Algae

and the origin of

Eukaryotic Cells
CONCEPTS:
*Life originated over 3 billion years ago as
simple prokaryotic organisms and after
billion years eukaryotic cells had come into
existence.

*Mitochondria arose first, as an eukaryotic

cell but did not digest a bacterium capable
of aerobic respiration.
*ENDOSYMBIOSIS

*Currently, there are numerous groups of

organism called protozoans and algae that is
originated from early steps in eukaryotic
evolution.
*another line of early eukaryotes,ones
that entered another endosymbiosis which
evolved into a chloroplast. This give
arise to algae including green algae
which in turn produced true plants -
EMBRYOPHYTES.

*Early eukaryotes are almost unicellular

and in the past grouped together in the
kingdom “PROTISTA” but this was a grade
of classification.

*In plants, the reproductive structures

are always complex and multicellular,
and only some inner cells become
reproductive.
Origin
of Eukaryotic
Cells
● The Earth’s history has been divided
into eons by geologist:

-Hadean Eon
-Archean Eon
-Phanerozoic Eon
DNA
structure
Prokaryotic DNA:
■ Is found freely in the cytoplasm (within a region
called the nucleoid)
■ Is naked (i.e. not bound with proteins and
therefore doesn’t form chromatin)
■ Genomes are compact (contain little repetitive
DNA and no introns)
■ Contains extra-chromosomal plasmids
■ Is circular in shape
Eukaryotic DNA:
■ Is contained within a nucleus
■ Is bound to histone proteins
■ Genomes contain large amounts of non-coding
and repetitive DNA (including introns)
■ Do not contain plasmids (but organelles such as
the mitochondria may contain their own
chromosomes)
■ Are linear in shape
and Division
*The DNA of prokaryotes lies directly in the
cytoplasm; no nucleus is present. As a
prokaryotic cell grows, its plasma membrane
expands the DNA circles attached to it are
separated from each other by cell growth.
The cell then pinches in two.

*Most of the DNA of eukaryotes is located

within the nucleus, separated from the
cytoplasm by two nuclear membranes with
nuclear pores.

*In all eukaryotes, meiotic nuclear division

occurs as part of sexual reproduction.
organelles
*Prokaryotes lack membrane-bounded
organelles, their cytoplasm is rather
homogenous, containing only ribosomes and
storage granules.

*Eukaryotes have nuclei and mitochondria and

plants and algae also have plastids. In
addition, dictyosomes, ER, vacuoles, and
vesicles are compound of the eukaryotic
endomembrane system.

PROKARYOTES RIBOSOMES: 70S

EUKARYOTES RIBOSOMES: 80S cytoplasmic

70S in organelles
KEYWORDS:

Cellular metabolism is the set of chemical

reactions that occur in living organisms in
order to maintain life. Cellular metabolism
involves complex sequences of controlled
biochemical reactions, better known as
metabolic pathways. These processes allow
organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain
their structures, and respond to
environmental changes.