Qualitative and quantitative

sampling
 Black/Blue/Green/Red
Who are they Thin/Bold
Smiling/Normal/Sad

   
   
            
         
    
 
 
           
    
      
   
      
      
   
             
             
  
                 
          
          
        
 
      
       

 

  
               
      
          
 


        
           
      
      
       
            


     
     
        
    

 Non-Probability Sampling

• Haphazard sampling
• Quota sampling
• Purposive sampling
• Snowball sampling
• Deviant case sampling
• Sequential sampling
• Theoretical sampling
 Haphazard / Accidental / Convenience sample

    
    
            
          
    
  
 
           
     
      
   
      
       
   
              
              
  
                  
           
          

        
 
       
       

 

  
                
      
          
 



         
            
      
       
       
             


      
     
        

     


 Quota sample
       
   
                
             
    
 
     
           
    
      
       
      
          
   
             
                 
      
                 
              
              
        
 
          
       

 

  
                   
      
          
 


        
           
      
      
       
            


     
     
        
    

 Purposive sample
   
   
            
         
    
 
 
           
    
      
     
      
      
     
             
               
  
                   
          
          
        
 
      
       

 

  
               
      
          
 


        
           
      
      
       
            


     
     
        
    

 Snowball sample
   
   
            
         
    
 
 
           
    
      
   
      
      
   
             
             
  
                 
          
          
           
    
       

 
 
  
               
      
          
 


        
           
           
       
            



     
     
        
    

 Deviant case sampling
   
   
       
 
  
 
      
 
    
 
 
           
     
      
   
      
      
  
             

  

             
                 
          
          
        
 
      
       

 

  
               
      
          
 


        
           
      
      
       
            


     
     
        
    

 Sequential sampling
(= purposive + collect cases until marginal utility drops significantly)

   
    
            
          
    
 
 
           
     
      
   
      
      
    
             
             
   
                 
           
          
        
 
       
       

 

  
               
       
          
 


        
           
      
      
       
            


     
     
        
    

 Theoretical sampling

• Based on (grounded) theory

– Theory develops from initial research
– Cases are selected that are expected to
further deepen the theory
• Eg. Theory developed from data collected during
day time  next collect data at night
 Probability Sampling
Population    

(delinquents)         
   
N            
     
       
Target population            
    
(thieves)         
           
              
           
    
Sampling frame

          
        
(known as     
     
        
“thieves” by      
police)            
         
     
          
Sample             
n       

 
   
   
      
       
Sampling ratio      
       
n 
    
N      
 Probability Sampling

• Population is often (usually) unknown,

therefor a population is described with theoretical
values (parameters) eg: N(,)
• Random sample
– Equal chance for all elements to figure in the sample
• Sampling error (deviation from representativeness)
• Sampling distribution
• Central limit theorem

Other demos : 1, 2
 Theoretical sampling distribution
CASE A B C D E F G H I J Mean
Population
SCORE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4.5

Sample Sample Means Samples Samples Samples

of 2 of 4 of 6
Cases Cases Cases
.5 1
1.0 1
15 -1.75 2 2
2.0 - 2.67 5 10 2
2.75 - 3.25 3 25 10
3.33 - 4.00 8 43 52
4.17 - 4.83 5 50 82
5.00 - 5.67 8 43 52
5.75 - 6.25 3 25 10
6.33 - 7.0 5 10 2
7.25 - 7.5 2 2
8.0 1
8.5 1
No. of samples 45 210 210
Mean of s. means 4.5 4.5 4.5
% sample means 11 24 39
> 4.00 and < 5.00
Probability sampling techniques
• Simple Random Sample (SRS)
– Random numbers
• Systematic sampling
(danger: cycles or patterns in sampling frame)
– Random start
– Sampling interval
• Stratified sampling
– Subpopulating (stratification)
– SRS from all strata
• Cluster sampling
– Identify clusters and draw SRS from those
– Then draw SRS of elements from the selected clusters
– Within-Household sample: whom should researcher ask? (always first
to pick up the phone or open the door...?)
– Probability Proportionate to Size (equal probabilities)
• Random Digit Dialling

A link
Simple random sample
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190
191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
 Systematic sample
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190
191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
How large should a sample be?
• ... It depends on... Population Sample
Sampling
ratio
– population size ,
200 171 85.5%
characteristics
(homogeneousless / 500 352 70.4%
heterogeneousmore) 1000 543 54.3%
– spread of the data (sd) 2000 745 37.2%
– Purposes (descriptive? 5000 960 19.2%
testing? (power))
10000 1061 10.6%

20000 1121 5.6%

50000 1160 2.3%

100000 1173 1.2%

Haphazard sampling Random sampling
= Accidental-, Convenience-,
Availability -

Cluster sampling Snowball sampling

Multi stage sampling Stratified sampling

Quota sampling Systematic sampling