Heat and Mass

Transfer
Introduction to Conduction:
Heat Conduction Equation &
Boundary and initial Conditions

Lecture 2 (Chapter 2)
1
 Introduction
1. Heat conduction was defined as the transfer of thermal
energy from the more energetic particles of a medium to the
adjacent less energetic ones.

2. Is heat transfer = temperature?

We could state the direction by saying

heat conduction is toward the inside
(heat gain) or toward the outside (heat
loss)……

Heat transfer has direction and magnitude,

thus it is a vector quantity
2
Indicating direction for heat transfer
(positive in the positive direction;
negative in the negative direction)

3
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer
Continuing for only a short time

More scientific way of

definitions:

Steady = NO change with time

at any point within the medium

Transient = Variation with time

or time dependence
Steady and transient heat conduction in a
plane wall

4
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer

Examples:

1.Heat transfer through the walls of a room will be steady heat

transfer process when the conditions inside the room and the
office remain constant for several hours.

2.The cooling of an apple in a refrigerator, on the other hand, is

a transient heat transfer process since the temperature at any
fixed point within the apple will change with time during
cooling.

5
Multidimensional Heat Transfer
Heat transfer problems also classified as being one-
dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional, depending
on the relative magnitudes of heat transfer rates in different
directions and the level of accuracy desired.

In most general case, heat transfer through a medium is three-

dimensional.

In the rectangular coordinate system, the temperature

distribution in this case is expressed as T(x, y, z, t), while the
temperature distribution for cylindrical and spherical coordinate
systems are expressed as T(r, , z, t) and T(r, , θ, t),
respectively.
6
Example:
T(x, y, z, t) T(r, , z, t) T(r, , θ, t)

The various distances and angles involved when describing

the location of a point in different coordinate systems.

7
Example:

The steady temperature

distribution in a long bar of
rectangular cross section can be
expressed as T(x, y) if the
temperature variation in the z-
direction (along the bar) is
negligible and there is not change
with time.

Two-dimensional heat
transfer in a long
rectangular bar

8
 Example:
Heat transfer through the window
of a house can be taken to be one-
dimensional
Heat transfer through the glass of a
window can be considered to be
one-dimensional, T(x) since heat
transfer through the pipe occurs
predominantly in one direction (the
direction normal to the surface of
the glass) and heat transfer in other
directions (from one side edge to
the other and from the top edge to
the bottom) is negligible
9
  
Heat Generation ( E g ; q)

What is heat generation?

A medium through which heat is conducted may involve the

conversion of electrical, nuclear or chemical energy into
thermal energy. In heat conduction analysis, such conversion
processes are characterized as heat generation.

Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon.

Heat generation is different as compared to heat flux because:

heat generation is expressed per unit volume W/m3 while
heat flux is expressed per unit surface area W/m2.
10
 Examples:

Heat generation is happened in the The absorption of solar radiation by

heating coils of an electric range water can be treated as heat
as a result of the conversion of generation.
electrical energy to heat.

11
 2 types of heat generation in chemical reactions,

The chemical reaction serves as heat

source when heat is released during
exothermic chemical reaction.

The chemical reaction serves as heat

sink when heat is absorbed during
endothermic chemical reaction.

12
 Fourier’s Law

dT
q  k
"
x
dx

Because the heat is always transferred in

the direction of decreasing temperature

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier T1

(21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) q”x
was a French mathematician and physicist
T2
13
A major objective in a conduction analysis is to
determine the temperature field in a medium resulting
from conditions imposed on its boundaries

That is, we wish to know the temperature distribution,

which represents how temperature varies with position
in the medium.

Temperature distribution could be represented by……..

General Heat Conduction Equation

14
Why different coordinate systems are being used?

Heat conducting systems can have different

shapes and geometries. Heat conducting systems
can basically have rectangular, cylindrical or
spherical geometries. It is therefore easier to
derive the heat conduction equations by using
Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical
coordinates system, depending on the shape of
the heat conducting system.

15
 k

C p
 = thermal diffusivity

α is a measure of how quickly heat propagates

Large α: quick response to thermal perturbation
Small α: slow response to thermal perturbation

A small change in the quality

16
 qz+dz

qy+dy

qz+dz
qx qx+dx

dz

qy

z dy
y
dx

x qz

Three-dimensional heat conduction through a

rectangular volume element

17
 qz+dz
The Heat Diffusion Equation
qy+dy
Conservation of thermal energy (First Law):
qz+dz
E st  Ein  E out  E gen qx qx+dx
dz
2
dE d v qy
E st   (mh  m  mgz) z dy
dt dt 2 y dx
x qz

T Rate of change of (sensible) energy storage per

E st  c p dxdydz
t unit volume (assume no phase change)
Rate of energy generation
E gen  q gendxdydz
(source/sink term, e.g. chemical/electrical/ nuclear)
Ein  qx  q y  qz Rate of energy inflow
E out  qxdx  q y dy  qz dz Rate of energy outflow

T
 c p dxdydz  (q x  q y  q z )  (q x  dx  q y  dy  q z  dz )  q gen dxdydz
t
18
 The Heat Conduction Equation qz+dz

Fourier’s Law in Cartesian Coordinates: qy+dy

T qx
qz+dz
qx+dx
q x  kdydz dz
x
qy
T
q y  kdxdz z
y
dy
y dx
x qz
T
q z  kdxdy
z
Taylor Expansion:
q x
q x  dx  q x  dx
x
q y
q y  dy  q y  dy
y
q
q z  dz  q z  z dz
z
19
The Heat Diffusion Equation
T
c p dxdydz  (q x  q y  q z )  (q x  dx  q y  dy  q z  dz )  q gen dxdydz
t
T q q y q
 c p dxdydz  ( x dx  dy  z dz )  q gen dxdydz
t x y z

T  2T  2T  2T
 c p dxdydz  (kdydz 2 dx  kdxdz 2 dy  kdxdy 2 dz )  q gen dxdydz
t x y z

T   2T  2T  2T  q gen Three-dimensional heat

   2  2  2   diffusion (Fourier) equation in
t  x y z  c p
Cartesian coordinates
k

c p

20
 Cylindrical Coordinates
Fourier’s Law in Cylindrical
Coordinates:
T
T  1   T  1   T   2T  q gen
q"r   k
 r  2   2  r
t  r r  r  r     z  c p
k T
q"  
r 
T
q"z  k
z
ds = rd
Heat Conduction Equation

1   kr T   1   k T     k T   q.  c T
r r  r  r 2     z  z  p
t
21
 Spherical Coordinates
Fourier’s Law in Spherical
Coordinates:
T
T  1   T    T    T  q gen
q"r   k
   2 r2  2
1
 
 sin 

 2
1
 
   r
t  r r  r  r sin     r sin     c p
k T
q"  
r 

k T
q"  
ds = rsin d r sin  

Heat Conduction Equation

1   kr2 T   1   k T   1   k sin  T   q.  c T
r 2 r  r  r 2 sin 2      r 2 sin 2      p
t
22
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL
CONDITIONS

23
 
 T  T  T g 1 T
2 2 2
k
 2  2   if  
x 2
y z k  t C p

The general equation above DO NOT incorporate any information

related to the conditions on the surfaces such as the surface
temperature or a specified heat flux.

Heat transfer problem in a medium IS NOT COMPLETE without

a full description of the thermal conditions at the bounding
surfaces of the medium .

The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions at the

boundaries are called the boundary conditions.

24
The general solution of a typical differential equation
involves arbitrary constants, and thus an infinite number of
solutions. 25
We need to specify some conditions so that forcing the
solution to satisfy these conditions at specified points will
result in unique values for the arbitrary constants and thus a
unique solution.

But since the differential equation has no place for the

additional information or conditions, we need to supply them
separately in the form of boundary or initial conditions.

26
Consider the variation of temperature along the wall of a brick
house in winter.

The temperature distribution in the wall depends on the

conditions at the boundaries of the wall as well as the heat
transfer mechanism inside the wall.
To describe a heat transfer problem completely, two boundary
conditions must be given for each direction of the coordinate
system along which heat transfer is significant. .

27
Reconsider the brick wall already discussed.

The temperature at any point on the wall at a specified time

also depends on the condition of the wall at the beginning of
the heat conduction process.

Such a condition, which is usually specified at time t = 0 is

called the initial condition, which is the temperature
distribution of the medium initially.

Need only ONE initial condition for a heat conduction problem

regardless of the dimension.

28
Reconsider the brick wall already discussed.

Do you think we need to specify an

initial condition for this problem? If
yes, what is the possible initial
condition …..??

29
In general, boundary conditions
(BC) most commonly encountered
in practice are:

1.Specified temperature BC
2.Specified heat flux BC
3.Convection BC
4.Radiation BC
5.Interface BC
30
 Boundary Conditions, BC for Three Cases
Specified Temperature BC, Ts (Dirichlet)
T 0, t   Ts
Specified Heat Flux BC, qs (Neumann)
T
q s  k
"

x x 0

Special Case: Insulated Surface / Adiabatic

T
0
x x 0

Convection BC (Mixed)
T
k  hT  T 0, t 
x x 0
31
Specified Temperature BC, Ts (Dirichlet)

The easiest ways to specify the

thermal conditions on a surface.

The specified temperatures can be

constant (steady heat conduction)
or may vary with time:

32
Specified Heat Flux BC, q”s (Neumann)

When there is sufficient information about

energy interactions at a surface, it may be
possible to determine the rate of heat transfer
and thus heat flux, q’’s.

For a plate of thickness L subjected to heat

flux of 50 W/m2 into the medium from both
sides, for example, the specified heat flux
boundary conditions can be expressed as:

33
 Special Case: Insulated boundary

Heat transfer through a properly insulated

surface can be taken to be zero since adequate
insulation reduces heat transfer through a
surface.

The boundary condition on a perfectly

insulated surface can be expressed as:

The temperature function must be perpendicular to an insulated surface since the slope of
temperature at the surface must be zero

34
Convection BC (Mixed)

The convection boundary condition is based

on a surface energy balance expressed as:

in which case,

Note that a surface has zero thickness and thus no mass, and it cannot
store any energy. Therefore, the entire net heat entering the surface
from one side must leave the surface from the other side.

35
Radiation BC & Interface BC
(not included)

36