EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

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 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?
• Temperature is the property which reflects the quantity of energy of
motion of the component particles.
• The coldest theoretical temperature is called absolute zero and The
Hottest theoretical temperature known is 10^32 K !! And is called as
plank temperature.
• A boiling cup of water has very active molecules moving around very
quickly and producing the heat we feel on our hands and faces.
• Colder objects don't have as much energy. Their molecules are much
less active.

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 TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT(THERMOMETRY)
• A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature
gradient using a variety of different principles. The property which is
related to the temperature is called as thermometric property. Any
thermometer consist of these 2 basic elements:
1) The temperature sensor or transducer in which some physical change
occurs with temperature.
2) Signal conditioning & measurement unit which records this change and
converts it into a numerical value.

Temperature
measurement
Methods

Non-Electric
Electric Methods Radiation Methods
Methods

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 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE

Non-electrical Electrical method Radiation method

method
1. Thermo- 1. Total radiation
1. Physical state electric type pyrometer
2. Chemical 2. Thermo- 2. Selective
properties resistive radiation
3. Physical type pyrometer
properties 3. IR pyrometer

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 THERMISTORS
• Thermistor is a combination of the words thermal and resistor. Thermistor
is special type of resistor, whose resistance varies more significantly with
temperature than in standard resistors. Generally, the resistance increases
with the temperature for most of the metals but the thermistors respond
negatively i.e. the resistance of the thermistors decrease with the increase
in temperature. This is the main principle behind thermistor. A thermistor
is made from a semiconductor material. It is shaped into a disc, a rod or a
bead.
• Bead thermistors may be only a few millimeters in diameter. Some bead
thermistors have the bead enclosed in a glass capsule.

Disc and Rod type

Surface mount Bead type
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 TYPES OF THERMISTORS
• Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC):
PTC thermistors or Posistors increase their resistance as the temperature
rises. The relationship between resistance and temperature is linear .
ΔR = k ΔT

where

• ΔR = change in resistance
• ΔT = change in temperature
• k = first-order temperature coefficient of resistance and is +ve

PTC Uses: PTC thermistors can be used in place of fuses for circuit protection.
As the circuit heats up, resistance increases to prevent overload. They are
also used as timing devices in televisions.

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• Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC):

If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and

the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor.
Many NTC thermistors are made from a pressed disc or cast chip of a
semiconductor such as a sintered metal oxide. They work because raising
the temperature of a semiconductor increases the number of electrons
able to move about and carry charge – it promotes them into the
conduction band. The more charge carriers that are available, the more
current a material can conduct .These type are commonly used in
Temperature sensing purpose. The relationship between resistance and
temperature is non-linear.

NTC Uses: NTC thermistors, on the other hand, are used as current-
limiters and temperature monitors in digital thermostats
and automobiles.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The dependence of the resistance on
temperature can be approximated by
following equation,

R=ROeβ(1/T-1/To)
Where,
R is the resistance of thermistor at the temperature T (in K)
RO is the resistance at given temperature To (in K)
β is the material specific-constant whose value lies between 3000-4000

The thermistor acts as the temperature sensor and it is placed on the body
whose temperature is to be measured. It is also connected in the electric
circuit. When the temperature of the body changes, the resistance of the
thermistor also changes, which is indicated by the circuit directly as the
temperature since resistance is calibrated against the temperature. The
thermistor can also be used for some control which is dependent on the
temperature.
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 ADVANTAGES
• They are more sensitive than other temperature sensors
• High sensitivity allows them to work well over a small temperature range
• They’re low cost and therefore cheap to replace.
• They provide a fast response
• Easy to use
• Small in size so they can fit into the smallest of spaces.
• Options for customization
• Standard two wire connection system means they are compatible with
many devices
• Easily interfaced to electronic instrumentation

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 APPLICATIONS
• We regularly use NTC thermistors in automotive applications
• Thermistors are also commonly used in modern digital thermostats and to
monitor the temperature of battery packs while charging.
• We can regularly use the Thermistors in the hot ends of 3D printers; they
monitor the heat produced and allow the printer’s control circuitry to
keep a constant temperature for melting the plastic filament.
• NTC thermistors are used as resistance thermometers in low-temperature
measurements of the order of 10 K.
• We can also use NTC thermistors to monitor the temperature of an
incubator.
• We can use PTC thermistors as current-limiting devices for circuit
protection, as replacements for fuses . AND MANY MORE…

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 Electrical Resistance Thermometers

Change in Change in Measure change

temperature resistance of in Resistance
material

Conductors (Metals) Semi conductors

• Resistance of the metals • Resistance of the semi
increase with increase in conductors decrease with
temperature increase in temperature
• Commonly known as • Commonly known as
metallic resistance Thermistors
thermometers or RTD
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 Metallic resistance Thermometers –
Resistance temperature Detectors (RTD)

S.N Material Operating

O range
1 Platinum 4K to 1319K
2 Copper ≤ 300C
3 Nickel ≤ 600C

• Out of all available options Platinum

is most widely used material for
metallic resistance element.

• Despite of its high cost comparable

to copper to nickel it posses high
resistance to chemical attack and
contamination.
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 Solid State Temperature Sensors
o Operating Principle: Temperature dependence of the
voltage-current characteristics of a P-N junction in forward
bias.

o Diode equation:
𝑞𝑉
𝐼= 𝐼0 𝑒 𝑘𝑇
−1
𝑘𝑇 𝐼
→𝑉≈ log( )
𝑞 𝐼0

𝐼�0 = Saturation current

https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/diode/diode_3.html
(characteristic of a diode)
𝑘 = Boltzmann constant
𝑞 = Electronic charge
Shock Wave Interaction in Microfluidics

12-Dec-16 Temperature Measurement 13

 Solid State Temperature Sensors

Advantages Dis-advantages
• Inherent Linearity • Limited range of use
• No amplification
needed

Shock Wave Interaction in Microfluidics

12-Dec-16 Temperature Measurement 14

 Quartz Piezoelectric Sensor
o Operating Principle: Temperature dependence of the natural
frequency of vibration of a quartz crystal.

o Vibrations are induced in a quartz crystal and the frequency is

measured using an electrical circuit of the form shown below. This
makes use of the fact that a vibrating crystal produces a periodic
potential difference across it

https://www.electronics- Shock Wave Interaction in Microfluidics

tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html

12-Dec-16 Temperature Measurement 15

 Quartz Piezoelectric Sensor

Advantages Dis-advantages
• High resolution • Limited range of use
~0.001℃
• Very reliable in the long • Sensitivity to environmental
term pressure
• Good repeatability in the
range of −40 𝑡𝑜 230 ℃

Shock Wave Interaction in Microfluidics

12-Dec-16 Temperature Measurement 16

 BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER
-The bimetallic thermometer uses the bimetallic strip which converts the
temperature into the mechanical displacement. The working of the bimetallic
strip depends on the thermal expansion property of the metal

Fig: Deflection caused due to temperature change

Source:https://circuitglobe.com/bimetallic-thermometer.html
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 USES:
● Used in household devices like
oven, air conditioners.
● Industrial apparatus like
refineries, hot wires...

Fig: Bimetal helix thermometer

Source: Instrumentation measurement and analysis by Nakra and chaudry

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 PRESSURE THERMOMETER
-Pressure thermometer is based on the fluid expansion due to an increase in the
pressure in a given volume of temperature measuring system.

Fig: Schematic diagram of pressure thermometer

Source: Instrumentation measurement and analysis by Nakra and chaudry 19
 VAPOUR PRESSURE THERMOMETER
-In vapour pressure thermometers a highly
volatile liquid is used, but only partially
occupies the thermometer volume.
-The liquid begins to vaporize and fills the
rest of the volume with steam. As a result,
the pressure rises.
-This rising vapour pressure is indicated by a
Bourdon tube

Fig: Schematic diagram of vapour pressure thermometer

Source: https://www.slideshare.net 20
 Radiation Method(Pyrometry)
•Non-contact type of temperature measuring device.
Instruments that uses radiation principle fall into three categories

Total Radiation Selective(partial) Infrared(IR)

pyrometer Radiation Pyrometer
pyrometer

Source: https://www.electrical4u.com/radiation-pyrometer-types-working-principle
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 TOTAL RADIATION PYROMETER
-Total radiation pyrometer receives a controlled sample of the total radiation of
a hot body and focuses it on to a temperature sensitive transducer.
Stefan- Boltzmann law

Fig: Schematic diagram of Fery’s total radiation pyrometer

Source: Instrumentation measurement and analysis by Nakra and chaudhry
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 SELECTIVE RADIATION PYROMETRY
●The principle of this instrument is based on Planck’s law which states that the
energy level in the radiation from a hot body are distributed in the different
wavelengths.

Where W=Energy level associated with wavelength at temperature

T(W/cm3)
●Its use is limited to temperatures greater than about 700°C.

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 Filament too dark

Filament too bright

Fig: Schematic of the disappearing filament type of optical

pyrometer
Equal brightness
Source: Instrumentation measurement and analysis by Nakra and chaudhry 24
 WEIGHT FACTOR
S. Name Entry no. Weight
No factor
1 Shashank Saxena 2015ME10680 1

2 Yeswanth Sai 2018MEZ8595 1

3 Aravind 2019AMA2373 1

4 Avinash Pandey 2019AMA2374 1

5 Ksithij Gupta 2019AMA2376 1

THANK YOU
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