serving rhetoric, thinly disguised as having
philosopical basis, The term further implie that the holders os such
doctrines viewed themselves as self-appointed arbiters of good and
evil,entirely above the laws of men. The term connotes the direct
sultural implications of states that assume a posture and doctrine of
superior culture and purpose and assert that a very wide
religious,philosophical,and moral divide exist between genuine
univeersal principles and the pugilistic foundation of a democracy
by force doctrine.
G. NON-PARTISAN DEMOCRACY
-(also no-party democracy ) is a system of representative
government or organiztion such that universal and periodic
elections take place withoutreference to political parties.
-A nonpartisan system differs from a single-=artty system in
that the governing faction in a single-party system identifies
it self as a pary, where membership might provides benefits
not available non members. A single-party govenrment often
requires governmet officials to be members of the
party,features a complex party hierarchy as a key institustion
of government, forces citizens to agree to a partisan
ideology,and may enforce its control over the government
may not share any ideologist various communist ntions such
as china or cuba are single party nations although the
members of parliament are not elected as party candidates.
 Participatory Democracy

 Emphasizes the broad participation of

constituents in the direction and operation of
political systems.
 Strives to create opportunities for all members
of a population to make meaningful
contributions to decision-making, and seeks to
broaden the range of people who have access
to such opportunities.
 Religious Democracy
 The values of a religion plays a role in the
public arena in a society populated by religious
people.
 Democracy where coincides with certain
things, it can be secular or religious.
 According to some, democracy is not violated
when a faith is embraced, it is violated when a
particular belief is imposed or disbelief is
punished.
 Representative Democracy

 Is a form of government founded on the

principle of elected individuals representing
the people.
 In many representative democracies,
representatives are most commonly chosen in
elections by a plurality of those who are both
eligible to cast votes and actually do so.
 Republican Democracy

 Is republic which has democratic forms of

government.
 One key principles is free and open debate
prior to casting a vote.
 Another principle is its emphasis on law and
rule of the people through elected
representatives.
 Soviet Democracy

 Is a form of democracy in which workers`

councils called “soviets”, consisting of worker –
elected delegates, from organs of power
possessing both legislative and executive
power.
 The soviet begin at the local level and onto a
national parliament-like assembly.
 The process begins when the workers of a city
elect their local soviet. This body holds both
legislative and executive power for the city.
The local soviets choose their delegates for
their country soviets. These country soviets in
turn to elect their provincial soviet. Lastly the
provincial soviets then choose their delegates
for the regional soviet. Each soviet has
legislative and executive power over the
territory it governs.
 This elective process of a group of soviets
electing the council above it continues until the
national soviet, which is the supreme body of
the nation. This national soviet is not elected by
the regional soviets, but rather by the country
soviets.
 Each soviet elects a small executive committee.
This assembly deals with the day-to-day affairs
of the territory that its soviet governs.
  TOTALITARIAN DEMOCRACY

- is a term made famous by Israeli historian J. L. Talmon to

refer to a system of government in which lawfully elected
representatives maintain of a nation state whose citizens,
while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation
in the decision-making process of government.

- A totalitarian democratic state is said to maximize its control

over the lives of its citizens, using the dual rationale of general
( i.e., public good ) and majority rule
- Totalitarian states can also approach the condition of
democracy, or at least majoritarianism. Citezens o totalitarian
democratic state, even when aware of their true
powerlessness, may support their government.
  OTHER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT- the government of the united states of

America as distinguished from the government of the several states

the gLOCAL GOVERNMENT- overnment or administration of

particular locality; especially, the governmental authority of a
municipal corporation as a city or country, over its local and individual
affairs exercised in virtue of power delegated to it for that purpose by
the general government of a state or nation

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT- one in which the power of

sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people
either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people to
whom those powers are especially delegated.
 POLITICS AND RELIGION WHICH
INFLUENCES THE FORMATION OF
GOVERNMENT:

 A. POLITICS- refers to the science of government

art or practice of administering public affairs
 a. political question – question of which court will
refuse to take cognizance, or to decide, on account
of their purely political character or because their
determination would involve an encroachment
upon the executive or legislative power.
 b. political- pertaining or relating to the policy
or the administration of government, state of
national pertaining or incidental to, the
exercised of the function vested in those charge
with the conduct of government
 c. political right a right exercisable in the
administration of government the power to
participate, directly or indirectly, in the
establishment of management of the
government, such as the right to vote and being
elected
B. RELIGION- a profession of faith to an active power that binds and
elevates men to its creator
Ones views of his of his relation to his creator and to the obligations
they impose of reverence to his being and character, and obedience to
his will.

a. Religious freedom – within the constitution embraces not only the

right to worship god according to the dictates of ones conscience
but also the right to do, or forebear to do, any act, for conscience
sake, the doing or forebearing of which is not inimical to the peace,
good order and morals of society
b. Religious feelings – the essential elements of the offense penalize
under art.133 of the revised penal code, are 1) that the acts
performed of are performed in a place devoted to religious
worship or during the celebration of any religious ceremony ; and
2) that the act or acts must be notoriously offensive to those who
are faithful in their religion.