NETWORK

ARCHITECTURE
PRESENTATION
CONTENT
1. NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

2. PROTOCOLS

3. FIVE LAYER NETWORK

4. OSI MODEL

5. TCP/IP REFERENCE
MODEL
1.
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
Network Architecture
is the design of a communication network. It
is a framework for the specification of
a network's physical components and their
functional organization and configuration, its
operational principles and procedures, as well as
data formats used.
Network Architecture
It includes hardware components used for
communication, cabling and device types, network layout
and topologies, physical and wireless connections,
implemented areas and future plans. In addition, the
software rules and protocols also constitute to the network
architecture. This architecture is always designed by a
network manager/administrator with coordination of
network engineers and other design engineers.
2.
PROTOCOLS
Protocol
a set of rules that govern data
communication. It defines WHAT is
communicated, HOW it is communicated, and
WHEN it is communicated.

The key elements of a protocol are syntax,

semantics, and timing.
KEY ELEMENTS OF
PROTOCOL
◮ Syntax - It refers to the structure or format of the
data.
◮ Semantics - It refers to the meaning of each
section of bits.
◮ Timing - It refers to two characteristics: when data
should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
PROTOCOL
HIERARCHIES
◮ Most of all networks are organized as a series of layers,
each one built upon the one below it.
◮ A layer is a service provider and may consist of several
service functions.
◮ The entities comprising the corresponding layers on
different machine are called peers.
◮ Between each pair of adjacent layers is called interface.
◮ A set of layers and protocols is called network
architecture.
3.
FIVE LAYER
NETWORK
DESIGN ISSUES FOR
THE LAYERS
ISSUES DESCRIPTION

Addressing every layer needs a mechanism for identifying senders and receivers.

Direction of
another set of design decisions concerns the rules for data transfer.
Transmission
another important issue because physical communication circuits are
Error Control
not perfect.
Avoid Loss of all the communication channels cannot preserve the order in w/c
Sequencing messages are sent on it.

Ability of Receiving a mechanism needs to develop to disassemble, transmit and then

Long Messages reassemble messages.

To Use
Multiplexing And it is used to share the same channel by many sources simultaneously.
Demultiplexing
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTOCOLS
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTOCOLS
 4.
OSI MODEL
OSI MODEL
The Open Systems Interconnection model
was intended to be a blueprint for a set of
worldwide communication standards.

It is also called ISO OSI standard for networks

as it is designed by ISO (International Standards
Organization). The OSI reference model has
seven layers
 OSI LAYER NAME FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Application (Layer 7)  Interface between network and application software. Telnet, HTTP

 How data is presented.

Presentation (Layer 6) JPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC
 Special processing, such as encryption.

 Establishing and maintaining end-to-end bidirectional Operating systems and

Session (Layer 5) flows between endpoints. Includes managing transaction application access
flows. scheduling RPC

 Reliable or unreliable delivery.

Transport (Layer 4) TCP, UDP, SPX
 Multiplexing.

 Logical addressing, which routers use for path

Network (Layer 3) IP, IPX
determination.

 Combination of bits into bytes, and bytes into frames.

Data Link (Layer 2)  Access to the media usingMAC address. 802.3/802.2, HDLC
 Error detection and error recovery.

 Moving of bits between devices.

Physical (Layer 1) EIA/TIA-232, V.35
 Specification of voltage, wire speed, and cable pinouts.
 5.
TCP/IP
REFERENCE MODEL
TCP/IP
TCP/IP Stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP
reference model is a set of protocols that allow
communication across multiple diverse networks.
TCP/IP NETWORK STACK
◮ Application Layer - includes all process and services
that use the transport layer to deliver data.
◮ Transport Layer - provides peer entities on the source
and destination hosts to carry on a conversation.
◮ Internet Layer - the Internet network layer protocol
handle machine to machine communications.
◮ Host-To-Host Layer - this is the lowest layer in TCP/IP
reference model. This layer is also called network
Application
interface layer. Transport

Internet

Network Interface
Comparison of OSI and
TCP/IP Models
OSI Model TCP/IP Network Stack
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport Transport
3 Network Internet
2 Data Link
Network Interface
1 Physical
Difference between OSI
and TCP/IP Models
Sr. No OSI TCP
1 7 layers 4 layers
Model was first designed before
2 Model defined after, protocol were implemented.
implementation takes place.
OSI model based on three concept: service, TCP/IP model did not originally clearly distinguish
3
interface and protocol. between service, interface and protocol.
OSI model gives guarantee of reliable delivery Transport layer does not always guarantee the reliable
4
of data packet. delivery of packet.

5 OSI does not support internet working. TCP/IP support.

6. Strict layering. Loosely Layered.

Support connectionless and connection- Support only connection-oriented communication in the

7.
oriented communication in the network layer. transport layer.
8. Horizontal layer. Vertical approach.
No session layer, characteristics are provided by
9. Separate session layer.
transport layer.
No presentation layer, characteristics are provided by
10. Separate presentation layer.
application layer.