Introduction

Lipids are hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules.

• They are soluble in nonpolar solvent.

• They are insoluble in polar solvents, such as water

They are isolated from the other biological molecules by

extracting them with nonpolar solvents.

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 Introduction
The types of lipids that we will look at include.
1. Fats
a.Fatty Acids
• In the carboxylic acid family
• 2. Waxes
• Fatty Acids + Alcohols
c. Triglycerides
• 3 Fatty acids + glycerol
3. Phospholipids and glycolipids
• 2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate + X
4.. Steroids
• Derivatives of cholesterol

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 Fatty Acids
Fatty acids contain a carboxylic acid group
• This should make them quite polar
However, they also contain a long hydrocarbon tail
• Which overall, makes them nonpolar.

nonpolar polar

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 Fatty Acids
Fatty acids typically contain between 12 and 20 carbons
• The number is usually always even.
• The nonpolar tails interact with London forces.

nonpolar polar

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 Fatty Acids
Melting points for saturated fatty acids:
Melting Temperature {°C}

No. of Carbons

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 Fatty Acids
Some fatty acids contain double bonds

• unsaturated

• monounsaturated

• polyunsaturated

• polyunsaturated

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 Fatty Acids
The common fatty acids found in biological systems are
shown in Table 8.1 of Raymond.

Text

Linolenic acid is one of the omega-3 fatty acids.

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 Fatty Acids
Normally the double bonds are cis
• This lowers the melting points for fatty acids containing
double bonds.
Melting Temperature {°C}

No. of Double Bonds

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 Waxes
Waxes are made by combining fatty acids with long chain
alcohols.
• In Unit 2 we discussed how carboxylic acids react with
alcohols to from esters.

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 Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids & Esters )
We look now at three families that are distinguished by a
functional group that contains the element oxygen.
Esters
• Chemically, esters can be synthesize by reacting a
carboxylic acid with and alcohol:

O
CH3 CH2 C O CH2 CH3

Carboxylic Alcohol
acid part part

Ethyl propanoate

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 Waxes
Waxes are esters.

14-36 carbons 16-30 carbons

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 Waxes
When two more molecules combine to form a larger
molecule, the word residue is used to indicate which
molecule that part of the the larger molecule came from.

came from the fatty acid came from the alcohol

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 Waxes
Waxes are very hydrophobic and are used by plants and
animals for protective, water-proof coatings

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 Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a storage form of fatty acids in mammals.
• Often when blood tests are done, they measure your
triglycyeride levels.
• High triglyceride levels in the blood are a risk indicator for
artherosclerosis.

*American Heart Association

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 Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a combination of three 3 fatty acid
molecules with a glycerol molecule.

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 Triglycerides
Glycerol, which is also called glycerin,
is an alcohol with three hydroxyl
groups.
HO CH2
• As with the waxes, the fatty acids
can react with the hydroxyl groups to
form esters.
HO CH

• Since there are three hydroxyl

groups, three fatty acids can react to
form three esters. HO CH2
glycerol

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 Triglycerides
For triglycerides, all three hydroxyls of the glycerol have a
fatty acid residue attached to it.
O
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C O CH2

O
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C O CH

O
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C O CH2
fatty acid glycerol
residues residue

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 Triglycerides
Triglycerides as primarily used as a form of stored energy.

• This is why when you eat more than you need to meet your
energy requirements, the excess energy is stored in the
form of fat.

• Fat can store almost twice as much energy per gram as

carbohydrates and proteins

• In mammals the fats are stored in the adipose tissue.

• Adipose tissue also functions to protect organs from shock

and cold.

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 Triglycerides
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

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 Triglycerides
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

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 Triglycerides
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

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 Triglycerides
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phospholipids and Glycolipids are the stuff that biological
membranes are made of.
• Like the soaps, these molecules are highly aphipathic, and
when mixed with water spontaneously form membranes
that are described as lipid bilayers.

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24
25
 Phospholipids and Glycolipids

Soaps form Phospholipids form

Lipid Bilayers

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phospholipids and Glycolipids are the stuff that biological
membranes are made of.
• Like the soaps, these molecules are highly aphipathic, and
when mixed with water spontaneously form membranes
that are described as lipid bilayers.

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phosphospholipids
• There a are two types of phospholipids
• 1.Glycerophospholipids

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phosphospholipids
• There a are two types of phospholipids
• 2.Sphingolipids

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phosphospholipids
• The Glycerophospholipids have a structure similar to
triglycerides, with one of the fatty acids replaced with a
phosphate.
There is usually
an additional
alcohol attached
to the other side
of the phosphate

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phosphospholipids
• The Glycerophospholipids have a structure similar to
triglycerides, with one of the fatty acids replaced with a
phosphate.

phosphoester
bonds
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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phosphospholipids
• Phospholipids are used commercially as emulsifying
agents.
• An emulsifying agent stabilizes an emulsion.
• An emulsion is a colloidal suspension of one liquid in another.
‣ An example is mayonnaise, which is a colloidal suspension of oil and
water.

• Lecithin, which is another name for the phospholipid

phosphotidylcholine, is used as an emulsifying agent in
mayonnaise and other prepared foods.

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 Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Phosphospholipids
• The sphingolipids are found in the myelin membranes that
insulate the nerve cells.
• Some sphingolipids use sugars for the alcohol portion of
the molecule
• These are called glycolipids.

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 Steroids
Steroids are a type of lipid that is not derived form a fatty
acid.
• They are based instead on a system of five cycloalkane
rings that are fused together.

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 Steroids
Steroids are a type of lipid that is not derived form a fatty
acid.
• They are based instead on a system of five cycloalkane
rings that are fused together.

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 Steroids
Cholesterol is the steroid that used as the starting point for
the synthesis of other steroids.

Note the fused ring

system

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 Steroids
• Cholesterol is only found in animals
• Besides being used to synthesize the other steroids,
cholesterol is dissolved in membranes to keep them fluid.
• Plants use the alternative strategy of using polyunsaturated fatty
acids to make their phospholipids.

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 Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins are used to transport
the water insoluble lipids such as
triglycerides, phospholipids and
cholesterol, in the blood.
• Lipoproteins contain lipids and
proteins.
• They include:
• Chylomicrons transport primarily
triglycerides from the digestive track.
• LDLs (low density lipoproteins)
transport cholesterol, triglycerides and
phospholipids from the liver to other
tissues.
• HDLs (high density lipoproteins)
transport cholesterol and
38 phospholipids back to the liver.
 Lipoproteins
The HDL and LDL levels in the blood can be used to assess
ones risk for atherosclerosis.
• High levels of HDL is considered good
• This is why HDL is sometimes referred to as “good cholesterol”
• > 40 mg/dL is good.

• High levels of LDL is considered bad

• This is why LDL is sometimes referred to as “bad cholesterol”
• > 100 mg/dL is bad.

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 Eating Foods that are rich in fats are found
to be unhealthy . Fats deposits in the
coronary heart artery leading to
cardiovascular diseases
The intake of saturated fats contribute
much to the increase in blood cholesterol
.Fats deposits and form plaques in the
arterial wall causing narrowing of arteries
thus impending normal blood flow.
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 ACTIVITY

CREATE A CONCEPT MAP

ABOUT LIPIDS include the
types,structure, source,
functions, example and
effects .

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The End