VECTOR ANALYSIS, ELECTRICITY AND

MAGNETISM; ELECTROMAGNETICS
By: Engr. Silverio V. Magday Jr, ECT, ARO-C
VECTOR ANALYSIS
• a branch of mathematics that deals with
quantities that have both magnitude and
direction.
SCALAR QUANTITY – a physical quantity,
which has magnitude only.
VECTOR QUANTITY – a physical quantity
which has both magnitude and direction.
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR OPERATION
(1)Vector Addition Properties
a. Commutivity
b. Associativity
c. Identity Element for Vector Addition

d. Inverse element for Vector Addition

e. Distributive Law
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR OPERATION
(2) Scalar Multiplication Properties
a. Associative Law

b. Identity Element for Scalar

Multiplication
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR APPLICATIONS
(1) Vectors can exist at any point P in
space. (vectors defined at each point of a
region are usually characterized as a vector
field)
(2) Vectors have direction and
magnitude.
(3) Vector Equality: Any two vectors
that have the same direction and
magnitude are equal no matter
where in space they are located.
VECTOR APPLICATIONS
 VECTOR APPLICATIONS
(6) Vector Components

(7) Magnitude, |A|

 VECTOR APPLICATIONS
(8) Direction,
 PRODUCTS OF VECTOR
A. DOT PRODUCT/SCALAR
PRODUCT

Scalar & Vector Projection

PRODUCTS OF VECTOR
B. CROSS PRODUCT/VECTOR
PRODUCT

C. TRIPLE PRODUCTS
Scalar
Vector
VECTOR PRODUCTS APPLICATION
Sample Problem 1:
 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

(a)Cartesian coordinates.
(b) Cylindrical coordinates.
(c) Spherical coordinates.
 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

• Position Vector

• Distance Vector

• Differential volume
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

Line Differential
& Surface
Differential
CARTESIAN VS CYLINDRICAL
SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

Line Differential
& Surface
Differential
SPHERICAL VS CYLINDRICAL
SPHERICAL VS CARTESIAN
Sample Problem 2:
 INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR
VECTORS

A. LINE INTEGRAL
One possible application of this integral
would be to compute the work W
Sample Problem 3.
 INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR
VECTORS
B. SURFACE INTEGRAL
where A is the vector field and ds is the
differential surface area. The vector
orientation of ds is in the direction that is
normal to the surface outward.
 INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR
VECTORS
B. SURFACE INTEGRAL
Sample problem 4:
 INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR
VECTORS
C. VOLUME INTEGRAL
Finally, we will encounter various volume integrals
of scalar quantities, such as a volume charge
density ρv. A typical integration would involve the
computation of the total charge or mass in a
volume if the volume charge density or mass
density were known. It is written as
Sample Problem 5:
Sample Problem 6:
 DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR
VECTORS

A. GRADIENT
The gradient is defined as the vector that
represents both the magnitude and the direction of
the maximum spatial rate of increase of a scalar
function. It depends on the position where the
gradient is to be evaluated, and it may have
different magnitudes and directions at different
locations in space.
 DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS
FOR VECTORS
A. GRADIENT
Sample Problem 7:
 DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS
FOR VECTORS
B. DIVERGENCE
The divergence operator is useful in
determining if there is a source or a sink at
locations in space where a vector field
exists.
Sample Problem 8:
 DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS
FOR VECTORS
C. CURL
The curl is a vector operation that can be
used to determine whether there is a
rotation associated with a vector field.
For Cartesian Coordinates:
 DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS
FOR VECTORS
For Cylindrical Coordinates:

For Spherical Coordinates:

Sample Problem 9:
 STOKE’s THEOREM

LAPLACIAN THEOREM

It states that there is a vector field ∇V where V is

some scalar function. The divergence of this vector
field determines whether a source or a sink exists
at that point.
 LAPLACIAN THEOREM
For Cartesian:

For Cylindrical:

For Spherical:
 ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
Electricity – Fundamental quantity in
nature consisting of the two basic
electrical charges: Electron & Proton
whether at rest or in motion.
Types:
1. Static – jumping out (flux), not moving, produced
when electrical charges are at rest (produced by friction)

2. Dynamic – flow of electrons, produced when the

electrical charges are moving or transferring from one
atom to another in a material.
 ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
Methods of Charging:
1. Friction (rubbing)
2. Induction
3. Conduction
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
 MAGNETISM
A natural phenomenon where
attraction takes place.
Magnet – aka lodestone, a substance
that possesses magnetism property
and can attract iron and other
ferromagnetic materials including
ferrites (non metallic ferromagnetic)
Electromagnetism – magnetism
produced by an electric current rather
than natural magnet.
 MAGNETISM
Types of Magnets
1. Natural Magnet (permanent)
2. Artificial Magnet (created by
electromagnetism)

Retentivity – property possessed by

magnetic materials
Residual Magnetism – magnetism left
after the removal of magnetizing force
Coercivity – opposite of retentivity
 MAGNETISM
Properties of Magnets:
1. A magnet always attracts iron and its alloys.
2. All the magnets have two types of poles: north-
seeking poles or north poles and south-seeking
poles or south poles.
3. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
4. If a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece
becomes independent magnet.
5. A magnet losses its properties when it is
heated, hammered or dropped from a height.
6. A magnet cam impart its properties to any
magnetic material.
MAGNETISM
 LAWS OF MAGNETISM
First Law of Magnetism
“Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.”

Second Law of Magnetism

“A magnetic field always tends to arrange
itself so that the greatest number of lines of
force are created.”
THEORIES OF MAGNETISM
A. COULOMB’s LAW
First Law “ The force of attraction or
repulsion between two magnetic poles
is directly proportional to their
strengths.”
Second Law “ The force of attraction
or repulsion between two poles is
inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them” Inverse
Square Law
THEORIES OF MAGNETISM
THEORIES OF MAGNETISM
 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field is in the region
surrounding a magnet represented by
magnetic flux lines, ϕ
 MAGNETISM
Properties of lines of force or flux
a. No two lines of force can ever cross
each other
b. Magnetic lines of force behave like
stretched rubber bands and tend to
contract lengthwise but expand
laterally.
c. The tendency of the magnetic lines
of force is to take an easy magnetic
path.
 MAGNETISM
Magnetic effect of electric current
a. The magnetic lines of force are circular
in a plane perpendicular to the current
b. The field near the conductor is stronger
and becomes weaker father away from
the conductor
c. The magnetic field becomes stronger if
current is increased and vice-versa.
d. The direction of the field is reversed if
current direction is reversed.
 MAGNETISM
Magnitude of the Force
F = B I l sinθ

F – Force, Newton
B – Flux density, Wb/m^2 or Tesla
I – current, Ampere
l – length, meters
θ- angle of the conductor to the field
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
THEORIES OF ELECTRICITY
THEORIES OF ELECTRICITY
CONNECTION OF INDUCTORS
CONNECTION OF INDUCTORS
 Sample Problem 10:
The force between two long parallel
conductors is 15 kg. The conductor
spacing is 10 cm. If one conductor
carries twice the current of the other,
calculate the current in each
conductor.
 Sample Problem 11:
A current I = 15 A is directed along the
positive x- axis and perpendicularly to
a magnetic field. The conductor
experiences a magnetic force per unit
length of 0.12 N/m in the negative y
direction. Calculate the magnitude of
the flux density in the region through
which the current passes.
 Sample Problem 12:
A current of 15 A is passing along a
straight wire. If the wire is bent to form
into a loop, calculate the diameter of
the loop so as to produce the 50/π
At/m of force at the center of the coil
upon a unit magnetic pole when
carrying a current of 15 A.
ELECTROMAGNETICS
ELECTROMAGNETICS
ELECTROMAGNETICS
ELECTROMAGNETICS
 ELECTROMAGNETICS
D. Gauss Divergence Theorem
The surface integral of normal component D
over the surface is equal to the volume integral of
Divergence D over the volume integral.

but
 ELECTROMAGNETICS
E. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
BETWEEN TWO POINTS - The potential of
point “A” with respect to point “B” is defined as the work done
in moving a unit positive charge Qu from ‘B” to “A”

Relation of V to E is E = - , where V = gradient of V.

 ELECTROMAGNETICS
F. CURRENT AND CURRENT
DENSITY The electric charges in motion constitute a
current, Current density is a vector J. (in Ampere)
 ELECTROMAGNETICS
G. POISSON’s EQUATION AND
LAPLACE’s EQUATION The
From ; also and

Considering,

Thus, Poisson’s equation

As we expand, divergence of divergence of V, Laplacian of V

ELECTROMAGNETICS
 ELECTROMAGNETICS
I. CURRENT DENSITY, J &
MAGNETIC FIELD, H

σ – conductivity of the material

 ELECTROMAGNETICS
For Cylindrical Coordinates:

For Spherical Coordinates:

 ELECTROMAGNETICS
J. FLUX DENSITY & STOKE’s
THEOREM
; Φ

Where A – magnetic potential vector

 ELECTROMAGNETICS
K. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Wave equations:

Propagation constant:

Attenuation factor, in Neper/m

Phase shift constant, rad/m

 Sample Problem 13.
A tiny ball of mass 0.6g carries a
charge of magnitude 8 uC. It is
suspended by a thread in a downward
electric field of intensity 300 N/C.
What is the tension in the thread if the
charge is (a) positive? (b) negative?
 Sample Problem 14:
Two point charges of charge 2.40 uC
and -3.60 uC are placed along the x-
axis at x=0.000m and x = 0.500 m
respectively. Where must a third
charge, q , be placed along the x-axis
so that it does not experience any net
force because of the other two
charges?
 Sample Problem 15:
How much work is done by a 200 V/m
electric field on a proton when it
moves 2.0 cm parallel to the electric
field?
 Sample Problem 16:
Given V = 2xy^2z^3 at free spac.
Evaluate the following at (1, 2, -1)
a.Potential (V)
b.Electric Field (E)
c.Electric Flux Density (D)
d.Volume charge density (𝞺v)
 Sample Problem 17:
Three long parallel wires, each
carrying 20A in the same direction are
placed in the same plane with a
spacing of 10 cm. What is the
magnitude of the net force per meter
on the outer wire and on the central
wire?
 THANK YOU! GOD BLESS!

“ I can do all things, through

Christ who strengthens me.”
- Philippians 4:13