Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Technical University,

M. B. E. SOCIETY’S,COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AMBAJOGAI.
P. G. Department (Digital Communication)

A seminar on
“Miniaturization of Differentially-Driven Microstrip Planar
Inverted F Antenna”

Under the supervision of Presented By

Prof. V.V.Yerigeri Mr.Netke Amarnath K.
(MTECH18DC02)
1
M.Tech (DC) III Sem
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Aim and objective
Literature survey
Rectangular Patch & Various patches of Antenna
Feeding technique
Microstrip Planar Inverted F Antenna
HFSS features
Advantages on topic
Conclusion
Reference 2
INTRODUCTION:
Antennas are a very important component of communication
systems.
By definition, an antenna is a device used to transform an RF signal,
traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave in free space.
Each antenna is designed for a certain frequency band, and it rejects
signals beyond the operating band.
They are used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast
television, two-way radio, communications receivers, radar, cell
phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices.
Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic
conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a
transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter.

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 AIM AND OBJECTIVE:
 The modification of a conventional single-ended microstrip planar inverted F antenna (SE-
PIFA) into a novel differentially-driven microstrip planar inverted F antenna (DD-PIFA) and
the comparison of their performances are first made
 It will be shown that the DD-PIFA provides better performance than the SE-PIFA does. Then
the frequency trimming and more importantly the miniaturization of the DD-PIFA are
described.
 Project objective is to compares the calculated, simulated and measured resonant
frequencies for the DD-PIFA as a function of the gap width g
 The project focuses on simulated and measured resonant frequencies as a function of the
offset s
 It will be shown that the DD-PIFA provides better performance than the SE-PIFA does.

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 The planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) retains the advantages of a microstrip patch
antenna, with a reduction in size. Hence, it is quite popular in portable antenna
design

 However, the PIFA is more difficult to be designed for differential operation than the
microstrip patch antenna , due to its origin from the single-ended monopole

 there have been few attempts to design differential PIFA like Ogawa et al. developed
a balance-fed built-in PIFA and Chan et al. devised an aperture-coupled differentially
fed PIFA . The former consists of two largely-separated PIFAs and a U-balun though
coaxial cables and thus appears bulky. The latter is an asymmetrical structure, which
results in tilted radiation pattern and large cross-polarization components.

 So our aim is to overcome the above-stated drawbacks of the existing differential

PIFA designs In this , we first modify a conventional SE-PIFA into a novel DD-PIFA
and compare their performances and then we describe the frequency trimming and
more importantly the miniaturization of the DD-PIFA
LITERATURE SURVEY
Highly-integrated wireless transceivers are usually in differential architecture, which calls
for differential antennas

The planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) retains the advantages of a microstrip patch
antenna, with a reduction in size. Hence, it is quite popular in portable antenna design

However, the PIFA is more difficult to be designed for differential operation than the
microstrip patch antenna [4-8], due to its origin from the single-ended monopole

They are used in wide range of modern microwave applications because of their
simplicity and compatibility with printed-circuit technology

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Rectangular Patch

Fig.(a) Side view

Fig.(b) Front view 7

Patch of various shapes

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Feeding Techniques
Microstrip planar inverted F antennas can be fed by a variety of methods.
These methods can be classified into two categories
Contacting.
Non-contacting.
In the contacting method, the RF power is fed directly to the radiating
patch using a connecting element such as a microstrip line.
In the non-contacting scheme, electromagnetic field coupling is done to
transfer power between the microstrip line and the radiating patch.

The most popular feed techniques used are

Microstrip line
Coaxial probe
Microstrip line

Easy to fabricate
Simple to match by controlling
the inset feed position
Low spurious radiation(-20dB)
Narrow bandwidth(2-5%)
As the substrate height
increases, the surface waves and
spurious feed radiation increases
Coaxial feed line
Easy to fabricate and match
Low spurious radiation(-30dB)
Simple to match by controlling the
position
Narrow bandwidth(1-3%)
More difficult to model, especially
for thick substrate
Microstrip planar inverted F antennas Comparison

Fig1 : SE- PIFA Fig 2: DD-PIFA

 Details of Methodology:
Calculation includes following steps:

• Calculate the width of the patch.

• Calculate the effective dielectric constant.
• Calculate the length correction due to fringing.
• Calculate actual length of antenna.
• Feed position calculation.

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Proposed Design

Shape: Rectangular

Feed line: Coaxial feed line

Dielectric Substrate: F4B (18.4×22×1 )

Operating Bands: 2.45, 3.4, and 5.8 GHz

Application: WLAN, Wi-MAX

The thickness of the substrate: 3.2 mm

Relative permittivity: 2.2,

loss tangent : 0.0019

 HFSS Design stages
Based on above calculation design has to be simulated in HFSS. We
have to design antenna using HFSS with following steps:
1. Draw the geometric models.
2. Create Perfectly Matched Boundaries
3. Add the Excitation
4. Setup Mesh Operations
5. Specify solution setting for the design.
6. Validate the design setups.
7. Run HFSS simulations.

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Analysis Parameter
There are several important antenna characteristics that should be considered when
choosing an antenna for particular application as follows:
1.Antenna Radiation Patterns:
It is a plot of the far-field radiation properties of an antenna as a function of the spatial
co-ordinates, which are specified by the elevation angle (θ) and the azimuth angle (φ).
2.Power Gain:
Gain is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power into radiation
in a particular direction and is measured at the peak radiation intensity.
3.Directivity:
Directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction of the
maximum.

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4.Bandwidth:

Bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of frequencies over which the antenna can

operate correctly.

5.Polarization:

Polarisation refers to the path traced by the tip of the electric field vector as a function of

time.

6.Return Loss:

The amount of power that is “lost” to the load and does not return as a reflection.

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Advantages of Microstrip antenna
Low power requirement will be great advantage

Conformable to nonplaner surfaces

Simple and inexpensive for making

Shows versatile feature for more other frequency

REFERENCES
[1] J. Masuch and M. Delgado-Restituto , “A 1.1-mW-RX -81.4-dBm sensitivity CMOS transceiver for Bluetooth low energy,”
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1660–1673, Apr. 2013.

[2] Y. P. Zhang, J. J. Wang, Q. Li, and X. J. Li, “Antenna and transmit/receive switch for single-chip radio transceivers of
differential architecture,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3564-3570, 2008.

[3] T. Taga, K. Tsunekawa, “Performance analysis of a built-in planar inverted F antenna for 800 MHz band portable radio
units,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 921-929, May. 1987.

[4] Y. P. Zhang, J. J. Wang, “Theory and analysis of differentially-driven microstrip antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,
vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1092-1099, Apr. 2006

[5] Y. P. Zhang, “Design and experiment on differentially-driven microstrip antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 55,
no. 10, pp. 2701- 2708, Oct. 2007.

[6] L. P. Han, W. M. Zhang, X. W. Chen, G. R. Han, R. B. Ma, “Design of compact differential dual-frequency antenna with
stacked patches,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1387–1392, Apr. 2010.

[7] C. R. White and G. M. Rebeiz, “A differential dual-polarized cavity backed microstrip patch antenna with independent frequency
tuning,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 3490-3498, Nov. 2010.

[8] Y. P. Zhang, “Electrical separation and fundamental resonance of differentially-driven microstrip antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1078-1084, Apr. 2011
REFERENCES
[9] K. Ogawa, H. Iwai, Y. Koyanagi, “Balance-fed planar built-in antenna,”. Electron. Lett., vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 476-478,
Apr. 2001.

[10] K. M. Chan, E. Lee, T. Y. Lee, P. Gardner, T. Dodgson, “Aperture coupled, differentially fed planar inverted F
antenna,” Electron. Lett., vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 608-609, May. 2006.

[11] R. Garg and I. J. Bahl, "Characteristics of Coupled Microstriplines,“ IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol. 27, no. 7,
pp. 700-705, Jul 1979.

[12] T. Taga, “Analysis of planar inverted-F antennas and antenna design for portable radio equipment,” in Analysis,
Design and Measurement of Small and Low-Profile Antennas, K. Hirasawa and M. Haneishi,Eds.
Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1992, pp. 161-180.

[13] Y. P. Zhang, Z. H. Tu, “Measuring the impedance of differentially driven microstrip antennas by two balun methods,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 1246-1252, November. 2014.

[14] Y. P. Zhang, Z. H. Chen, “The Wheeler method for the measurement of the efficiency of differentially-driven microstrip
antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 1246-1252, Mar. 2014.

[15] A. K. Skrivervik, J.-F. Zurcher, O. Staub, and J. R. Mosig, “PCS antenna design: the challenge of miniaturization,” IEEE
Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol. 43, pp. 12-27, Aug. 2001.
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