Impressionism to WWI

Trends
 Inventions:
 Telephone
 Telegraph
 Photography
 Cinema
 Mechanized transportation (25 m. p. h!)
 Electric light
 Monopolies
 Urban Labor
 Unions
 Socialism
 Nationalism
 Germany 1871
 Italy 1848
 Immigration and population explosion
 Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900
 A balance of Apollo and Dionysius is
necessary.
 There are 2 kinds of morality, master
morality and slave morality.
 The first is self affirmative and comes
from the rules of society.
 The will to power is the basic
drive of man.
 Slave morality comes from the ruled,
is rooted in resentment and the desire
for vengeance.
 The slave morality is a sickness,
preaching the herd mentality and a
false equality based on mediocrity.
 To combat this sickness, use a hammer.
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900
 We are in a transition period. Man is the
preparation for the Superman.
 The Superman will be a person of high
integrity, without prejudice, proud,
intellectual, possessing a great soul,
considerate to his inferiors, and will
love solitude as a necessary part of
creation.
 Toward this end we should all strive.
 Time is infinite and circular, so if it
doesn't happen today, so what!
 Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939

 Man's inner workings have 3 parts

 Id = sexual desire = Dionysus

 Ego = seeks harmony and balance

 Superego = idealism (parental

training) = Apollo
 When a desire is censored by the
superego, the ego and superego
relegate it to the unconscious
(repression).
 Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939
 All repressed desires affect our
conscious life.
 The most powerful repressed
desires -- son for mother
(Oedipal complex) and
daughter for father (Electra
complex).
 Religion is one way to avoid
neuroses and maturity.
 Religion is the projection of
the father (superego) into
cosmic dimensions. This
allows people the comfort
of illusions and mass
neurosis instead of
individual neurosis.
Healthier, but still an
illusion.
 Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939
 Maturity consists of two principles:
 Reality principle = no illusions

 Pleasure principle = sexual

fulfillment is the goal of life (all
pleasure is sublimated sexual
pleasure)
 Human history is the struggle
between sex (Eros / Dionysus)
and death (Thanatos / Apollo).
Japanese art and the
Paris Exposition
Universelle in 1867
9,238,967 visitors between April 1 and October 31
50,226 exhibitors
15,055 France and her colonies
6176 from Great Britain and Ireland
703 from the United States
A Japanese stand or booth was also there
The Japanese Delegation
 Ukiyo-e: (1600 - 1867)
 A popular style of Japanese art in the Edo (Tokyo) period
 Ukiyo means "floating world" and was a play on the Buddhist term from
the earthly life "the sorrowful world." .
 The school was founded by 17th century artist Hishikawa Moronobu and
included other notable artists such as Hiroshige, Hokusai, Utamaro, and
Sharaku.
 The movement is recognized for its woodblock prints, which became
popular in Europe after 1867.
 The Ukiyo-e movement has a strong influence on the Impressionists and
the Art Nouveau style.
 In return, the Japanese artists began incorporating western techniques and
subject matter into their work.
 From World Wide Art Resources (absoluteart.com)
Torii Kiyonaga, Three Geisha in
Rain, ca.1783
James Abbott
McNeill Whistler.
Variations in
Flesh Color and
Green: The
Balcony.
1864-70
 Utamaro
Kitagawa
1750-1806
Edgar Degas: Seated Woman Having
her Hair Combed 1892-95
Ando Hiroshige: Kameido 1856-8
Monet: Japanese Bridge 1899
The Meeting of Eastern and Western
Art
 By Michael Sullivan
 Published 1998
University of California
Press
 The Academic Tradition
 Drawing is the foundation of all art
 Classical antiquity provides the best models
 The human figure is the best subject
 The Academic Hierarchy thus was:
 History Painting
 Scenes from History, Religion, Mythology or Allegory (using
symbolic figures to express abstract ideas)
 Portraits & Genre Painting
 Landscape & Animal Painting
 Still Life
 Adolphe-
William
Bouguereau
1825-1905

Self Portrait
1879
The Birth of
Venus
1879
The Bohemian
1890
 Edouard Manet 1832-1883
 In 1863, the Salon, the
official board of review of
French painting rejected over
4000 canvases. Napoleon III,
responding to the outraged
public, established the Salon
de Refuses.
 Self Portrait 1878
 Luncheon on the Grass/The
Picnic 1863
 Olympia 1863
 A Bar at the Folies Bergere
1881
Olympia 1863
 Claude Monet 1840-1926
 IMPRESSIONISM
 Only lasted about 15 years

 No longer any attempt to hide

brush strokes
 The surface of the painting
has no weak areas, all parts
rush to meet you at once
 Portrait of Monet painted by
Renoir 1875
 Impression, Sunrise 1872
 Two paintings of Rouen Cathedral
1894
 Rocks at Port-Goulphar, Belle-
Ile, 1886
Chrysanthemums

1882
 Berthe
Morisot
1841-1895
Painted by Manet
1873
(Morisot married
his brother,
Eugene, in 1874)
Young Girl
with a
Parrot 1873
The Village (undated)
 Mary
Cassatt
1844-1926
Self Portrait
1878
Degas:
"I am not willing to admit
that a woman can draw that
well."
 Mother
and Child
1900
Next Slide:
The Boating
Party
1893-94
Child Picking a
Fruit
1893
 Edgar Degas
1834-1917
 Self Portrait 1857-58
 Ingres’ drawing skills
merged with
Delacroix’s color
 He taught Cassatt
 300 paintings of
horse races
 Ballet dancers
 Dance School 1874
 Mary
Cassatt
1880-84
 Women
Ironing
1884
Next
slides:
Jockey on
a Horse
1903
At the
Cotton
Exchange
in New
Orleans
1873
 Pierre-
Auguste
Renoir
1841-1919
Self Portrait
1875
 Pierre-
Auguste
Renoir
1841-1919
Self
Portrait
1910
Girl with a
Watering
Can
1876
Two Sisters
(On the
Terrace)
1881
Girls at the
Piano
1892
Next slide:
La Moulin de la
Gallette 1876
Auguste Rodin
1840-1917
 Most original voice
in sculpture since
Bernini.
 Burghers of Calais
1889
 Balzac 1898
 Danaid 1889
 Rodin by Claudel
She Who
Was the
Helmet-
Maker's
Beautiful
Wife
1880-85
 Georges Seurat 1859-1891

 Pointillism
 Subject of a musical
Sunday in the Park with
George.
 Died young, probably
from overwork.
 Portrait by Ernest
Laurent in 1883
 A Sunday Afternoon on
the Island of La Grande
Jatte
1884-86
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
1884-86
 Young
Woman
Powdering
Herself
1890
 Paul Cezanne 1839-1906
 Everything is a
cone, sphere,
cylinder, or some
other geometric
shape.
 Self Portrait 1885-
87
 Next Slide: Study:
Landscape at Auvers
1873
The Vase of
Tulips
1890
Boy in a
Red
Waistcoat
1890-95
 Paul Gauguin 1848-1903
A painting is :
“a flat surface
covered with colors
arranged in a
certain order.”

Self Portrait 1893-94

Portrait of a
Woman, with
Still Life by
Cezanne
1890
 We Hail
Thee Mary
1891
 Two
Tahitian
Women
1899
Where Do We Come From? What Are We?
Where Are We Going? 1897
Vincent Van Gogh 1853-1890
 He began to draw at age
27 after failing at
everything else he tried.
 Self Portrait 1889
 Still Life with Apples,
Pears, Lemons and
Grapes 1887
 The Starry Night 1889
 Lust for Life 1956 (Kirk
Douglas as Van Gogh-
Academy Award
Nomination)
 Van Gogh’s progress:
1880 1882
Wheat Field under Threatening Skies 1890
 Louis Sullivan 1856-1924
 The Wainwright
Building in St. Louis
1890-91
 First skyscraper in the
US
 Frank Lloyd Wright was
his apprentice for 6
years
 Pablo Picasso 1881-1973
 John Berger: The Success and Failure of Picasso
 Self Portraits 1899 & 1901
Femme
Three
Women
1907
Next:
Three
Musicians
1921
Guernica 1937
Death of the Bullfighter 1933
Baboon
and
Young
1951
Couple
1971
 Self
Portrait
1972
 Henri Matisse 1869-1954

 Self Portrait in a Striped

Shirt 1906
 Next slide: Luxe, Calme
et Volupte 1904-05
 Harmony in Red 1908
 Icarus
1943-44
Made with colored paper—
he was too weak to stand at
an easel
 Wassily
Kandinsky
1866-1944
 Next Slides:
 Gabriele Munter
1905
 Composition VIII
1923
Portrait of Kandinsky by Gabriele
Munter 1906
 Igor Stravinsky 1882-1971
 The Firebird 1910
 Petrouska 1911
 The Rite of Spring
1913
 Stravinsky by Picasso 1920?
 Igor Stravinsky
The Rite of Spring
DVD
 Igor
Stravinsky
The Rite of
Spring CD
 Bela Bartok 1881-1945
 Allegro Barbaro
1911
 Mikrokosmos 1926-
1939
 Concerto for
Orchestra 1943
 Bela
Bartok
String
Quartet
No. 4
CD
Arnold Schoenberg
1874-1951

 Opus 11 1908
 Opus 19 1911
 William Christopher Handy
1873-1958
 Memphis Blues 1911
 St. Louis Blues 1914
 Careless Love 1921
 (aka Loveless Love)
 Handy and Henry Pace
would create Black Swan
Records, the first record
company owned by African
Americans, in 1921