CCNA Guide to Cisco

Networking
Chapter 3: TCP/IP And IP
Addressing
 Objectives
• Discuss the origins of TCP/IP
• Understand the different classes of IP
addresses
• Configure and verify IP addresses
• Subdivide an IP network
• Identify and discuss the different layer
functions of TCP/IP
 Objectives (continued)
• Describe the functions performed by
protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite,
including ICMP, UDP, TCP, ARP, and
RARP
• Use ping and trace and describe their
functions
• Understand advanced routing concepts
such as CIDR, summarization, and VLSM
 Origins Of TCP/IP
• United States Department of Defense (DoD)
– Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
– Create a WAN to survive an nuclear attack
• Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET)
– University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB)
– University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
– Stanford Research Institute
– University of Utah
Overview Of The TCP/IP Protocol
Suite
• Application Layer
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
– Network File System (NFS)
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
– Telnet
– rlogin
– Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
– Domain Name System (DNS)
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Overview Of The TCP/IP Protocol
Suite (continued)
• Transport Layer
– Ports
• Well Known Port numbers
– TCP three-way handshake
• Initial sequence numbers
• Expectational acknowledgement
• Reset packet (RST)
– TCP sliding windows
• Flow control with sliding windows, buffering,
congestion avoidance
Overview Of The TCP/IP Protocol
Suite (continued)
• Internetwork Layer
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• IPv4 and IPv6
– Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• Echo request, echo reply, and TTL
– Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• ARP table, ARP request, ARP reply, and TTL
– Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
• RARP server and RARP client
Overview Of The TCP/IP Protocol
Suite (continued)
• Network Interface Layer
– Combines OSI Physical and Data Link layers
– MAC addresses
– Network card drivers
– Specific physical interfaces
Ping Utility
Ping Utility (continued)
Ping Utility (continued)
The Trace Utility
 IP Addressing
• MAC to IP address translation
• IP classes
– Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
– American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN)
– Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
– Class A
– Class B
– Class C
– Class D
– Class E
– Private IP ranges
IP Addressing (continued)
IP Addressing (continued)
IP Addressing (continued)
IP Addressing (continued)
IP Addressing (continued)
 Subnet Addressing
• Default class subnet masks
– Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
– Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
– Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• Boolean ANDing operation
• Subnet addresses
• Broadcast addresses
 Broadcast Types
• Flooded broadcasts
– 255.255.255.255
• Directed broadcast
– 129.30.255.255
Subdividing IP Classes
Subnet Masking
Subnet Masking (continued)
Subnet Masking (continued)
Learning To Subnet
 Learning To Subnet
(continued)
• Breakdown of 255.255.255.244 subnet mask
– 0 (binary 00000000) — unusable
– 32 (binary 00100000)
– 64 (binary 01000000)
– 96 (binary 01100000)
– 128 (binary 10000000)
– 160 (binary 10100000)
– 192 (binary 11000000)
– 224 (binary 11100000) — unusable
Learning To Subnet
(continued)
Learning To Subnet
(continued)
 Subnetting Formulas
• 2y – 2 = # of usable subnets (where y is
the number of bits borrowed)
• 2x – 2 = # of usable hosts per subnet
(where x is the number of bits remaining in
the host field after borrowing)
Subnetting Formulas
(continued)
Subnetting Formulas
(continued)
 CIDR
• Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Developed to slow the exhaustion of IP
Addresses
• Provide efficient use of IP addresses and
address ranges
• Subnetting and supernetting
 Summarization
• Also known as route aggregation
• Move subnet mask bits left of the default
boundary
• Combine several default class networks
Variable Length Subnet
Masks
Variable Length Subnet Masks
(continued)
Variable Length Subnet Masks
(continued)
 IPv4 Versus IPv6
• Internet Protocol version 4 is the most
widely used
– 32-bit structure
– 232 available addresses
• Internet Protocol version 6 is not common
but used
– 128-bit structure
– 2128 available addresses
 Understanding Packet
Transmission
• Routers on the network
• Network to network
• Dynamic or static tables
• Transmitting packets to remote segments
• Routing packets
 Understanding Packet
Transmission (continued)
 Understanding Packet
Transmission (continued)
 Understanding Packet
Transmission (continued)
Understanding Packet Transmission
(continued)
Working With Hexadecimal Numbers
 Summary
• TCP/IP is more than just the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol; it is an entire suite of
protocols that provides data transportation,
management, and diagnostic capabilities for networks
that use it
• TCP/IP was started by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA)
• That group was charged with developing a national
communication system that could survive a nuclear war
• Later, its network, ARPANET, was turned over to the
public, especially universities
• From there, the Internet grew into what it is today, a
large worldwide commerce and communications network
 Summary (continued)
• TCP/IP maps to a four-layer network model: Application,
Transport, Internetwork, and Network Interface
• The Application layer in the TCP/IP model covers the
Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI
reference model
• TCP/IP Transport layer maps directly to the OSI Transport
layer
• The Internetwork layer of the TCP/IP model maps directly to
the Network layer of the OSI model
• Network Interface layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to
the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model
 Summary (continued)
• The TCP and UDP protocols reside at the Transport
layer of the TCP/IP networking Model
• UDP is an unreliable and connectionless
communications protocol that does not guarantee packet
delivery
• TCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol that
guarantees packet delivery
• TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a
communications link between two points before data
transfer
• TCP also uses a sliding window to control the flow of
packets and the number of acknowledgments between
the two hosts
 Summary (continued)
• Both TCP and UDP use port numbers from 1 to 65,535
to establish their communications between two points
• Ports with numbers 1023 and under are Well Known Port
numbers, as defined in RFC 1700
• These ports describe common Internet services that
hosts can use to contact public servers for specific types
of services, such as Web, FTP, and telnet
• The Internet Protocol (IP) resides at the Internetwork
layer, it provides the logical address that can be passed
through a router
• The subnet mask allows networks to be divided into
subnetworks
 Summary (continued)
• You can use the ping utility with IP and ICMP to
diagnose and troubleshoot network connections
• Use the trace utility with IP to determine all the
hops that a packet makes along its path to a
remote TCP/IP host
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse
ARP (RARP) reside in the Internetwork layer
• These protocols allow the TCP/IP host to map
the IP address to a MAC address
 Summary (continued)
• The MAC address is the final leg of communication
between hosts
• Packets are transmitted via the MAC address to the
destination host once the packets arrive at the
destination network or subnetwork
• The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN) and the American Registry of Internet
Numbers (ARIN) work together to subdivide and issue
addresses for Internet clients
• Three classes of addresses (A, B, and C) are available
to organizations
• Class A addresses are for governments worldwide
 Summary (continued)
• Class B addresses are assigned to medium to large
companies and universities
• Class C addresses are assigned to organizations and
people who require an IP address but do not meet the
criteria to have a Class A or B address
• Class D addresses are used for multicasting information
• Multicasting allows anyone with the correct setup to
broadcast a simultaneous transmission to multiple
computers
• Class E addresses are used for experimentation and
research
 Summary (continued)
• The subnet mask divides the network portion of
the IP address from the host portion of the
address
• The network or subnetwork IP address must
always have zeros for the host identifier portion
• IP addresses that identify TCP/IP hosts must be
nonzero in the host portion
• When the host portion of an IP address is all
binary ones, the address is a broadcast address
 Summary (continued)
• Routing tables can be created manually and
dynamically
• Network administrators manually create static
routing tables
• A manual table requires more administrative
overhead but gives the administrator greater
control over the routing process
• Dynamic updates are provided through routing
protocols
• The routing protocols allow the routers to be
updated automatically
 Summary (continued)
• Advanced routing protocols such as RIP version
2, OSPF, and EIGRP support variable length
subnet masking (VLSM)
• VLSM allows network administrators to better
allocate their IP address space by using different
subnet masks on their subnetworks
• Classful routing protocols such as RIP version 1
and IGRP do not support VLSM
• They require the same subnet mask on every
subnet
 Summary (continued)
• IPv6 is the latest version of IP addressing
• Unlike the 32-bit IPv4 addresses that are
in use today on most networks, IPv6
addresses are 128 bits long and are
expressed in hexadecimal
• It is expected that vendors and networkers
will slowly convert to IPv6 in the next
several years
 Summary (continued)
• The hexadecimal numbering system is also
known as base 16 because there are 16
available numerals
• The numerals include all of the numbers 0–9 as
well as the letters A–F
• For example, the letter A represents the decimal
number 10 and the letter F represents the
decimal number 15
• Hexadecimal numbers are found in MAC
addresses and IPv6 addresses, and are often
used in computer and networking applications