Departemen Teknik Industri

PEMODELAN SISTEM: Silabus Ringkas

• Sistem dan Berpikir sistem
• Konsep Sistem
• Pemodelan sistem untuk pemecahan
masalah;
• Proses pendefinisian masalah;
• Model Deterministik
Departemen Teknik Industri

PEMODELAN SISTEM: Silabus Ringkas

• Pemodelan dengan formulasi matematik
deterministik
• Analisis Model dan Validasi Model
• Proyek kelas I
• Pemodelan dengan formulasi matematik
stokhastik
• Estimasi Parameter
• Analisis dan validasi model, dan
implementasi model
Departemen Teknik Industri

PEMODELAN SISTEM: Silabus Ringkas

• Pemodelan sistem kompleks

• Contoh Kasus Sistem Industri
• Proyek kelas II
• UAS
Departemen Teknik Industri

TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL
• Memberikan pengetahuan tentang pemodelan sistem
untuk pemecahan masalah (riil dalam lingkup bidang
Teknik Industri) dan pembentukan model matematik
serta implementasi model tsb.
• Mampu mendefinisikan masalah, membentuk sistem
yang relevan untuk masalah, memodelkan sistem
tersebut, serta melakukan analisis dan validasi
model.
Departemen Teknik Industri

REFERENSI
• Daellenbach, H. G., Systems and Decision
Making, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-
England, 1994.
• Murthy, D.N.P., Page, M.W., and Rodin,E.Y.,
Mathematical Modelling, Pergamon Press,
1990.
• Makalah dari beberapa Jurnal Nasional dan
Internasional
Departemen Teknik Industri

SISTEM & BERPIKIR SISTEM

Outline Kuliah:

• Sistem (System)
• Berpikir Sistem (Systems Thinking)
• Teknik Industri –Definisi, masalah khas TI,
dan Kebutuhan pendekatan komprehensif
untuk pemecahan masalah (pengambilan
keputusan)
Departemen Teknik Industri

SYSTEMS

Definition:
• A system is understood to be a whole composed of
elements that are related to each other.
• The cohesion will emerge from the fact that the
elements are linked together by their relations.
• Briefly defined, one might say that a system is a
collection of elements in their entirety and the
relations between them.
Departemen Teknik Industri

SYSTEMS

• A system (as defined by Ackoff) "is a

whole that cannot be divided into
independent parts without loss of its
essential properties or functions."
Departemen Teknik Industri

I/O Model of An Open System

Departemen Teknik Industri

SYSTEMS THINKING
• Thinking about the world in term of the
concept of a system which can be defined
as –
• A set of elements connected together in
an organized and inter-related way to
form a whole, this showing emergent
properties which are properties of the
whole, rather than properties of its
component parts.
Departemen Teknik Industri

SYSTEMS THINKING
• “Whole” as being a system nature
(Darwin)
• “Whole” as being the entire economic
system (Keynes)
• Both Darwin and Keynes conceptualized
their systems as being as large in size
(but the individual components could still
be identified and integrated into a
systematic whole).
Departemen Teknik Industri

System Thinking in connection with

Industrial Engineering
• Why do we need to study about System
Modelling, Thinking about System as you
are an Industrial Engineer?

• To address this question, come to look at

the definition of Industrial Engineering.

• What is the definition of IE ?

Departemen Teknik Industri

Industrial Engineering (IE)

Departemen Teknik Industri
Departemen Teknik Industri

Needs A Comprehensive Approach:

Systems Modelling
Departemen Teknik Industri

What Does IE Do?

Departemen Teknik Industri

FOUNDATION OF SYSTEMS THINKING

Two pair of ideas form the foundation for
systems thinking:
• Emergence and hierarchy
• Communication and control
Departemen Teknik Industri

Emergence and Hierarchy

• Hierarchy
 There exists a hierarchy of levels of
organization, each one more complex than the
one below it, each level being characterized by
emergent properties which do not exist at the
lower level.
 As an illustration: Consider a human being –at
the lowest level: atoms, molecules, cells; then
tissue and organs; then the body’s highly –
inter-related systems –e.g. the respiratory and
circulatory systems; at the highest level the
whole human.
Departemen Teknik Industri

Hierarchy
Departemen Teknik Industri
Departemen Teknik Industri

Emergence and Hierarchy

• Emergence
 The idea of emergent properties states that at
all levels a system exhibits properties that are
more than the sum of its parts.
 An example: the properties of the complex
substance water (H2O) – one of which is its
ability to extinguish fire – are not found in
either of its molecular components Hydrogen
(which is combustible and explosive) and
Oxygen (without which combustion cannot
take place) –Vyotsky, Soviet psychologist.
Departemen Teknik Industri

Communication and control

• Open systems interact with their environment:
they take in things from it –system inputs – and
export things to it –system outputs.
• The boundary determines the interface between
the system and the environment in which it
operates.
• The basic concept of communication and control
in systems is that, in order to achieve its purpose
or goal and to remain in equilibrium with its
environment a system uses information about its
performance –feedback –to adjust its activities.
Departemen Teknik Industri
Departemen Teknik Industri

GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

• Theory: General system theory (L.V

Bertalanffy,1951-Biologist)
• Described open systems using anatomy
nomenclature
• The human body, muscles, skeleton,
circulatory system, and so on, were all
described as subsystems of total
system (The human being)
Departemen Teknik Industri

GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

Departemen Teknik Industri

GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

• Symbolization of the concept system
 Inner-System Boundary-Outer
(Environment)
• Open system vs. Closed system
• Content of the system:
 The complete collection of all elements
without the interrelations of these
elements being taken into consideration
Departemen Teknik Industri

GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

• Structure of the system
 Consists of the pattern of these relations
• Subsystem
 A partial collection of the elements of
the system
Departemen Teknik Industri

System (Inner-Outer)
Departemen Teknik Industri

Sub-System
Departemen Teknik Industri

System: Relationship between Elements

Departemen Teknik Industri

System thinking
• Thinking in terms of systems -as opposed to
seeing snapshots or discrete events with little or
no interrelationship.
• Peter Senge, in his bestselling book The Fifth
Discipline: describes how our mental models, or
personal paradigms, are often developed from
our tendency to break down large problems
into smaller manageable parts.
• In doing this, we end up mentally isolating
events and actions, mostly because their causes
and effects are often widely separated in time
and space.
Departemen Teknik Industri

Why we need Systems Thinking

• Senge views the problem as systemic
in nature and not easily or quickly
overcome in organizations.
• The core of the problem is that our
world is one of dynamic complexity, the
mastery of which cannot be achieved
by focusing on details alone without
systems fluency.
Departemen Teknik Industri

System thinking
• System thinking: Thinking in terms of
systems
• System thinking: A problem methodology
approach
• System thinking: Observing is viewed as
mental activity –Mental Model
Departemen Teknik Industri

System:Mental Model
Departemen Teknik Industri

Elements and the Relations between

Elements
• Elements of a system are characterised by
certain features –e.g.
 physical,geometrical,aesthetic,social-psychological or
economic
• If a relationship exists between one or more
elements then if the characteristics of those
elements change then the other elements will
similarly change
• Relations between the elements are indicated by
means of a simple line.
• Relations can be in terms of technical,
economic, socio-psychological aspects.
Departemen Teknik Industri

Aspects System
• Represents a partial collection of the system
relation
• There are various aspects of system –e.g.
technical, economic, socio-psychological aspects
• The various aspects have been connected
together by means of what are termed
interrelations (A multi-aspect system)
• Interrelations are seen as the relations between
the different aspect systems distinguishable
within the original system
• In a multi-aspect system: We need to put
together the partial problem analyses to form
one integral problem analysis
Departemen Teknik Industri

Industrial Engineering (IE)

Departemen Teknik Industri

Typical IE Questions
• Is the system providing the best possible economic
return to its owners?
• Are some products not economically viable? Which
ones?
• Are resources being utilized appropriately? Where is
capacity excessive or inadequate?
• Is the mix of resources appropriate? Are new
technologies needed?
• Are the resources organized and managed properly?
• Are suppliers' prices, terms, delivery, and quality
appropriate?
• Are the products/services meeting customers'
needs? How could they be improved?
Departemen Teknik Industri
Departemen Teknik Industri

Needs A Comprehensive Approach:

Systems Modelling
Departemen Teknik Industri

What Does IE Do?

Departemen Teknik Industri

Multi-Aspect System: 3 Independent Aspects

Departemen Teknik Industri

Integrated System
Departemen Teknik Industri

Multi-Disciplinary Approach
• A mono-disciplinist is seen as someone
with specialist knowledge in the area of a
single –mono-discipline (He will only be
able to construe a mono-aspect view)
• With increasing complexity of technical
system and increase in the number of
relevant aspects – This needs A Multi-
Disciplinary Approach
• A Multi-Disciplinary Approach demands
integrative skills from the problem
solver or project manager
Departemen Teknik Industri

Example-1: Multi Disciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem
Departemen Teknik Industri

Example-2: Multi Disciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem
Departemen Teknik Industri

Example-3: An Interdisciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem
Departemen Teknik Industri

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Departemen Teknik Industri

MOTIVATION
• Telephone betting
• Vehicle scheduling
• Feed Mix Production
• The Deep Cove Project
• Breast Cancer Screening
Departemen Teknik Industri

SYSTEMS THINKING
• What do all these problem situations have
in common?
• Deal with a decision problem
• Solution to the problem is not obvious;
the problem situation is complex
• The interaction between various elements
are of degree of complexity
• The setting within which problems exist
are systems
Departemen Teknik Industri

TUGAS BACA
• Daellenbach, H. G., Systems and Decision
Making, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-
England, 1994.
• Baca :
 Chapter 2:Systems thinking
 Chapter 3:Systems concepts
• Diskusi akan dilakukan pada:
 Kuliah berikutnya