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Assignment (10 %)
Test (10 %)
Lab practical (10 %)
Final Examination (70 %)
Total assessment: 100%
Important Dates and
Information
Mid term test is scheduled on 9th
March 2020 (Monday)from 5.30pm to
7.00pm at KB 208. Scopes: Chapter 1,2
and 3.
Assigment: The submission due date of
the assignment is 30th March 2020
(before 12pm)
Evolution of Process
6
Engineering Disciplines Material process
engineering
Food process
Other engineering Material
science
disciplines?
Biochemical
engineering Food
science
Chemical
Biological
engineering
science
Chemical
kinetics
Fluid motion
Transfer processes Mechanical
Flow patterns
(Heat & Mass Transfer) engineering
Solid mechanics
Conditional Pass
Engineering Programmes:
A compulsory pass in the final examination(≥50%)
in order to pass a subjects
Introduction
What is heat transfer?
Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
difference.
processes
Development of faster computer processors
plants
Application of Heat and Mass
13
Transfer in Food Engineering
circulation in
bioreactor for large
scale monoclonal
antibodies production
16
Why is heat and mass transfer important?
Conduction:
Transfer of energy from molecule to molecule due to
vibration of molecules (atomic & molecular activity).
Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of
particles of matter.
Higher temperature associated with higher molecular
energies.
Conduction is particularly important with metals.
21 Convection:
• Comprised of 2 mechanisms: 1. energy transferred due to random
molecular motion (diffusion) and 2. energy tranferred due to bulk
movement of fluid.
• Convection is the transfer of heat by movement of the heated fluid.
• The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer.
• Convection does not occur in solid because: molecules keep their relative
position to such an extent that bulk movement or flow is prohibited.
• Convection heat transfer which occurs between a fluid in motion (moving
fluid) and a boundary surface at two different temperatures.
222types of Convection:
1 2 lim Δx → 0 Negative as T
Δ qx dT decrease with
qx " k
T x A dx increase of x
T1 Implies directional
Δ
T2T
Heat flux (W/m2) quantity: heat flux
normal to plane of
Δ Thermal conductivity constant
x1 x x2 x (W/mK) temperature
25
qx dT
qx " k
A dx
T1 T2
qx " k
L
T
qx " k
L
26 Conduction
Although k is a
Values of thermal conductivity (W/m K) function of
diamond 2200 temperature, it is
copper 380 normally assumed to
aluminium 204 be constant in
mild steel 45
concrete 2 narrow temperature
glass 0.7 range.
wood 0.13
magnesia insulation 0.069 Property Tables (Incropera &
mercury (20oC) 8.7
water (20oC) 0.6 DeWitt):
Steam (100oC, 1 bar) 0.025 Solids: Tables A.1 – A.3
Air (20oC, 1 bar) 0.026 Gases: Table A.4
CO2 (20oC, 1 bar) 0.016
Liquids: Tables A.5 – A.7
Convection
27 Develop when there is fluid flow over a surface
T∞=temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
Hydrodynamic boundary layer
U Thermal boundary layer
Develop if the T
fluid free ∞
∞
stream and y q Ts
surface x
temperatures
differ Newton’s Law of Cooling
q" hTs T q" hT Ts
if TS > T∞
or
if TS < T∞
Convection heat transfer Dependent on boundary layer
coefficient (W/m2K) properties
Ts > T∞: Heat transfer from surface to bulk
T∞ > Ts: Heat transfer from bulk to surface
Convection
28
Typical values of
convection heat transfer coefficient
2. Thus, in the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a
solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.
3. Consider the cooling of a hot block by blowing cool air over its top
surface. Energy is transferred to the air layer adjacent to the block by
conduction.
4. This energy is then carried away from the surface by convection, either by
forced convection or natural convection.
30
Convection (con’t)
5. Fluid is forced to flow over the surface forced convection
Fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces natural convection
AND
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
q A T T s
4 4
sur
Assumes all radiation leaving
q AT s
4
one surface will reach the other
surface
For a blackbody, = 1 :
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4)
qemit " Ts
4
Conservation of
Energy
35 The principal of conservation of energy states
that:
Although energy assumes many forms, the
total quantity of energy is constant, and when
energy disappears in one form, it appears
simultaneously in other forms.
(The First Law of Thermodynamics)
36 Conservation of Energy for a Control
Volume
At an instant (t), the rate of increase of
energy stored in the control volume
must equal the rate at which energy
enter the control volume, minus the rate
at which energy leave the control Ein Eout Eg Est
volume, plus the rate at which energy is . . . dEst .
generated within the control volume. E in E out E g E st
dt
reduced to
. .
E in E out 0
qconv
qcond qrad
0
k
T1 T2
L
h T2 T 2 T24 Tsur
4
0
38
Method for Solving Heat
Transfer Problems
• State concisely what is known
• State what is to be solved
• Draw a schematic:
– Identify control surface/volume
• Discussion of results:
– Summarise key conclusions
parameters
40
Summary
Conduction Due to random motion of Fourier’s Law
constituent T
T as driving force
qx " k
L
Convection Associated with bulk motion, Newton’s Law
forced / free
T as driving force q" hTs T
Radiation Emitted due to shift of electronic For gray surface
state of constituents
qemit " Ts
4
transmitted by electromagnetic
wave / photon propagation (no
medium)