ORTHOPEDICS:

AN INJURY
MANAGEMENT
Diaz, Adriel Aron D.
BSME 5-1
Orthopedics & Injury
Orthopedics – branch of medicine dealing with the treatment
of deformities, disease,
and injury of bones, joints, and muscles.

“Ortho” – to correct
“Paedic” – caring of children
Quick Facts
Orthopedics & Injury
Orthopedics – branch of medicine dealing with the treatment
of deformities, disease,
and injury of bones, joints, and muscles.

“Ortho” – to correct
“Paedic” – caring of children

Injury – damage to the body cause by an external force.

Biomechanics

The study and analysis of forces and their

effects on living systems or organisms.
OBJECTIVES
• Differentiate between force and
pressure or stress

• Explain how the stress continuum

relates to tissue adaptation and injury

• Describe the concept of the stress

threshold

• Differentiate between intrinsic and

extrinsic factors related to injury
development

• Suggest interventions to decrease the

risk of injury during performance of a
task
Mechanical Stress
& Injury
Mechanical Stress
Mechanical stress (pressure) refers to the distribution of a
force over the body that it acts on.

1. Compressive Stress

2. Tensile Stress

3. Shear Stress
Compressive Stress

Opposing forces that acts along the long axis of the body
and squeezes the body together.
Tensile Stress

Forces that pulls apart the axial end of the body or bone.
Shear Stress

Forces that tends to slide two parts of an object or bone

across each other.
Quick Facts
The most injured man is the 67 yr. old farmer, Mick Wilary from Britain

Injuries include:

• Shattered legs
• Broken ankles
• Cracked ribs
• Cut off finger
• Stab wounds
• Split head open
• Broken collar bone
• Broken fingers
• Deep bruising
Tissue Response to
Stress
In 1892, German anatomist Julius
Wolff summarized the nature of
response to mechanical stress.

Wolff’s Law states that:

“A tissue adapts to the level of stress

imposed on it; that is, the level of
adaptation in a tissue reflects the level
of typical loading.”
Hypertrophy
An increase and growth of muscular and bone tissues due
to imposed stresses to the body.

Atrophy
A decrease in muscle mass or bone density due to
inactivity.
Quick Facts
During a lifting session or an exercise, not only your muscles are getting
toned but also your bones.
Bone Remodelling

Continuing process of synthesis and destruction that

gives bone its mature structure.

Osteoclasts – bone breakers

Osteoblasts – bone makers

Traumatic Injury

A single application of a relatively high level of

stress is identified as the injury-causing factor.
Mechanism of Overuse
Injury
Overuse Injury

Can occur following repeated applications of a stress

lower than that required to cause injury in a single application.
Quick Facts
Runners are usually the main customer of an overuse injury.
Individual Differences
in Tissue Threshold
Different tissues have different threshold.

Injury threshold varies according to the direction of stress.

Individual adapta
Conclusion:

Individual differences in tissue threshold and level of

imposed stress make it impossible to develop foolproof
guidelines for injury prevention.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Factors Affecting Injury
Intrinsic Factors

Include anthropometrics; skeletal structure, such as bone

density and joint congruity (alignment); current fitness level,
such as muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility; and
previous history of injury.
Extrinsic Factors

Include characteristics of both the task and the

environment.
 Factors Affecting Injury
Instrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors

Pattern of stress
Skeletal Alignment Nature of task Magnitude of loading
imposed
Muscle Strength Magnitude of loading Frequency of task Recovery
Magnitude & direction of
Joint Alignment Area of force distribution Playing surface
loading
Magnitude of imposed
Body Mass Footwear Magnitude of friction
load
Psychological Magnitude & Frequency
Pain threshold Rules
Factors of loading
Sample Problem
During a tackle in football, the running back imposes a force of 765 N on
the tackler. Calculate the magnitude of the mechanical stress if the force
is:

a. applied over of the tackler’s helmet or

b. over 100 of the tackler’s shoulder pads.

Solution:
Mechanical Stress (P) = , where: F = force; A = area

a.)

P = 850,000 Pa
b.)

P = 76,500 Pa
Thank You
Awit