BASIC DIESEL ENGINE

TECHNOLOGY
TRI-CO. YOUNG FARMERS
DECEMBER 4, 2001
Original Power Point created By Joey Wells
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office
June 2002
 INTRODUCTION
• THE DIESEL ENGINE IS USED AS A
SOURCE OF POWER FOR
THOUSANDS OF APPLICATIONS.
 WHO INVENTED THE
DIESEL ENGINE?

• 1895 – RUDOLPH DIESEL

SUCCESSFULLY INVENTED AN
ENGINE THAT BURNED COAL DUST
INJECTED BY PRESSURIZED AIR.
THE DIESEL ENGINE WAS BORN.
 WHO DEVELOPED THE
FIRST MASS PRODUCED
INJECTION PUMP?

• ROBERT BOSCH IN 1927

USES OF DIESEL ENGINES

TODAY, DIESEL ENGINES ARE

USED TO PROVIDE POWER IN A
VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS IN
MANY INDUSTRIES
 THERE ARE SIX MAJOR
USES OF DIESEL ENGINES
AGRICULTURE/FARM
TRANSPORTATION
CONSTRUCTION
FORESTRY
MARINE
ELECTRICAL GENERATION
PLANTS
 SEVEN ADVANTAGES OF
DIESEL ENGINES
• MORE EFFICIENT AND
ECONOMICAL TO USE
• FUEL VAPOR IS NOT EXPLOSIVE
• EXHAUST GASES ARE LESS
POISONOUS – LESS CARBON
MONOXIDE
• GREATER LUGGING POWER AND
TORQUE
ADVANTAGES CONTINUED
• ENGINES ARE DURABLE AND IF
PROPERLY CARED FOR WILL
MAINTAIN THEIR ECONOMY
• FUEL IS LESS VOLATILE – NO
VAPOR LOCK PROBLEMS
• CAN USE A VARIETY OF FUELS AND
MIXTURES
 FIVE DISADVANTAGES OF
DIESEL ENGINES
• ENGINES MUST BE STONGER AND
HEAVIER BECAUSE OF HIGHER
COMPRESSION RATES
• INITIALLY MORE EXPENSIVE
• FUEL COULD GEL IN COLDER
CLIMATES
• GENERALLY NOISER OPERATION
• VERY PUNGENT EXHAUST ODOR
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE:

AN ENGINE THAT PRODUCES

POWER BY BURNING FUEL
INSIDE A COMBUSTION
CHAMBER WITHIN THE ENGINE
TWO TYPES OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINE
TRUE OR FALSE: SPARK
PLUGS SHOULD BE
CHANGED MORE OFTEN IN
DIESEL ENGINES THAN IN
GASOLINE ENGINES?
FALSE
 BASICALLY, HOW DOES A
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE
WORK?
• LIQUID FUEL BROKEN DOWN INTO
A FINE SPRAY AND MIXED WITH
AIR IN THE CARBURETOR.
• FUEL-AIR MIXTURE PIPED TO THE
CYLINDER WHERE IT IS IGNITED BY
AN ELECTRIC SPARK FROM THE
SPARK PLUG.
 HOW DOES A
COMPRESSION-IGNITION
ENGINE WORK?

• NO SPARK IS NEEDED
• LIQUID FUEL UNDER VERY HIGH
PRESSURE IS INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO
THE CYLINDER WHICH IS FILLED WITH
HIGHLY COMPRESSED AIR.
• IGNITION BEGINS WHEN THE FUEL HITS
THE AIR THAT IS AT A TEMPERATURE OF
777 DEGREES F.
 WHAT DOES A
COMPRESSION RATIO OF
16:1 MEAN?

THE AIR IN A CYLINDER IS

COMPRESSED INTO 1/16 THE
SPACE AT THE TOP OF THE
STROKE AS COMPARED TO THE
BOTTOM OF THE STROKE
 TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL
ENGINES USE GREATER
COMPRESSION RATIOS
THAN GASOLINE ENGINES?
TRUE
DIESEL ENGINES – 16:1 TO 22:1
GASOLINE ENGINES – 8:1
TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL
ENGINES REQUIRE MORE
AIR THAN GASOLINE
ENGINES
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL
ENGINES HAVE NO
IGNITION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
TRUE
NO SPARK PLUGS, COIL,
MAGNETO, DISTRIBUTOR, OR
WIRING
 TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL
ENGINES, LIKE GASOLINE
ENGINES, DRAW IN FUEL
AND AIR ON THE INTAKE
STROKE?

FALSE
ONLY AIR IN A DIESEL ENGINE
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A
TURBOCHARGER ON A
DIESEL ENGINE?
TO INCREASE THE AIR INTAKE
INTO THE CYLINDERS
 TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL
ENGINES REQUIRE A HIGH
PRESSURE PUMP TO INJECT
THE FUEL INTO THE
COMPRESSED AIR IN THE
CYLINDER?

TRUE
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE
ENGINE PART THAT SPRAYS
FUEL INTO THE CYLINDER
OF A DIESEL ENGINE?
INJECTOR NOZZEL
WHAT TYPE MATERIAL ARE
FUEL LINES MADE OF IN A
DIESEL ENGINE? WHY?
STEEL
PRESSURES FROM 5,000 TO
20,000 PSI ARE INVOLVED
TRUE OR FALSE: GASOLINE
IS LESS VOLATILE THAN
DIESEL FUELS

FALSE
GASOLINE EVAPORATES
READILY AND IS VERY
EXPLOSIVE
TRUE OR FALSE: GASOLINE
ENGINES ARE HEAVIER
THAN DIESEL ENGINES OF
THE SAME HORSEPOWER?

FALSE
HIGH DIESEL CYLINDER
PRESSURES REQUIRE HEAVIER
MATERIALS
 HOW IS ENGINE SPEED
CONTROLLED IN A DIESEL
ENGINE?
• THE THROTTLE CONTROL REGULATES
ONLY THE AMOUNT OF FUEL INJECTED
INTO THE CYLINDER
• THE THROTTLE CONTROL IN A GASOLINE
ENGINE REGULATES THE AMOUNT OF
AIR/FUEL MIXTURE ALLOWED INTO THE
CYLINDER
HOW ARE DIESEL ENGINES
STOPPED?

• BY SHUTTING OFF THE FUEL TO

THE CYLINDERS BY A MANUAL
CONTROL OR SOLENOID SWITCH
• GASOLINE ENGINES ARE STOPPED
BY CUTTING OFF THE SPARK FROM
THE SPARK PLUGS TO THE
CYLINDERS
HOW AN ENGINE WORKS
WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC
PARTS OF ANY ENGINE?
 NAME THE TWO BASIC
TYPES OF ENGINES

• FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

• TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

 WHAT SEQUENCE OF
EVENTS MAKE UP A
CYCLE?
• INTAKE
• COMPRESSION
• POWER
• EXHAUST
• WHAT IS A STROKE?
• ONE MOVEMENT OF THE PISTON
FOUR STROKES OF AN
ENGINE
 HOW MANY TIMES DOES
THE CRANKSHAFT
REVOLVE DURING A CYCLE
IN A FOUR STROKE CYCLE
ENGINE?

TWO
 WHAT ARE THE MAJOR
DIFFERENCES IN EACH
STROKE WHEN
COMPARING A DIESEL
ENGINE WITH A GASOLINE
ENGINE?
• INTAKE
– AIR VS. AIR/FUEL MIXTURE
DIFFERENCES CONTINUED
• COMPRESSION STROKE
– COMPRESSION RATIO
• POWER STROKE
– SPARK PLUG VS. HEAT OF
COMPRESSION
• EXHAUST STROKE
– SAME FOR BOTH
TWO-STROKE CYCLE
ENGINES
 HOW MANY STROKES OF
THE PISTON ARE REQUIRED
FOR A CYCLE TO BE
COMPLETED IN A TWO
STROKE CYCLE ENGINE?
TWO
 WHAT HAPPENS DURING
STROKE 1 IN A TWO
STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE
ENGINE?

• THE UPSTROKE OF THE PISTON

COMPRESSES THE AIR/FUEL
MIXTURE. (COMPRESSION STROKE)
• AT THE SAME TIME, A NEW AIR-
FUEL MIXTURE IS DRAWN INTO THE
CRANKCASE. (INTAKE STROKE)
 WHAT HAPPENS DURING
STROKE 2 OF A TWO
STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE
ENGINE?
• THE DOWNWARD STROKE (POWER
STROKE) OF THE PISTON CAUSES THE
BURNED GASES TO ESCAPE THROUGH
THE EXHAUST PORT. (EXHAUST STROKE)
• NEW FUEL-AIR IS FORCED INTO THE
CYLINDER
TWO-STROKE CYCLE
GASOLINE ENGINES
 WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A
DIESEL AND GASOLINE
TWO-STROKE CYCLE
ENGINE?
• DIESEL ENGINES INJECT FUEL INTO THE CYLINDER
THROUGH A FUEL INJECTOR
• A BLOWER IS OFTEN USED TO FORCE AIR INTO THE
CYLINDER
• DIESEL ENGINES HAVE EXHAUST VALVES, GAS
ENGINES HAVE A PORT
TWO-STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE
THE DIESEL AIR SYSTEM
BASIC PARTS OF THE
DIESEL AIR SYSTEM
WHAT IS A TURBOCHARGER
ON A DIESEL ENGINE?

A CENTRIFUGAL BLOWER
THAT IS DRIVEN BY EXHAUST
GASES WHICH FORCES MORE
AIR INTO THE CYLINDER.
INCREASES POWER
 HOW IMPORTANT IS
KEEPING AIR FILTERS
CLEAN?

VERY IMPORTANT
A DIESEL ENGINE USES 12-
15,000 GALLONS OF AIR TO
EACH GALLON OF FUEL
NAME THREE TYPES OF AIR
CLEANERS

• OIL-BATH TYPE CLEANER

• PRE-CLEANER

• DRY-TYPE AIR CLEANER

THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC
PARTS OF A DIESEL FUEL
SYSTEM?

• INJECTION NOZZLES
• INJECTION PUMP
• FILTERS
• TRANSFER PUMP
• FUEL TANK
THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
 DIESEL FUEL, LIKE
GASOLINE IS A PRODUCT OF
THE DISTILLATION OF-

CRUDE OIL
 100 GALLONS OF CRUDE
OIL WILL YIELD WHAT
PRODUCTS?
• GASOLINE = 44 GALLONS
• DIESEL FUEL = 36 GALLONS
• MISC. = 9 GALLONS
• KEROSENE = 6 GALLONS
• LUBRICANTS = 3 GALLONS
• LOSS = 3 GALLONS
 WHAT ARE THE THREE
GRADES OF DIESEL FUEL?
• NUMBER 1 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 1-D)
– RECOMMENDED FOR COLD WEATHER.
REMAINS FLUID FOR EASIER STARTING
– BUSES, CARS, TRUCKS, FARM TRACTORS
• NUMBER 2 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 2-D)
– HEAVY WORK LOADS. BUSES, TRUCKS,
FARM EQUIPMENT
• NUMBER 4 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 4-D)
– OCEAN GOING VESSELS WITH LOW-MEDIUM
SPEED ENGINES
THE DIESEL COOLING
SYSTEM
WHAT ARE TWO PRIMARY
TYPES OF COOLING
SYSTEMS FOR DIESEL
ENGINES?

LIQUID COOLING
AIR-COOLING
LIQUID COOLING ENGINE
AIR-COOLED DIESEL
ENGINE
 WHAT IS THE IDEAL
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
FOR MOST DIESEL
ENGINES?

165 – 185 DEGREES F.

WHAT ARE SOME EFFECTS
OF ENGINE OVERHEATING?

• CYLINDER HEAD AND BLOCK CAN

CRACK OR WARP
• RINGS AND VALVES MAY SEIZE OR STICK
DUE TO GUMS, LAQUERS, AND
VARNISHES FORMING FROM
OVERHEATED OIL AND CARBON
FORMATION
• BEARINGS MAY BE DAMAGED CAUSING
EXCESSIVE WEAR
 WHAT ARE SOME EFFECTS
OF OVERCOOLING?

• INCREASED ENGINE WEAR

• IMPROPER LUBRICATION
• INCREASED FUEL CONSUMPTION
• INCREASED SLUDGE FORMATION
• INCREASED ENGINE CORROSION
– MOISTURE CONDENSES IF BELOW 140
DEGREES IN THE ENGINE CRANKCASE
 WHAT ARE SOME
ADVANTAGES OF AIR-
COOLED ENGINES
• LESS WEIGHT
• LESS MAINTENANCE
• LESS DOWN-TIME
• NO CAVITATION EROSION
• NO COOLANT CONCERNS
• MORE EFFICIENT USE OF POWER
• LESS VULNERABLE TO DAMAGE
• LESS BULK
• QUICKER WARM-UP
 WHAT ARE SOME
DISADVANTAGES TO AIR-
COOLED ENGINES?

• LENGTH OF THE ENGINE

• LESS TEMPERATURE CONTROL
• HIGHER OPERATING
TEMPERATURES
• GREATER NOISE
• MORE FREQUENT CLEANING
THE DIESEL LUBRICATION
SYSTEM
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS
FOR THE LUBRICATION
SYSTEM?

• REDUCES SHOCK, WEAR, AND

FRICTION
• SEALS COMPRESSION
• PROVIDES SOME CLEANING
• HELPS COOL THE ENGINE
• QUIETS THE ENGINE OPERATION
TRUE OR FALSE: MOST OF
THE LUBRICANTS USED IN
DIESEL ENGINES COME
FROM PETROLEUM?

TRUE
 WHAT ARE LUBRICANTS
DERIVED FROM ANIMAL OR
VEGETABLE OILS CALLED?

SYNTHETIC OILS
 WHAT TWO
CHARACTERISTICS ARE
MOST IMPORTANT IN
CHOOSING PROPER OIL?

VISCOSITY
SERVICE CLASSIFICATION
 WHAT IS VISCOSITY?
• A MEASURE OF A LIQUID’S
RESISTANCE TO FLOW
• HIGHER TEMPERATURE –
DECREASE IN VISCOSITY
• SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERS (SAE) DEVELOPED
NUMBERING SYSTEM
WHAT ARE THE VISCOSITY
GRADES?
API ENGINE OIL SERVICE
CATEGORIES

AMERICAN PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE
TABLE 1: (HANDOUT)
 WHAT ARE THE THREE
MOST COMMON OIL
ADDITIVES?
• OXIDATION INHIBITORS

• CORROSION AND RUST INHIBITORS

• DETERGENT DISPERSANTS
HOW DO DETERGENT
ADDITIVES WORK?
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID
HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ON
A TRACTOR
WHAT IS PASCAL’S LAW OF
HYDRAULICS?

• PRESSURE ON A LIQUID IN A
CONTAINER IS TRANSFERRED
EQUALLY TO ALL SURFACES
PASCAL’S LAW
PRESSURE TRANSFER IN
HYDRAULIC BRAKES
CHANGING THE PRESSURE
IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM