The Nature of Research and

Qualitative Inquiry

UNIT ONE:
Lesson 1
Discussion Topics

 Importance of research
 Characteristics of research and processes
 Ethics of research
 Differentiating qualitative from quantitative
 Qualitative research across fields
What is Research

 Research as a systematic investigation to

establish facts or collect information on
subject or based word derivative which
means to search again taken from prefix re-
denoting a repetitive action and search,
meaning to seek (The Collins Dictionary,
1999)
What is Research

 Research includes any gathering of data,

information and facts for the advancement of
knowledge. It relates to a process of
composite steps used to collect and analyze
information to increase understanding of a
topic and ultimately generate knowledge first
by posing a question, then collecting data to
answer the question, and finally presenting
an answer to the problem.
What is Research

 Leedy (1989) follows a more practical

approach about research as a procedure
done to support a demonstrable fact in
answering a question or resolving a problem.
 Kerlinger (2008) uses more technical
language to define it as the systematic,
controlled, empirical and critical investigation
of hypothetical proposition about presumed
relations among natural phenomena.
What is Research

 Research is a never ending story. Therefore,

research is a cyclical process of returning
again and again to the research questions,
methods, and data, which can lead to new
ideas, revisions and improvements.
What is Research

The systematic procedure is comprised of four

(4) phases, namely:
 The Design
 The Implementation
 The Presentation/sharing
 The Packaging
Guess the Movie (5 points)

“When you’re careless with

other people, you bring ruin
upon yourself.”
The Greatest Showman
Importance of Research

 Gives us a light to inquire about the right

information.
 Develops an attitude to not believe
everything easily available and go on one
track.
 Leads us to the ultimate philosophy of all the
subjects and builds a graphic vision of life.
Importance of Research

 Empowers us with knowledge and efficient

learning of new things.
 Helps us in understanding various issues of
life in a larger manner.
 Evolves us to mark out the thin line between
truth and lie.
 Makes good habits of reading, analyzing,
thinking, and learning.
Importance of Research

 Knowledge is power, as the saying goes. Conducting thorough

research in business is an excellent strategy to learn more
about your market, customers and competition. With that
information in hand, you can make innovative and well-thought-
out decisions to help grow your business. Research helps
companies to plan new products, develop advertising
campaigns and compete with direct competitors. Without
research, companies would be left in silos, trying to navigate
the market in the dark. When you’re in a management function,
you’re in a key decision-making position in the company. A s
result, it’s imperative to rely on solid research to determine your
organization’s next steps.
Importance of Research

 Research is essential to find out which

treatment works better for patients. It plays
an important role in discovering new
treatments, and making sure that we use
existing treatments in the best possible ways.
Research can find answer to things that are
unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and
changing the way that healthcare
professionals work
Importance of Research

 Research is very important in everyday life.

Among its practical applications are
discovering medical breakthroughs,
advancing technological developments, and
understanding and solving and solving
problems in education, business, economy,
and society.
Question (10 points)

What is research according

to Kerlinger (2008)?
Question (10 points)

Kerlinger (2008) uses more technical language

to define it as the systematic, controlled,
empirical and critical investigation of
hypothetical proposition about presumed
relations among natural phenomena.
Characteristics of research and
processes

S - Systematic
C - Controlled
I - Inquiry
E - Empirical
N - New Knowledge
C - Conclusion
E - Effective Method
Characteristics of research and
processes

Systematic
 An organized set of rules on a step-by-step
process rather than a random manner,
following the generally accepted principles
and practices of research.
Characteristics of research and
processes

Controlled
 Setting the limits and scope of an inquiry on
certain variables rather than a broad and
vague topic.
Inquiry
 A question, the start of an inquiry focused on
the need to investigate and search for truth
and knowledge.
Characteristics of research and
processes

Empirical
 Gathering of factual data derived from
physical observation, or thoughts and
experiences founded on social reality or
survey that describes a population and
relationships of variables.
Characteristics of research and
processes

New Knowledge
 Implication of the study and validation of
scholarly knowledge which is a contribution
to the field being studied.
Conclusion
 To find answers to the questions, more
specially addressing the main and sub-
problems of the study.
Characteristics of research and
processes

Effective Method
 The technique in conducting research as the
means to an end of arriving at data through
specifying the design, identifying
samples/participants of the study, preparing
the tools/instruments for data-gathering
procedures and analysis.
Characteristics of research and
processes

Based on these characteristics, research is a

Systematic and Controlled Inquiry based on
Empirical data to arrive at New knowledge
about a certain subject or topic through a
Conclusion-bearing problem solving process by
means of an Effective method.
Characteristics of Successful
Research
Question (10 points)

What are the 7 characteristics

of Research?
Question (10 points)

S - Systematic
C - Controlled
I - Inquiry
E - Empirical
N - New Knowledge
C - Conclusion
E - Effective Method
Ethics in Research

Ethics vs. Moral

Guess the Movie (5 points)

Not everyone can become a

great artist, but a great artist
can come from anywhere.
Guess the Movie (5 points)

Ratatouille
Ethics in Research

 Ethics refers to rules provided by an

external sources.
 Moral refers to an individual’s own
principles regarding right and wrong.
Ethics in Research

 Ethics refers to as norms for conduct

that distinguish between acceptable
and unacceptable behavior. These are
direct network among people because
they recognize some common ethical
norms but interpret, apply, and balance
them in different ways in the light of
their own values and experiences.
Question (10 points)

 Honesty  Confidentiality
 Objectivity  Social
 Integrity Responsibility
 Carefulness  Competence
 Openness  Legality
 Respect for  Animal Care
Intellectual Property  Human Subjects
Protection
Question (10 points)

Give at least 8 ethics in

research
Question (10 points)

 Honesty  Confidentiality
 Objectivity  Social
 Integrity Responsibility
 Carefulness  Competence
 Openness  Legality
 Respect for  Animal Care
Intellectual Property  Human Subjects
Protection
The Research Process

 Define Research Problem

 Review the Literature
 Formulate Hypothesis
 Research Design
 Collect Data
 Analyze Data
 Interpret and Report
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 Qualitative Research – is primarily an

exploratory research. It is used to give an
understanding of underlying reasons
opinions and motivations. The investigation
provides insights, into the problem or helps
to develop ideas or hypothesis for potential
qualitative research. It is also used to
uncover trends in thought and opinions and
dig deeper into the problem. the sample size
is typically small.
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 Qualitative Research is more flexible

allowing more naturalness and adjustment
for the interaction and collaboration between
the researcher and participant.
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 Qualitative Research in the 2000’s also has

been characterized by concern with everyday
categorization and ordinary storytelling. The
“narrative term” is producing an enormous
literature as researchers present sensitivity
concepts and perspectives that have been
focused on opinions and motivations.
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 The aims of qualitative research vary with the

disciplinary background such as a
psychologist seeking to gather the reasons
that govern a particular behavior. It examines
the why, where, when or who of a given
study.
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 Qualitative Research deals with designs,

techniques and measures that do not
produce discrete numerical data. It involves
extensive narrative data in order to gain
insights into phenomena.
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 Quantitative Research is more often

associated with hard data. Research is used
to quantify, that is to put numerical
equivalents to findings. This type of research
is not limited to mathematics. Although math
and statistics are just the means used,
attitudes, opinions and behaviors, even when
they are subjective in nature, can be
compared quantitatively in order to produce
results.
Differentiating Qualitative from
Quantitative

 Quantitative Research is used to quantify the

problem by way of generating mathematical
data or data that can be transformed into
usable statistics.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge

 The Method of Tenacity

The method of tenacity involves holding on to
ideas and beliefs simply because they have
been accepted the facts for a long time or
because of superstition. Therefore, the method
of tenacity is based on habits or superstition.
Habit leads us to continue believing something
we have always believed. Often this referred
t6o as belief perseverance.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge

 The Method of Intuition

In the method of intuition, information is
accepted as true because it “feels right” With
intuition, a person relies on hunches and
“instinct” to answer questions. Whenever we
say we know something because we have a
“gut feeling” about it, we are using the method
of intuition.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge

 The Method of Authority

In the method of authority, a person finds answer by
seeking out an authority on the subject. This can mean
consulting an expert directly or going to a library or a
website to read the works of an experts. It either case,
you are relying on the assumed expertise of another
person. Whenever you consult book, people, television,
the internet, or the newspaper to find answer, you use
the method of authority.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge

 The Rational Method

The rational method, also known as
rationalism, involves seeking answer by logical
reasoning. We begin with a set of known facts
or assumptions and use logic to reach a
conclusion or get an answer to a question.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge

 The Empirical Method

The empirical method, also known as
empiricism, attempts to answer questions by
direct observation or personal experience. This
method is a product of the empirical viewpoint
in philosophy, which holds that all knowledge is
acquired through the sense. Note that when we
make observation, we use the senses of
seeing, hearing, tasting, and so on.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge

 The Scientific Method

The scientific method is an approach to acquiring
knowledge that involves formulating specific questions
and then systematically finding answers. It is a method
of acquiring knowledge – scientists seek answers to
the question they devise. The scientific method is a
carefully developed system for asking and answering
questions so that the answers we discover are as
accurate as possible.
Methods of knowing and acquiring
knowledge