WATERSHED MANAGEMENT &

ENGINEERING INTERVENTION
WATERSHED
• Is simply the geographic area through which water
flows across the land and drains into a common
body of water, whether a stream, river, lake, or
ocean.
• Watershed are usually separated from other
watershed by naturally elevated areas.
 CLASSIFICATION OF WATERSHEDS
• Macro-Watershed > 50,000 hect
• Sub-Watershed 10,000 to 50,000 hect
• Milli-Watershed 1,000 to 10,000 hect
• Micro-Watershed 100 to 1,000 hect
• Mini-Watershed 1 to 100 hect
 WHY ARE WATERSHEDS IMPORTANT?
• The surface water features and stormwater runoff
within a watershed ultimately drain to other bodies of
water.
• Everything happens upstream ends up downstream.
 BENEFITS OF A HEALTHY WATERSHED
• Economic Health
• An abundant supply of clean water is essential for a vibrant economy
• Human Health
• Clean surface and ground water is essential to support our high quality
of life and the social aspects of our communities
• Ecological Health
• A healthy watershed functions as a complete ecological system
promoting the health of all living organisms and landscapes within the
watershed.
 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• The process of implementing land use practices and
water management practices to protect and improve
the quality of the water and other natural resources
within a watershed by managing the use of those
land and water resources in a comprehensive manner.
 ENGINEERING INTERVENTION
• Includes expertise in monitoring, managing, and
modeling human impacts on the natural
environment, including resources such as water,
air and land.
 PRINCIPLES OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• Utilizing the land based on its capabilty
• Protecting the fertile top soil
• Minimizing setting up of tanks, reservoir and lower fertile land.
• Protecting vegetative cover throughout the year.
• Water harvesting for supplemental irrigation
• Safe diversion of gullies and construction of check dams for increasing
ground water recharge.
• Ensuring sustainability of the ecosystem.
 OBJECTIVE OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• To control damaging runoff and degradation and also conservation of soil
and water.
• To manage and utilize the runoff water for useful purpose.
• To protect, conserve and improve the land of watershed for more efficient
and sustained production.
• To rehabilitate the deteriorating lands.
• To moderate the floods peaks at downstream areas.
• To increase infiltration of rainwater.
 “POWER”
• P = Pollution control
o Prevention of floods
• O = Over exploitation of resources to be minimized by controlling excessive biotic
interferences like over gazing
• W = Wild animal and indigenous plant like conservation at selected
• E = Erosion Control
o Ecosystem Safety
o Economic Stability
o Employment Generation
• R = Recharge of ground water
• Reduction of drought hazards
• Reduction of siltation in multipurpose reservoirs
 TYPES OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• Grassland Development
• Gully Plugs
• Tree Plantation
• Contour Bedding
• Land Leveling
• Water Conservation Structure
• Lift Irrigation Scheme
• Check Dams
• Percolation Pond
Grassland development Gully plugs
Tree plantation Contour Bedding
Land leveling Water conservation structure
Lift irrigation scheme Check dams
Percolation pond
 FACTORS AFFECTING WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
• Watershed characters
• Size and shape
• Topography
• Soils
relief
• climatic characteristics
• Precipitation
• Amount and intensity of rainfall
• Watershed operation
 FACTORS AFFECTING WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
• Land use pattern
• Vegetative cover
• Density
• Water resources and their capabilities
 STEP IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• Phase I : Recognition phase
• Phase ii : Restoration phase
• Phase iii : Protection phase
• Phase iv : Improvement phase
 STEP IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• RECOGNITION PHASE
• Analysis of the cause of the problem and its effect
• Development of alternative solutions of problem
• RESTORATION PHASE
• Selection of best solution to problem identified
• Application of the solution to the problems of the land
 STEP IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• PROTECTION PHASE
• Normal functioning
• General health of the watershed
• IMPROVEMENT PHASE
• Socio economic conditions
• Overall improvement
• Agriculture, forest management & production, forage production and
pasture management
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS IN
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
• HYDROLOGY
Is the science that treats the water the waters of the earth,
their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical
and physical properties and their reaction with environment
including their relation to living things. The domain of
hydrology embraces the full history of water on the earth.
• HYDRAULICS
Is a technology and applied science using engineering,
chemistry and other sciences involving the mechanical
properties and use of liquids.
 ROLE OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS
• Is essential for design, construction and operation of various water
resource project and estimation of rainfall.
• It is use for irrigation for the agricultural field, water distribution in the
cities, hydro-electric plant and for navigation such as canal and
chamber.