5.

3. MAN
According to Oriental
Philosophers
4 2.

1.

6.

ORIENTAL PERSPECTIVE
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 ORIENTAL PERSPECTIVE
In the West, the term (Oriental) philosophy
refers very broadly to the various philosophies of
“the East”, namely Asia, including China, India,
Japan, and other areas.

Christianity Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Islam

OMAYON & OSTULANO

CHRISTIAN VIEW OF A MAN

 CHRISTIANITY- It started as a Jewish sect in

Jerusalem with Jesus Christ as the Messiah. -
It advocates that man is a precious being
redeemed by the passion and death of Jesus
Christ.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 CHRISTIAN VIEW OF A MAN

 St. Constantine was an ardent follower of Christ’s

teaching established Christianity as a quasi-
official state religion of which the chief teaching is
on Trion God, with the Father as the Creator, the
Son as the Redeemer and has the divine and
human nature being born by Mary and the Holy
Spirit as the Sanctifier.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

CHRISTIAN VIEW OF A MAN

 It accepts the Ten Commandments as precepts

of the Christian faith.-It upholds that man is
composed of body that decays and soul that is
immortal.
 Its signs are One, Holy Catholic and Apostolic
headed by Pope in Rome.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

CHRISTIAN VIEW OF A MAN

 Christian Theology holds that Adam and Eve

lost physical immortality for themselves and
their descendants in the Fall of Man, though
this initial “imperishability of the body frame
of man” was a “preternatural condition”.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

CHRISTIAN VIEW OF A MAN

 Christians believe that every person that

believes in Christ will be resurrected.
 Bible passages are interpreted as teaching,
that the resurrected body will, like the
present body, be both physical (but a
renewed and non-decaying physical body)
and spiritual.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN

 One of the key concepts of Hinduism is the

belief in an ultimate reality called Brahman
which is the source of all living things in this
universe. Brahman is considered as the
sacred, the god spirit or the universe.
 Brahman is the ground of all reality and
existence. Brahman is uncreated, external,
infinite and all-embracing.
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN

 It is the ultimate cause and goal of all that

exists. It is One and it is All. All beings emanate
from Brahman; all beings will return back to the
same source. Brahman is in all things and it is
the true Self or in human soul (Atman) of all
beings.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN

 Brahman is the absolute unmanifested

changeless source of all things and the
universe.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN

Man consists of five coverings:

a) Annamayatman – the material or
physical covering of man known as the
physical or corporeal self. It is
dependent on food.
b) Pranamayatman – the biological layer,
the self as a vital part breathes.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN

c) Manomayatman – the psychological aspect

and which consists of the will.
d) Vijnamamayatman – the intellectual layer;
within it is the seal of consciousness.
e) Anandamayatnan – the final essence of the
self or pure bliss. The part that encounters and
experiences heaven. Approximates the Braham
which is Pure Bliss

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN

 Man must dispose the five coverings to attain

the level of a perfect man. The physical,
biological, psychological, intellectual and bliss
compose Atman that is not the true self but a
mere accidental revelation of Brahman

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 HINDU VIEW OF A MAN
Salient Features of Hinduism
1. Reincarnation – (samsara) believed that the
soul migrates from one body upon death and
re-enters another human or animal body. All
spiritual efforts are being directed toward
there lease or moksa from the cycle of
rebirth.
2. Karma – the sum and the consequences of a
person’s actions during the successive
phases of his existence. It determine man’s
destiny and the nature of individual’s rebirth
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN
 Founded by an Indian, Gautama
Siddharta (563-483 B.C.).
Buddha was his official title
which means “The Enlightened
One”. “All that we are is the
result of what we have thought.
The mind is everything. What
we think, we become.”
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN

 According to this view, man is subject to the

law that all things rise, decay and fall. There
is no soul. There is no permanence.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN
The Four Noble Truths:
1. Pain and suffering exist.
2. The need to satisfy man’s sensual desires is
the cause of man’s suffering.
3. Suffering ends only when man stops his
sensual longings.
4. The path that leads to the ending of suffering is
called the “Eightfold Path”

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN
The Eightfold Path:
1. Right Viewpoint, which is the proper understanding
of the four noble truths.
2. Right Aspiration, which must go beyond the self.
3. Right Speech, which requires the use of the right
words to show courtesy and respect for others.
4. Right Action, which is consistent with the basic law
not to kill, steal, lie, have illicit sexual relations,
and to take intoxicating drinks.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN
5. Right Livelihood, which is known by not doing harm or
pain on others.
6. Right Effort, which is maintaining a life properly moving
toward enlightenment.
7. Right Concentration, by controlling emotion,
imagination, illusion and self-deception.
8. Right Contemplation, by not giving unnecessary
attention to anything that hinders the attainment of
enlighten mentor true knowledge.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN

 Beings consists of five aggregates or skand has:

matter, sensation, perception, mind and
consciousness. When the five aggregates merged,
they assume a definite form and is given a name.
Once the aggregates disintegrate, nama-rupa ceases
to exist.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN

 Man is but a name bestowed upon the blending of

the five aggregates that constitute an individual.
Each aggregate when taken singly or separately is
to equivalent to man. Greed, hatred and delusion
separate the individual from the true perception
of the nature of things. Man strives to be liberated
from this ignorance and delusion to attain
nirvana.
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 BUDDIST VIEW OF A MAN

 Nirvana is the supreme state free from suffering and

individual existence. It is a state Buddhists refer to as
"Enlightenment". It is the ultimate goal of all Buddhists.
The attainment of nirvana breaks the otherwise
endless rebirth cycle of reincarnation. Buddhists also
consider nirvana as freedom from all worldly concerns
such as greed, hate, and ignorance. No one can
describe in words what nirvana is. It can only be
experienced directly

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 MAN IN CONFUCIANISM

PROPONENT
Confucius
(551-478 B.C)
The Great Chinese Sage

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 MAN IN CONFUCIANISM

 Developed from the teachings of Confucius which

focuses on human morality and wrong action.
The 5 Relationships:
1. Ruler – Subject 2. Father – Son
3. Husband – Wife 4. Older Brother – Younger
Brother
5. Older Friend – Younger Friend

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 MAN IN CONFUCIANISM

 AttitudesGoverning These Relationships:

1. Rulers : Kind-heartedness
2. Subject :Loyalty
3. Father : Love
4. Son : Filial Piety
5. Husband : Righteous Behavior

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 MAN IN CONFUCIANISM

 Attitudes Governing These Relationships:

6. Wife : Obedience
7. Older Brother : Politeness
8. Younger Brother : Humility and Respect
9. Older Friend : Humane Consideration
10. Younger Friend : Obedience

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 MAN IN CONFUCIANISM

 Man is regarded as a Moral being and as a

social being. For Confucius, a true man is a
noble man, chun-tzu, a superior man and
such a man is said to be a man of jen
(human-heartedness), a man of all round
virtue

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 MAN IN CONFUCIANISM

In Confucianism, man is expected to possess four

virtues:
a. human-heartedness (jen)

b. Righteousness (yi)

c. Ritual or propriety (li)

d. Wisdom (chic)

OMAYON & OSTULANO

TAOIST VIEW OF A MAN

The Taoist view of man:

LaoTzu
Which anything comes to be, is
the “Tao”

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 TAOIST VIEW OF A MAN

 Taoism as a philosophy advocates what is

natural and spontaneous, simple and necessary.
According to this philosophy, that by which
anything and everything comes to be, is the
“Tao”

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 TAOIST VIEW OF A MAN

 The “Tao” is generally understood as the Power

or Principle behind all things. It is oftentimes
called the Non-Being.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 TAOIST VIEW OF A MAN

 According to this philosophy, everything that

exists in the universe needs the whole universe
as a necessary condition for existence.
 Things are ever changeable, but the laws
governing this change of things are not
themselves changeable.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 TAOIST VIEW OF A MAN
Two Levels of Knowledge
1. The Lower Level- the finite point of view,
when man sees distinctions like those
between right and wrong
2. The Higher Level- The higher point is
view, when man sees things in the light
of heaven, that is from the point of view
of the “Tao”, that things through
different are united and become one.
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 ISLAMIC VIEW OF A MAN

 Human beings have both positive and negative

aspects and a free will. It depends on their free
will which positive or negative they are inclined
to develop.
 According to Qutub, Islam regardsman’s entity
to comprise three elements- body, intellect and
soul.
OMAYON & OSTULANO
 ISLAMIC VIEW OF A MAN

 Islam fulfills the bodily, intellectual and spiritual

needs of human beings and maintain balance
and moderation among them.
 There are some Arabic terms in the Quran
which are important for understanding human
nature, such as Qalb (heart), Nafs
(self/psyche/soul/person), and Fuad (brain).

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 ISLAMIC VIEW OF A MAN

Human Nafs can have following 3 expressions:

1. Nafs Ammara (The Commanding or Lower Self)
– This self represents the negative drives in man.
This prompts man to worldly or immoral aims.
2. Nafs Lawwama (The Self-Reproaching Self)- this
is divine element in man which fight back evil
tendency and prompts toward good.

OMAYON & OSTULANO

 ISLAMIC VIEW OF A MAN

Human Nafs can have following 3 expressions:

3. Naf al-Mutmainna (The perfectly contented
and satisfied soul, wholly at peace with itself, the
tranquil soul). It refers to the state of the self
when struggle in it ceases and harmony

OMAYON & OSTULANO

OMAYON & OSTULANO