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and Conjunction
or Disjunction
not Negation
3.1 – Statements and Quantifiers
Translating from Symbols to Words
Let: p represent “It is raining,”
q represent “It is March.”
Write each symbolic statement in words.
p˅q
It is raining or it is March.
̴ (p ˄ q)
It is not the case that it is raining and it is March.
3.1 – Statements and Quantifiers
Quantifiers
Universal Quantifiers are the words all, each, every, no, and
none.
Existential Quantifiers are words or phrases such as some,
there exists, for at least one, and at least one.
Quantifiers are used extensively in mathematics to indicate
how many cases of a particular situation exist.
Negations of Quantified Statements
Statement Negation
All do. Some do not.
Some do. None do.
3.1 – Statements and Quantifiers
Forming Negations of Quantified Statements
Statement: Some cats have fleas.
Negation: No cats have fleas.
Statement: Some cats do not have fleas.
Negation: All cats have fleas.
Statement: All dinosaurs are extinct.
Negation: Not all dinosaurs are extinct.
Statement: No horses fly.
Negation: Some horses fly.
3.1 – Statements and Quantifiers
Sets of Numbers
Natural Numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Integers: {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
Rational Numbers: Any number that can be expressed as a
quotient of two integers (terminating or repeating decimal).
a
a and b are integers and b 0
b
Irrational Numbers: Any number that can not be expressed as a
quotient of two integers (non-terminating and non-repeating).
Real Numbers: Any number expressed as a decimal.
3.1 – Statements and Quantifiers
True or False
Every integer is a natural number.
False: – 1 is an integer but not a natural number.
A whole number exists that is not a natural number.
True: 0 is the number.
There exists an irrational number that is not real.
False: All irrational numbers are real numbers.
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Truth Values
The truth values of component statements are used to find the
truth values of compound statements.
Conjunctions
The truth values of the conjunction p and q (p ˄ q), are given
in the truth table on the next slide. The connective “and”
implies “both.”
Truth Table
A truth table shows all four possible combinations of truth
values for component statements.
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Conjunction Truth Table
p and q
p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Finding the Truth Value of a Conjunction
If p represent the statement 4 > 1 and q represent the statement
12 < 9, find the truth value of p ˄ q.
p and q
4>1 p is true p q p˄q
12 < 9 q is false T T T
T F F
The truth value for p ˄ q is false F T F
F F F
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Disjunctions
The truth values of the disjunction p or q (p ˅ q) are given in
the truth table below. The connective “or” implies “either.”
Disjunction Truth Table
p or q
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Finding the Truth Value of a Disjunction
If p represent the statement 4 > 1, and q represent the
statement 12 < 9, find the truth value of p ˅ q.
p or q
4>1 p is true p q p˅q
12 < 9 q is false T T T
T F T
The truth value for p ˅ q is true
F T T
F F F
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Negation
The truth values of the negation of p ( ̴ p) are given in the
truth table below.
not p
p ̴p
T F
F T
3.2 – Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
Example: Constructing a Truth Table
Construct the truth table for: p ˄ (~ p ˅ ~ q)
̴p˄ ̴q p q ̴p ̴q ̴p ˄ ̴q
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
If you do not participate in class (false), then you get extra points.
If you do not participate in class (false), then you do not get extra points.
The teacher's statement is true in both cases.
3.3 – The Conditional
Truth Table for The Conditional
If p, then q
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
T → (4 < 2) (8 = 1) → F F → (3 ≠ 9)
T→F F→F F→T
F T T
3.4 – More on the Conditional
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive
Conditional
p→q If p, then q
Statement
Converse q→p If q, then p
If not p, then
Inverse ̴p→ ̴q
not q
If not q, then
Contrapositive ̴q→ ̴p
not p
3.4 – More on the Conditional
Determining Related Conditional Statements
Given the conditional statement, determine the following:
a) the converse, b) the inverse, and c) the contrapositive.
If I live in Wisconsin, then I shovel snow,
a) Converse
If I shovel snow, then I live in Wisconsin.
b) Inverse
If I do not live in Wisconsin, then I do not shovel snow.
c) Contrapositive
If I do not shovel snow, then I do not live in Wisconsin.
3.4 – More on the Conditional
Equivalences
A conditional statement and its contrapositive are equivalent,
and the converse and inverse are equivalent.
Alternative Forms of “If p, then q”
The conditional p → q can be translated in any of the
following ways:
If p, then q. p is sufficient for q.
If p, q. q is necessary for p.
p implies q. All p are q.
p only if q. q if p.
3.4 – More on the Conditional
Rewording Conditional Statements
Write each statement in the form “if p, then q.”
a) You’ll be sorry if I go.
(q if p)
If I go, then you’ll be sorry.
b) Today is Sunday only if yesterday was Saturday.
(p only if q)
If today is Sunday, then yesterday was Saturday.
c) All Chemists wear lab coats.
(All p are q)
If you are a Chemist, then you wear a lab coat.
3.4 – More on the Conditional
Negation of a Conditional
The negation of 𝑝 → 𝑞: ~(𝑝 → 𝑞) = 𝑝 ∧ ~𝑞
A Conditional as a Disjunction
The conditional 𝑝 → 𝑞 is equivalent to ~𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
Examples:
If the river is narrow, then we can cross it.
p: the river is narrow. p: the river is not narrow.
q: we can cross it. q: we cannot cross it.
Negation: Disjunction:
The river is narrow and The river is not narrow
we cannot cross it. or we can cross it.
3.4 – More on the Conditional
Negation of a Conditional
The negation of 𝑝 → 𝑞: ~(𝑝 → 𝑞) = 𝑝 ∧ ~𝑞
A Conditional as a Disjunction
The conditional 𝑝 → 𝑞 is equivalent to ~𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
Examples:
If you are absent, then you have a test.
p: you are absent. p: you are not absent.
q: you have a test. q: you do not have a test.
Negation: Disjunction:
You are absent and you You are not absent or
do not have a test. you have a test.