Infer Evolutionary

Relationships of
Organisms
 What is an evolutionary relationship
between organisms?
The evolutionary history and relationship of an
organism or group of organism its called phylogeny it
describes the relationship of an organism that is
thought to evolved and which species it is most closely
related.

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Molecular comparisons
•Describes the use of information on the
molecular level including DNA sequencing, has
blossomed.
•Molecular characters can include differences in
the amino-acid sequence of a protein, differences
in the individual nucleotide sequence of a gene,
or differences in the arrangements of genes.

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Evidence of Evolution
•Anatomy
• Molecular biology
• Biogeography
• Fossils
• Direct observation
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Evolution happens on large and
small scales
Two types of evolution based on scale:•
Macroevolution, which refers to large-scale changes that
occur over extended time periods, such as the formation of
new species and groups.
Microevolution, which refers to small-scale changes that
affect just one or a few genes and happen in populations over
shorter timescales.
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 Inferring
Relationships
from Evidences
of Evolution
Biomolecule Component of an
Organism

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Cytochrome C
⦁ discovered by Charles MacMunn (1886) and re-
discovered by David Keilin (1925)
⦁ an important enzyme found in virtually all
organisms
⦁ a highly conserved protein which functions in
the ETC
⦁ also performs a role in apoptosis (programmed
cell death) by being released into the cytosol,
activating the events of cell death
⦁ there are 104 amino acids in the human
Cytochrome C, 37 of which have been found at
the same position in every Cyt C that has been
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sequenced
CYTOCHROME C
 Ipinakiusap din niya sa Don
Filipo na sabihin kay Ibarra na
makipagkita sa kanya sa loob ng ilang
araw sapagkat malapit na siyang
yumao. Sa kabila ng karamdaman ni
Tandang Tasyo ang kapakanan ng
bayan ang kanyang inaalagata.
Matibay ang kanyang paniniwala ng
ang Pilipinas ay tumatahak parin sa
karimlan. Hindi nagluwat, nagpaalam
na si Don Filipo. IX-AU
 Cladogram
or
Branching Tree
 Cladogram, or Branching Tree, based on Cytochrome C
Amino Acid Structures
horse donkey whale chicken penguin snake moth yeast wheat

horse 0 1 5 11 13 21 29 45 46
donkey 0 4 10 12 20 28 46 45

whale 0 9 10 18 27 45 44

chicken 0 3 18 29 46 46
penguin 0 17 27 45 46
snake 0 29 46 46
moth 0 48 45
yeast 0 47
wheat 0
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15

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 Cladogram, or Branching Tree, based on
insect traits

Cells Legs Antenna Wings 2 sets of wings

Worm X

Spider X X

Carpenter Ant X X X

House Fly X X X X

Dragonfly X X X X X
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 Structures of Organisms

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Bird wing

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Bird wing

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Bird wing
 PELICAN OWL

HUMMINGBIRD
PENGUIN
 Physical Features
of an various hominids
⦁ The jaw displayed significant
forward projection to humans,
but less than modern African
apes
⦁ small face in more vertical
position than chimpanzees
⦁ the ridge above the eye socket
is unlike that of a chimpanzee
⦁ primitive oval-shaped earholes
⦁ sloping forehead
⦁ large mid-face with jutting
cheekbones
⦁ jaws were ape-like

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⦁ low, sloping forehead
⦁ projecting face
⦁ prominent brow ridges above
the eyes
⦁ jaws were long and narrow
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⦁ appearance of slight
forehead
⦁ face had a small, arched
brow ridge and was smaller
and shorter than those of
earlier ancestors
⦁ facial projection was
reduced
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⦁ jaw was smaller
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⦁ large face with a low sloping
forehead, a massive brow
ridge and a broad, flat nose
⦁ large and thick jaw without a
pointed chin

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⦁ face is reasonably small
with a projecting nose
bone
⦁ brow ridge is limited and
the forehead is tall
⦁ short jaws

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