Energy sources

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work and is

required for life processes.

It is one of the largest sectors of our world

economy which account for more than 10
trillion dollars of gross world product.
 Energy and It’s Form
Energy is the ability to do work. It can have many forms:
Potential Kinetic

 Stored energy ready to be released  Energy from a moving object

 Potential Energy

Chemical Energy
• Energy stored in the bonds
between chemical
compounds or atoms Holds
molecules together
• It may be released during a
chemical reaction, often in
the form of heat; such
reactions are called
exothermic.
Nuclear Energy
Energy stored in the
nucleus of the atom
Holds the nucleus together
It gets from nuclear power

Stored Mechanical
Energy
Energy stored in an object
by the application of force
Must push or pull on an
object
Gravitational Energy
• The energy an object or
substance has because of its
position; anything “up high”
• A rock resting at the top of a
hill contains gravitational
potential energy.
Hydropower, such as water in
a reservoir behind a dam, is
an example of gravitational
potential energy.
 Kinetic Energy
Radiant Energy
• Electromagnetic energy
that travels in transverse
waves
• Radiant energy includes
visible light, x-rays, gamma
rays and radio waves. Light
is one type of radiant
energy. Solar energy is an
example of radiant energy.
Thermal Energy

• It is the internal energy in

substances the vibration
and movement of the
atoms and molecules
within substances.
Geothermal energy is an
example of thermal energy.
Mechanical Energy
(Motion)
• Movement of objects or
substances from one place
to another
• Objects and substances
move when a force is
applied according to
Newton’s Laws of
Motion. Wind is an
example of motion energy.
Sound Energy

• Movement of energy through

substances in the form of
longitudinal (compression) waves
or from vibrating objects
• Sound is produced when a force
causes an object or substance to
vibrate the energy is transferred
through the substance in a wave.
mechanical energy
Electrical Energy
• Movement of electrons in one
direction is the movement of
electrical charges.
• Everything is made of tiny particles
called atoms. Atoms are made of
even smaller particles called
electrons, protons, and neutrons.
• Applying a force can make some of
the electrons move. Electrical
charges moving through a wire is
called electricity.
• Lightning is another example of
electrical energy.
 Source of Energy
• All forms of energy are stored in different
ways, in the energy sources we use every day.
 Non Renewable (conventional) sources
 A Conventional Sources is a natural resource
that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale
comparable to its consumption once depleted
there is no more available for future needs.

 Also considered non-renewable are resources

that are consumed much faster than nature
can create them.

 Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and

natural gas), nuclear power (uranium) and
certain aquifers are examples.
 Fossil Fuels
 Fossil fuels are formed inside the earth from the remains of
plants and animals after millions of years.
 They are coal, petroleum and natural gas. In many cases
they are found captured under a solid layer, a lot like clay
which stops the fossil fuels from reaching the earth’s surface.
 Mining companies break through the solid layer to reach
these fuels.
 Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources of energy so they
should be conserved and used judiciously.
 Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt. Oil and gas can be burnt
directly.
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 Coal
• Coal is a combustion black or brownish black
sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon
and hydrocarbon.
• Coal is very important solid fuels and it
provides around 28% of our energy with
response for 57% of carbon dioxide in the air
• Coal is formed by accumulating plant debris in
swamps. The process takes millions of years.
When plant materials collect on swamps, they
degrade very slowly. Normally swamp water
doesn’t have high oxygen concentration;
therefore, Slow decaying of plant debris allows
them to accumulate more in the swamps.
When these are buried under sand or mud, the
pressure and inside temperature convert the
plant debris to coal slowly.
• Coals are classified according to their fuel properties and
depends on their age
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous
Anthracite,
Peat
• Peat is the first step in coal formation. Peat is composed of over
60% organic matter, typically, ferns and vegetation found in
swamps or bogs.
• As a result of the high water content of this environment, peat
contains a lot of water, which limits its heat content or the
amount of energy.
• It is a very soft brown coal. Eventually over time, with
increasing pressure and temperature, peat is cooked in to coals
next stage lignite

Lignite
• Lignite is the lowest rank coal. It is soft, brownish-black coal
that still contains a high amount of water
• It easily burns with a long and smoky flame because of it
contains a high moisture and volatile matter
• Which has a higher heat content than peat but is still not the
most desired form of coal.
Bituminous coal
• Bituminous coal is dense, banded dull and glossy black
coal with relatively hardness contains bitumen (tar-like
substance).
• It is formed as more pressure is applied to lignite coal.
The greater the pressure applied, the more water is
expelled, which increase the amount of pure carbon
present and increase the heat content of the coal.
• It is often classified as sub-bituminous or bituminous.
The difference between them sub-bituminous is the
transition stage from lignite to bituminous coal.
• It contains a high percentage of volatile matter and it
ignites easily with a smoky long yellow flame.
Anthracite coal
• Anthracite coal is a metamorphic rock and considered the
highest grade coal.
• It is formed when bituminous coal is subjected to great
pressure, such as those associated with the folding of rock
during the creation of mountain ranges
• It is hard, dense and dark black in color with high Hydrogen
content (between 92% and 98%) and contains the fewest
impurities of all coals.
• It has a very light weight when compared to other forms of
coal, as there is very little water present in anthracite.
• As a result, anthracite has the highest heat content and
difficultly ignites, an extremely hot, blue flame and very
little smoke.
• Which has a very low level of volatile components and a
high percentage of fixed carbon
.
 Petroleum oil
• Petroleum oil was formed from the
remains of animals and plants that lived
millions of years ago in a marine (water)
environment
• Over millions of years the remains of
these animals and plants were covered
by layer of sand and silt
• Heat and pressure from these layers
helped the remains turn in to what we
today call crud oil
• Crude oil is easier to get out of the
ground than coal, as it can flow along
pipes. This also makes it cheaper to
transport.
• It provide 40% of our energy and
responsible for 38% of carbon dioxide in
the environment.
 Natural gas
• Natural gas is a fossil fuel. Like other fossil fuel, natural
gas forms from the plants, animals, and microorganisms
that lived millions of years ago and they are gradually
covered by layers of soil, sediment, and sometimes rock.
Over millions of years, the organic matter is compressed.
• The combination of compression and high temperature
causes the carbon bonds in the organic matter to break
down. This molecular breakdown produces thermogenic
methane (natural gas).
• Methane, probably the most abundant organic compound
on Earth, is made of carbon and hydrogen (CH4).
• Natural gas deposits are often found near oil
deposits. Deposits of natural gas close to the
Earth’s surface are usually dwarfed by nearby
oil deposits.
• Deeper deposits formed at higher
temperatures and under more pressure have
more natural gas than oil.
• Natural gas does not have to be formed deep
underground, however. It can also be formed
by tiny microorganisms called methanogens.
• Methanogens live in the intestines of animals
(including humans) and in low-oxygen areas
near the surface of the Earth.
• Landfills, for example, are full of decomposing
matter that methanogens break down into a
type of methane called biogenic methane.
• The process of methanogens creating natural
gas (methane) is called methanogenesis.
• Natural gas provides around 20% of the world’s
of energy
NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Nuclear fission uses uranium to create
energy.
• Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable
resource because once the uranium is
used, it is gone!
• Nuclear Energy is energy stored in the
nucleus of an atom––the energy that holds
the nucleus together. The energy can be
released when the nuclei are combined or
split apart.
• Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of
uranium atoms in a process called fission. The
sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms
in a process called fusion. Scientists are
working on creating fusion energy on earth,
so that someday there might be fusion power
plants.
 Advantages to Using Fossil Fuels
• Very large amounts of electricity can be generated
in one place using coal, fairly cheaply.
• Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is
easy.
• Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.
• A fossil-fuel power station can be built almost
anywhere
Disadvantages of Using Fossil Fuels
• Basically, the main
drawback of fossil
fuels is pollution.
• Burning any fossil fuel
produces carbon
dioxide, which
contributes to the
"greenhouse effect",
warming the Earth. Oil spills are a serious
• Burning coal problem
produces sulphur Mining coal can be difficult
dioxide, a gas that and dangerous. Strip mining
contributes to acid destroys large areas of the
rain. landscape
• Some power stations are built on the
coast, so they can use sea water to cool
the steam instead. However, this warms
the sea and can affect the environment,
although the fish seem to like it.
 Renewable Energy
 Renewable resources are resources that you
can use again and again. These energy
resources will never run out.

 Energy that comes from natural resources

that are naturally replenished.
SOLAR ENERGY
There are two types of solar energy:
 Thermal Energy &
 Electric Energy

Thermal Energy:
• Is everywhere. It’s lights up our days.
• It heats the earth, our bodies and our homes. It dries our
clothes . All for free!

Electric Energy
• It uses the power of the sun to produce electricity through
solar cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).
WIND ENERGY
 Hydropower
• The power obtained from river or ocean water is called
as hydropower
• Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water
in motion
• One of the most widely used renewable source of
energy for generating electricity on large scale basis is
hydropower
• Hydropower is renewable sources of energy since
water is available in large quantities from rain, rivers
and oceans and this is will be available for unlimited
time to come
• Hydropower plants generate electricity by water
turbines which operate by means of falling water.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
BIOMASS ENERGY
 Cont’d…

 It is a renewable energy
source because we can
always grow more trees
and crops, and waste will
always exist.
Biomass sources
 Energy Crops
 An energy crop is a plant grown as a
low-cost and low-maintenance
harvest used to make biofuels, such
as bioethanol, or combusted for its
energy content to generate
electricity or heat.
 Energy crops are generally
categorized as woody or herbaceous
plants.
 Biofuels
 Biofuel is fuels derived from renewable plant and animal
biomass.
 They can be divided into four groups:
 Alcohols such as ethanol, which are produced from sugar
cane, corn and grain
 Biodiesel made of rapeseed, palm, soybean, sunflower, and
other vegetable oils
 Biogas obtained from organic matter such as crop residues
and dung.
 Solid and liquid biomass such as vegetable oils, plant
fibers, solid waste and wood pellets used in combined
heating and power plants, either exclusively or in
combination with fossil fuels
 Biomass as a Source of Energy
 Bioenergy is any renewable energy produced from living organism.

 Organic material containing bioenergy is known as Biomass.

 Biomass is a vital source of energy for the poor and underdeveloped

countries for cooking and heating of food.

 Biofuels are renewable fuels including:

 Bioethanol

 Biodiesel

 Biogas

 Biobutanol
 Liquid Biofuels
 Bioethanol
Fuel ethanol is a form of alcohol, fermented and distilled from a wide
range of plant life such as wheat, corn or woody material.
 Biodiesel
produced by chemically upgrading oils obtained from the pressing of oil
plants.
Biodiesel is manufactured from vegetable oils, recycled cooking greases
or oils or animal fats. It can be used either as a blended fuel with
petroleum diesel or as a pure fuel. Blended biodiesel can often be used
without any engine modification. Biodiesel reduces the level of several
diesel pollutants including sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide.
 Cont’d…
Solid biofuels
 Wood
 Charcoal
 biomass pellets
 Gas biofuels

• Biogas

• Synthetic natural gas(SNG)

 Renewable Forms of Energy
Energy Source Description Product

Bioconversion Process (combustion, pyrolysis,

Electricity
Biomass gasification, liquefication, digestion,
Heat and gas
fermentation)

Water flowing from higher to lower elevations

Hydropower Electricity
through dams

Wind Capture of wind by turbines Electricity

Tapping steam and hot water from the earh’s Heat and
Geotherm
mentle electricity

Heat and
Solar Absorbing and storing heat from the sun
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