Section 11:

Writing the
Research Report
 Objectives:
This section aims to give the
students the opportunities to:
1. name the four questions the
writer of the research questions
should consider;
2. explain the principles to be
observed in writing the research
report;
3. enumerate the major parts or section of a
research report; and
4. identify the important guidelines in writing
each part of the research report.

Considerations in Writing the Research Report

They further emphasized that the writer

of the research report should be guided by
four questions:
• 1. What is the purpose of this report?
• 2. Who would read it?
• 3. What are the circumstances and
limitations under which is it written?
• 4. How will be the report be used?
 Major Parts/Sections of the Research Report
The following are the major parts or
sections of the research report together with
the important guidelines that the writer should
follow.
A. The Preliminaries
The preliminaries or prefatory items
consist of the Title Page, Approval Sheet (for
theses and dissertations), Acknowledgement,
Dedication, Abstract, Executive Summary (in
some cases), Table of Contents, List of Tables,
and List of Figures.
B. The Table of the Study
The title of the study must be specific and
concise. It signifies a very timely and significant
contribution to the needs of an agency, in particular
and in the society, in general.
C. Abstract
The abstract which is considered “summary of
summaries” allows the readers to survey the
contents of the research report. Thus, it should give
a thorough and brief summary including the
purposes methodology used, findings, and
recommendations.
D. Introduction, Rationale, or Background of
the Study
This part introduces the study- its
background, research status, rationale and
purposes. It systematically leads to the
statements of the problems.
• E. Theoretical Framework
• The theoretical framework includes the
theories and principles that provide the bases
for the present study. Sometimes, legal bases
such as Republic Act, Presidential Decree,
Memorandum Order, Laws, etc.
F. Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framewrok should spell
out concepts (and their relationship) on which
the study is anchored. It should guide the
researcher to formulate the schema (also called
schematic diagram, research paradigm,
conceptual model, or conceptual - analytic
model) showing relationship among variables in
the study.
G. Statement of the Problem

This part provides the statement of the

general and specific problem. The general problem
consists of four essential parts, namely: an
introductory phrase, general plan of procedure, the
object of the plan, and the setting of the body.
 H.Hypothesis

The hypothesis are conjectual statements of

relationships or differences between two or more
variables. They must be relate to the main problem and
specific problems. They should be brief, clear and
testable and should provide suggested answers to the
problem. They should be formulated from the specific,
inferencial questions. They should state the definite
terms, the relationship between variables. They should
be clearly and explicity stated in statistical or null norms.
however, the research form of the hypothesis may be
included. Also, the level of significance may be stated.
I. Significance of the Study

This part of the report should be specific,

stated clearly and well - discussed. It includes
the statement on relevance, the fell needs, and
the potential contribution of the study to
knowledge. It should be state why the problems
to be investigated are important. Likewise, it
should state who are the beneficiaries and how
they are going to be benefited.
J. Scope, Delimitation, and Limitations
of the study

This part indicates a reasonable area of study

which is large enough to justify the lenght of the thesis
or dissertation but narrow enough to permit careful
treatment. It dfines the geographic boundaries clearly.
It presents the subjects or respondents of the study,
the place, the time period or school year covered, and
the major variables included in the study. For the part
on limitations, the constraints and weaknesses of the
study which are beyond the control of the researcher
are presented and discussed. Mentioning the
limitations does not detract the impact of the study.
 Sampling procedure
This part describes how the subjects or
respondents are selected from a target population. It
should describe the step-by-step on how a sample size
determined and how the actual samples are taken.

Data - Gathering Procedure

This part narrates clearly how the data were
gathered by the researcher. If there is a need for
permission to concerned authorities, the researcher
should duly mention.
 Research Instrument
This part describe the research
instruments, or data-gathering instruments
used on the study. It includes how the validity
and reliability of the instruments are
established.
Statistical treatment
This part presents the different statistical
tools or techniques in the study.
 Results and findings
(presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data)
Considered as the longest part, this part
presents and discusses the results and the findings
of the study. It should be presented in a systematic,
straightforward and unbiased way.
Summary
This part presents the thorough summary of
the study-problems, methodology and findings.
Summary of findings should be enumerated in a
systematic manner and presented adequately.
 V. Conclusions

This part draws conclusions or

generalizations of the result of the study.
It should dovetail with the findings of the
study. Conclusions should be logical . Broad
generalizations not adequately supported
by data should be avoided.
 Tips in order to make Conclusion
Effective
1. Restate your Topic
2. Restate your Thesis statement
3. Summarize main points of your paper
4. Discuss the Significance of your Points
5.Discuss the future of your Subject
 Avoid Common Mistakes
• Don't start your conclusion with the words “ in
conclusion”, or “in summary”.
• Make sure that your thesis is stated not only in the
conclusion but also in the introduction and in the body
part of your paper.
• Don't present any arguments nor details about your
research or topic. The introduction is aimed to only
summarize what has been written before.
• Don't change the tone of your paper.
Don't apologize. Never express concerns about
results of your research or your authority. Avoid
such phrases as “this is only my personal
opinion”, or “I don't know for sure.” Never use
the first person at all. Writing in the first person
is too informal and cannot be used for academic
papers.
 W.
Implications

This part presents the summary of the

implications corresponding to the different
findings of the study. Implications are the
meaning of the conclusions for the body of
knowledge, theory, and practice. They are
based on but are more specific than
conclusions, and they provide specific
suggestions for implementing the findings (
Burns & Grove, 1995.)
• Research Implications is how your research
affect the targeted community or subject
field's the question that implications will
answer.
• Basically refer to an impact that your research
might have on future research or policy
decision or the relevant field interest of your
study
 X. Recommendations

• Recommendations must be stated explicitly.

• They should stem from the findings.
• They should be addressed to the persons,
offices, agencies, or authorities who or
which are in a position to implement.
• Avenues for further research should be
suggested.
 The bibliography lists the
different references used in the
study such as books,
encyclopedias, dictionaries,
journals, magazines, periodicals,
thesis and dissertations (published
or unpublished), legal bases
(Republic Act, Presidential
Decree, Memorandum, Laws, etc,)
and websites

Y.
Bibliography
 This part include pertinent papers and materials
related to the study. It includes the authorization
letter (permission to conduct research), letter of
transmittal (letter to the respondents), the research
instruments (forms, questionnaires, etc), statistical
breakdowns, the curriculum vitae or bibliographical
sketch of the researcher or other supporting
documents.
However, the curriculum vitae or bibliographical
sketch may be placed either in the preliminaries or
after appendices.
Z. Appendices