GASES

What is GAS?
is one of the four fundamental
states of matter (the others
being solid, liquid, and plasma).
a fluid (such as air) that has
neither independent shape nor
volume but tends to expand
indefinitely
Gases in the Elements
Examples of Gases
Properties of Gases
A gas is highly
compressible.
When pressure is
exerted on the gas,
its volume decreases
dramatically. On the
other hand, the
volume of solids and
liquids remain the
same during pressure
changes.
 Properties of Gases
A gas expands as
temperature increases.
This is true when
pressure remains
constant. As it expands
it fills any container,
unlike the volumes of
solids and liquids that
could only expand to a
smaller extent.
 Properties of Gases
A gas flows easily.
The low viscosity of a gas allows it to flow through
pipes more freely than liquids (like water) and
enables it to escape quickly through tiny holes or
small openings.
 Properties of Gases
A gas has lower
density than
solids and
liquids.
The density of
steam is 1/1000
the density of
water.
Properties of Gases
Gases are miscible.
When gases are
placed in a
container, their
particles mix evenly
and completely with
each other. Although
liquids are miscible,
there are those that
do not mix like water
and oil.
Kinetic
Molecular
Theory of
Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Gases
developed by Rudolf Clausius,
James Maxwell, and Ludwig
Boltzmann.
helps us to understand the
behavior of gases at the
molecular level
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Gases
A gas consists of very small particles.
The particles are in constant, random,
straight-line motion.
This kind of motion of gas particles
causes a gas to fill an entire volume of a
container.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Gases
The gas particles are separated by
distances much larger than their size. The
attractive forces between particles are
negligible, and the particles act
independently of one another.
This makes the volume of a gas mostly of
empty space, allows gases to be easily
compressed.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Gases
The gas particles collide with each other and
with the walls of the container in a perfectly
elastic manner. After each collision, the total
energy of the system is the same.
The collision of the particles with each other and
with the walls of the container does not change
the kinetic energy of the particles. Also collision of
particles with the walls exert a force that
constitutes pressure.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Gases
The average kinetic energy of the gas
particles is proportional to the absolute
temperature (kelvin).
As temperature increases, the gas particles
move faster. At higher temperatures, the
collision of the gas particles with the walls of
the container becomes more often and with
the force, thus producing greater pressure.
 Did you know?
The particles of gas move at an average
speed of around 500 m/s at standard
conditions. These particles undergo more
than a billion collisions every second,
and the average distance between
collisions is approximately 5x10-8 m or
0.00000005 m.
Properties that describe a Gas
Pressure (P) – defined as force per unit
area
Pressure is the result of the collision of gas
particles with the walls of the container.
The SI (International Unit) of pressure is Pascal
(Pa). The other units used to express pressure
are:
millimeter mercury (mmHg)
atmosphere (atm)
pounds per square inch (psi)
torr
 Pressure Equivalents

101,325 Pa = 1 atm
= 760 mmHg
= 760 torr
= 14.7 psi
The earth’s atmosphere is composed of
particles of different gases. According to the
kinetic molecular theory, these molecules
are in constant motion and they collide with
each other and with all the objects on the
surface of the earth, including humans.
The pressure exerted by the gas molecules
in the air is called atmospheric pressure. The
average atmospheric pressure at sea level is
also called standard atmospheric pressure
with a value of 1 atmosphere (1 atm).
Practice Math
On a climb up a mountain, the
pressure drops to 472 mmHg.
What is the pressure in terms of
the following units?
atm
Pa
torr
 Properties that describe a Gas
Temperature (T) – commonly used unit of
temperature is degree Celsius (°C). The Fahrenheit
(°F) scale is also used in some parts of the world.
The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (K) and known
as the absolute temperature scale.
The kelvin scale was proposed by William Thomson, an
English physicist also known as Lord Kelvin.
The absolute temperature scale is 0 K although no one
has created such conditions. It is predicted that all
particles will stop from moving and will exert zero
pressure at the said temperature.
Temperature Values
K = °C + 273.15
°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8
°F = 1.8 (°C) + 32
Temperature is the measure of the kinetic
energy of the gas particles.
The characteristics of gases depend on
temperature and pressure. Standards for these
two are defined to easily compare the
properties of several gases.
Standard Temperature = 0 °C Standard
Pressure = 1 atm
The combination of these two is abbreviated
as STP, Standard Temperature and
Temperature with the value of 273 K and
101,325 Pa.
PRACTICE MATH
Convert the following
temperature values to
Kelvin:
87 °C
330 °F
Properties that describe a Gas
Volume (V). Defined as the space
occupied by the gas particles. The
volume of the gas is equal to the volume
of the container in which the gas is
placed.
The most common units for measuring
volume are liters (L) and milliliters (mL) but
could also be expressed in cubic dimensions
like m3, cm3, ft3 and others.
 1 L = 1000 mL
Properties that describe a Gas
Amount of Gas. The
addition of gas increases
the amount of gas in a
container and the pressure
inside it becomes higher.
The usual way of measuring
the amount of gas is by mass
(grams). The mass of the gas
in grams must be changed to
moles (n). The number of
moles of the gas is calculated
using the formula:
 PRACTICE MATH
What is the amount of gas
(in moles) in each of the
following gases:
88.0 g CO2
22.0 G H2
13.6 g NH3
 GAS LAWS
The gas laws were developed at the end of
the 18th century, when scientists began to
realize that relationships
between pressure, volume and temperature
of a sample of gas could be obtained
which would hold to approximation for all
gases.
Boyle’s Law named after Robert
Boyle, an English
chemist, who
investigated the
relationship
between pressure
of a gas and its
volume.
Boyle used an
improvised version
of an air pump in
his experiments
He then concluded that pressure is inversely
proportional to volume such that, when pressure is
doubled, the volume of the gas decreases to half its
original value.
Boyle’s Law states that:
For a given amount of any gas (n)and with temperature (T)
held constant, the volume of the gas varies inversely with
pressure.
If the volume of a
given amount of any
gas changes, at
constant
temperature, the
new pressure and
volume will give the
same PV product as
the initial pressure
and volume. Thus,
we can say that the
initial and final
products are equal.
Sample Problems
A sample of nitrogen gas (N2) has a
volume of 12 L and a pressure of 760
mmHg. When the gas is released, it gives 32
L of nitrogen. If the temperature is the
same, what is the new pressure of
nitrogen?
A gas tank holds 20 L of oxygen (O2) at a
pressure of 15 atm. How many liters will the
gas occupy if the pressure is changed to
0.800 atm at constant temperature?
Practice Math
A sample of methane (CH4) has
a volume of 75 mL at a pressure
of 0.90 atm. What is the volume of
the gas at each of the following
pressures if there is no change in
temperature?
0.45 atm
520 mmHg
Charles’ Law
named after Jacques Charles,
a French physicist and
balloonist
he observed from his
experiment in balloons that, at
constant pressure and amount
of gas, the volume of a gas
increases with every increase
in temperature. Also, volume
decreases as temperature
decreases.
Charles’ Law
Real Life Applications
Hot Air Balloon
Dented Ping-Pong balls back to
normal shape
Air inside tires while travelling
Jogging during cold mornings
Baking breads and cakes
Gasoline-powered automobiles
Charles’ Law
Sample Problems
An inflated balloon with a
volume of 0.75 L at 30°C was
placed inside the freezer where
temperature is -10°C. Find out
what will happen to the volume
of the balloon if the pressure
remains constant.
A cylinder with a movable
piston contains 250 cm air
3

at 10°C. If the pressure is

kept constant, at what
temperature would you
expect the volume to be
150 cm ?3
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
credited to Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac who deduced
that at constant volume and amount of gas, the
pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its
temperature.
states that “At constant volume and amount of gas,
the pressure of a given gas is directly proportional to
its temperature.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Real-life Applications
Firing a bullet
Pressure Cooker
Sample Problems
A certain light bulb
containing argon has a
pressure of 1.20 atm at
18°C. If it will be heated to
85°C at a constant volume,
what will be the resulting
pressure?
Sample Problems
At 20°C a confined
ammonia gas has a
pressure of 2.50 atm. At
what temperature would
its pressure be equal to
760 mmHg?
 The helium tank has a pressure of 650 torr at 25°C. What will be the pressure
if the temperature is tripled?
 COMBINED GAS LAW
is the combination of Boyle’s and
Charles’ Laws which describes the
pressure-volume-temperature
relationships of a constant amount of gas.
COMBINED GAS LAW
useful for studying the effect of the
changes in two of the variables – pressure,
volume, or temperature – on the third as
long as the amount of gas remains the
same.
Formula
Sample Problems

 The oxygen tank manufacturer

Sample Problems
A 20.0 mL bubble is released from
a tank at a pressure of 4.00 atm
and a temperature of 10.0°C. What
will be the volume of the bubble
when it reaches the water surface,
where the pressure is 1.00atm and
the temperature is 19°C?
Real Life Applications of Combined
Gas Law
 Storage of gas tanks in cool places
 Avoiding spray cans containing volatile substances to flames
 Proper disposal of containers of volatile substances
 The increase of air volume and pressure in automobile tires when travelling
long distances