VOLTAGE DROP AND FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS - IIEE Presentation

iiee
CAPIZ CHAPTER
VOLTAGE DROP
& SHORT-CIRCUIT
General Membership
Assembly
Meeting CALCULATIONS
IIEE 2016: Soaring High
Towards Globalization
ROGER P. BALDERAS, DIT, PEE,

VP for External Affairs
Roging Dadivas Hall, CAPSU IIEE Iloilo Chapter
Roxas City | Oct. 17, 2016
IIEE Technical Presentation
OUTLINE
I. VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS
 Three-Phase Circuits
 Single-Phase Circuits
II. SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

 Three-Phase Fault
 Line-to-Line Fault
 Line-to-Ground Fault
OUTLINE
III. SAMPLE VOLTAGE DROP AND

SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
ON RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL
BUILDINGS
VOLTAGE DROP
CALCULATION
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION
VOLTAGE DROP
 the amount of voltage loss that occurs

through all or part of a circuit due to
resistance or impedance
 wasted electricity
VOLTAGE DROP
Causes of Voltage Drop
 conductor that is being used
 current being carried by the conductor
 connections in the circuit

VOLTAGE DROP
 Excessive voltage drop will result to

inefficient operation of electrically
operated equipment and higher line
loss.
VOLTAGE DROP
Reducing Voltage Drop

 Increase power factor
 Reconductor with a larger size
 Balance circuits
 Convert single-phase to three-phase circuits
 Reduced load
 Reduced length
ALLOWABLE VOLTAGE DROP
 Reasonable operating efficiency is achieved

if the voltage drop of a feeder or branch
circuit is limited to 3 percent. However, the
total voltage drop of a branch circuit plus a
feeder can reach 5 percent and still achieve
reasonable operating efficiency (Foot Print
Note No. 2 of article 2.15.1.2(a) (3),PEC
2009).
VOLTAGE DROP FORMULAS:
L
Voltage Drop L- N  I  Z 
305
L
 I  R  XL 
2 2
Single - Phase, VD L- N
305
 L 
Single  Phase, VD L  L  2  I  R  X L  
2 2
 305 
 L 
Three  Phase, VD L  L  3  I  R  X L  
2 2
 305 
VD
%VD  100%
Vs
Voltage-drop calculations using the dc

resistance formula are not always accurate
for ac circuits, especially for those with a
less-than-unity power factor or for those
that use conductors larger than 2 AWG.
[2011 NEC Handbook]
2009 PEC Table 9.1.1.9
AC Resistance and Reactance for 600 V Cables, 3-Phase, 60
Hz, 750C - Three Single Conductors in Conduit
 Calculation Example 1
A feeder has a 100-ampere continuous load.
The system source is 240 volts, 3-phase, and
the supplying circuit breaker is 125 amperes.
The feeder is in a trade size 40 mm aluminum
conduit with three 38 mm2 THHN copper
conductors operating at their maximum
temperature rating of 750C. The circuit length
is 46 m, and the power factor is 85 percent.
Using Table 9.1.1.9, determine the
approximate voltage drop of this circuit.
Solution Example 1:
From 2009 PEC Table 9.1.1.9:
“Effective Z at 0.85 PF of 38 mm2 copper

wire in aluminum conduit:
Z = 0.16 ohm / 305 m

Solution Example 1:
L 46
VD L- N  I  Z   100  0 . 16 
305 305
 2.41volts
VD LL  3  VD LN  3  2.41  4.17 volts
Voltage present at the load end of the circuit

 240  4.17  235.83 volts
4.17
%VD  100  1.74%
240
A 270-ampere continuous load is present on a
feeder. The circuit consists of a single 110 mm
PVC conduit with three 325 mm2
XHHW/USE aluminum conductors fed from a
480-volt, 3-phase, 3-wire source. The
conductors are operating at their maximum
rated temperature of 750C. If the power factor
is 0.7 and the circuit length is 76 m, is the
voltage drop excessive?
actor
Solution Example 2:

R and XL of 325 mm2 aluminum wire in PVC
conduit:
R = 0.036 ohm/305m ; XL = 0.039 ohm/305m

Solution Example 2:
Z R X  0.036 0.039
2 2 2 2
L
0.053ohm
to
neutral
L 76
VD L N  I Z  2700.053
  3.57volts
305 305
VD LL  3  VD LN  3  3.57  6.18 volts

Solution Example 2:
6.18
% VD  100  1.29 % VD
480
Conclusion: According to Foot Print Note No. 2 of

article 2.15.1.2(a) (3), PEC 2009, this voltage drop
does not appear to be excessive.
A 3-phase, 230 V, 60 Hz electric motor draws a full load
current of 20 A at 80 % load power factor. It is connected
to a panelboard 30.5 m away with 3 x 5.5 mm2 THW
copper conductors in PVC conduit. The panelboard which
draws a total current of 295 A from a 3-phase, 230 V
transformer bank is 15.2 m away and is supplied by 3 x
250 mm2 THW copper conductors in PVC conduit.
Calculate: (a) the voltage drop at the panel board; and (b)
the percent voltage drop at the terminals of the motor
assuming that the voltage at the transformer bushing is 230
V and neglecting the effect of voltage phase shift due to
load power factor.
Solution Example 3:
Single Line Diagram

Solution Example 3:
R and XL of 250 mm2 THW copper conductor
in PVC conduit:
R = 0.027 ohm/305m ; XL = 0.039 ohm/305m
R and XL of 5.5 mm2 THW copper conductor

in PVC conduit:
R = 1.20 ohm/305m ; XL = 0.050 ohm/305m
Solution Example 3:
(a) @ Panelboard:
L
VD L- N  I  R  X L 
2 2
305
15.2
 295 0.027  0.039 
2 2
 0.697 volt
305
VD L  L  3  0.697  1.21 volt
Voltage at Panelboard: Vs = 230 - 1.21 = 228.79 volt

Solution Example 3:
(b) @ Motor Terminals:
L
VD L- N  I  R  X L   0.697 V
2 2
305
30.5
 20 1.20  0.050 
2 2
 0.697  3.10 volt
305
VD L  L  3  3.10  5.37 volt
5.37
%VD  100%  2.33%
230
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CALCULATION
SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION
 THREE-PHASE FAULT
 In a 3-phase fault, the fault currents

are symmetrical or balanced.
 100 
I F3φ  I L rated  
 %Z 
 1 
 THREE-PHASE FAULT
 three-phase symmetrical fault current

calculation is necessary in order to
specify the correct kilo ampere
interrupting current (KAIC) rating of
the circuit breaker
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CALCULATION
 LINE TO LINE FAULT
 In a line to line fault, the fault currents

are asymmetrical or unbalanced.
  100 
I F L-L  3 I φ rated  
  %Z1  %Z 2 
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CALCULATION
 LINE TO GROUND FAULT
 In a line to ground fault, the fault currents

are asymmetrical or unbalanced.
  100 
I F L -G  3I φ rated  
  %Z1  %Z 2  % Z 0 
Procedure using the Per-Unit Method
1. Draw system diagram.
2. Draw impedance diagram.
3. Obtain the Source Short Circuit level at
the vicinity from the utility company.
4. Select MVA base (any convenient value may
do but preferably the transformer capacity).
5. Compute PU value of utility source.
MVA base
Zu PU 
Utility Fault MVA
6. Compute PU for transformer.

 %Z   MVA base 
Z t PU   
x 
 100   Transforme r MVA 
7. Compute PU value for feeder lines.
Ohms  MVA base
Zc PU 
(kV base) 2
8. Compute PU for motor contribution.

 25%   MVA base 
Z m PU    
 100   Motor MVA 
Where 25% is the average induction

motor reactance per IEEE Std 141.
9. Compute for short-circuit currents at
designated points.
9.1 Draw single line diagram.
9.2 Draw simplified diagram with values.
9.3 Combine impedance (Zt PU) up to the fault.
9.4 Compute short circuit current (ISC).
PU Voltage
ISC (sym)   Base Current
Total Z PU
10. Computations at Fault Points.

A 10 MVA, 34.5/13.8 kV, 3-phase
transformer has 5.75 percent impedance. The
primary winding is connected to an infinite
source. Determine the approximate
interrupting capacity of the secondary main
circuit breaker in kA.
Solution Example 4:
Single Line Diagram

Solution Example 4:
SELECT:
Base MVA = 10 MVA
Base kV = 13.8 kV
Base Current = 0.4184 kA
Transformer Per-Unit Impedance, Zt PU
%Z  Base MVA 
Z t PU   
100  Transforme r MVA 
Solution Example 4:
5.75  10 MVA 
Z t PU     0.0575 pu
100  10 MVA 
 1.0 
I F 3φ  Base Current  
 Ztotal PU 
 1.0 
 0.4184   7.276 kA RMS symmetrica l
 0.0575 
Circuit breaker should be rated not less than 8

kAIC symmetrical.
Solution Example 4:
Line to Line Fault
I F L-L 
3
I F 3φ   7.276 kA   6.301 kA
3
2 2
A 5 MVA, 34.5/0.48 kV, 3-phase transformer
having 6.2 percent impedance is connected to
a 34.5 kV, 3-phase line having 3-phase short
circuit capacity of 1,000 MVA. Determine the
approximate interrupting capacity of the
secondary main circuit breaker in kA. Neglect
resistances.
Solution Example 5:
Single Line Diagram

Solution Example 5:
SELECT:
Base MVA = 5 MVA
Base kV = 0.48 kV
Tapping Point Per-Unit Impedance, Ztap PU
Base MVA 5 MVA

Z tap PU    0.005 pu
TappingPoi nt MVA 1,000 MVA
Solution Example 5:
Transformer Per-Unit Impedance, Zt PU
%Z  Base MVA  6.2  5 MVA 

Z t PU       0.062 pu
100  Transforme r MVA  100  5 MVA 
Z total PU  Z tap PU  Z t PU  0.005  0.062  0.067 pu

Solution Example 5:
 1.0 
I F 3φ  Base Current  
 Ztotal PU 
 1.0 
 6.014   89.7612 kA RMS symmetrica l
 0.067 
Circuit breaker should be rated not less than 90

kAIC symmetrical.
Solution Example 5:
Line to Line Fault
I F L-L 
3
I F 3φ   89.7612 kA   77.735 kA
3
2 2
Three-Phase Fault
Example:
Single Line Diagram with Assumed Indicated Fault

Three-Phase Fault
Fault Current Calculations Using Per-Unit
Method
SELECT:
Base MVA = 0.300 MVA

Base kV = 0.230 kV

Three-Phase Fault
Per-Unit Impedance of the System

 Utility per unit impedance
X
 2.95   arctan 2.95  71.27 0
R
MVA base 0.300
Zu PU    0.003666 pu
Utility Fault MVA 81.82
R  0.003666  cos 71.270  0.001177 pu

X  0.003666  sin71.27  0.003472 pu
Zu PU = 0.001177 + j 0.003472 pu
Three-Phase Fault

 Transformer per unit impedance
X
 2.0   arctan 2.0  63.430
R
 %Z   MVA base   3.5   0.300 
Z t PU    x   x   0.035 pu
 100   Transforme r MVA   100   0.300 
R  0.035  cos 63.430  0.015655pu

X  0.035  sin63.43  0.031303 pu
Zt PU = 0.015655 + j 0.031303 pu
Three-Phase Fault
 Cable per unit impedance
From Table 9.1.1.9, 2009 PEC, R & XL of 250 mm2
THW in steel conduit.
R  0.029ohm/3 05m X  0.048ohm/3 05m
 30.4 
Z c  (0.029  j0.048)     0.002890  j0.004784 Ω
 305 
Ohms  MVA base
Zc PU 
(kV base) 2
(0.002890  j0.004784)  0.300

(0.230) 2
 0.016389  j0.027130
Three-Phase Fault
 Motor contribution per unit impedance
 25%   MVA base   25%   0.300 

Z m PU        0.75 pu
 100   Motor MVA   100   0.100 
Three-Phase Fault
Fault Current Calculations Using Per-Unit
Method
Fault at Point "Fa"
Single Line Diagram

Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fa"
Zu PU = 0.001177 + j 0.003472 pu
Zt PU = 0.015655 + j 0.031303 pu
Ztotal PU = 0.016832 + j 0.034775 pu

Impedance Diagram
Z totalPU  (0.016832) 2  (0.034775) 2  0.038634 pu

PUVoltage 1.0
Isc (sym)   BaseCurren t   0.753  19.49 kA RMS
TotalZ pu 0.038634
Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fb"
Single Line Diagram

Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fb"
Zu PU = 0.001177 + Zc1 PU = 0.016389 + Zc2 PU = 0.016389 +

j 0.003472 pu j 0.027130 pu j 0.027130 pu
Zt PU = 0.015655 + Zm1 PU = 0+ j 0.75 pu Zm2 PU = 0.0 + j 0.75 pu

j 0.031303 pu
Impedance Diagram
Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fb"
Combining Parallel Impedances:
1 1 1 1
  
Z totalPU Z uPU  Z tPU Zc1PU  Z m1PU Zc2PU  Z m2PU
1 1 1
 
Z totalPU 0.016832  j0.034775 0.016389  j0.777130
1

0.016389  j0.777130
ZtotalPU  0.014205  j0.032432 pu
Z totalPU  (0.014205) 2  (0.032432) 2  0.035406 pu

Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fb"
PUVoltage
Isc (sym)   BaseCurren t
TotalZ pu
1.0
  0.753  21.27 kA RMS
0.035406
Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fc"
Single Line Diagram

Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fc"
ZuPU + ZtPU Zc1PU + Zm1PU Zc2PU + Zm2PU
Zc3PU = 0.016389 + j 0.027130 pu
Impedance Diagram
Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fc"
Combining Parallel Impedances:
1 1 1
 
Ze PU 0.016832  j0.034775 0.016389  j0.777130
1

0.016389  j 0.777130
ZePU  0.014205  j0.032432 pu

Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fc"
ZtotalPU  ZePU  Zc3PU

ZtotalPU  (0.014205  j0.032432)  (0.016389  j0.027130) pu
 0.030594  j0.059562 pu
Z totalPU  (0.030594) 2  (0.059562) 2  0.066960 pu

Three-Phase Fault
Fault at Point "Fc"
PUVoltage
Isc (sym)   BaseCurren t
TotalZ pu
1.0
  0.753  11.25 kA RMS
0.066960
Line-to-Line Fault (1-Phase)
Example:
Line-to-Line Fault (1-Phase)
SELECT:
Base kV = 0.240 kV
Fault level @ the Switchboard Bus
3 (480V)(50, 000A)
  41.569 MVA
1,000,000
Line-to-Line Fault
Deriving Transformer R and X

X X  6.6 R
 6.6
R
Z X2  R 2  (6.6R) 2  R 2 44.56R 2  6.6753R
Z
R 
6 . 6753 R  0.1498 Z
X  6.6(0.1498Z )  0.9887 Z
Line-to-Line Fault
Switchboard Bus Per-Unit Impedance

BaseMVA 0.075
Z busPU    0.001804 pu
BusMVA 41.569

R 
2(0.1498)(
0.001804)
0.00054
pu

X 
2(0.9887)(
0.001804)
0.00356
pu
Zbus
PU 0.00054
j0.00356
pu
Line-to-Line Fault
Conductor Per-Unit Impedance

Zcon  0.0104  j0.0051 Ω
Zcon  2(0.0104  j0.0051)  0.0208  j0.0102 Ω
Ohms  Base MVA
Zcon PU 
(kVbase ) 2
(0.0208  j0.0102)(0 .075)
 2
(0.480)
 0.0067708  j0.0033203 pu
Line-to-Line Fault
Transformer Per-Unit Impedance
 %Z   Base MVA 
Z tPU    
 100   Transforme r MVA 
 1.64  j2.27   0.075 

Z t PU      0.0164  j0.0227 pu
 100   0.075 
Line-to-Line Fault
480V,50000 A,3φ, X/R  6.6
ZSyst = 0.0054 + j0.00356 pu
ZCond = 0.00677 + j0.00332 pu
ZTfmr = 0.0164 + j0.0227 pu
ZTotal = 0.02371 + j0.02958 pu

Line-to-Line Fault
Z total PU  (0.02371) 2  (0.02958) 2  0.03791 pu
 1.0 
I SCF 1  BaseCurren t   
 Z totalPU 
1.0
 0.3125 kA   8.243 kA
0.03791
LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT
Line-to-Ground Fault
Note:
For Non-Rotating Circuit Elements

(Transformers, Cables, Etc):
Z1 = Z2 = Z0
BUS 2
SUBSTATION “A”
Single Line Diagram

Behaviour of Fault Current

SAMPLE VOLTAGE DROP
AND SHORT-CIRCUIT
CALCULATIONS ON
RESIDENTIAL AND
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Voltage Drop and Short-Circuit
Calculations
Title:
Proposed Two-Storey
Residential Building
Proposed Two-Storey Residential Building
SCHEDULE OF LOADS AND DESIGN ANALYSIS


MAIN DISTRIBUTION PANEL (MDP)

VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM WITH

ASSUMED INDICATED FAULTS
B) Per-Unit Impedance of the System
B) PER-UNIT IMPEDANCE OF THE SYSTEM
Select:
Base kV = 0.240 kV
1) Utility System Per-Unit Impedance, Zupu

BaseMVA 0.075
Zupu    0.001432pu
UtilityFau ltDuty 52.386
Deriving Utility System R and X:
X
 2.3333 ; X = 2.3333R
R
Z  X 2  R 2  (2.3333R) 2  R 2  6.4443R 2  2.5386R
Z
R  0.3939Z ; X = 2.3333(0.3939Z) = 0.9191Z
2.5386
Rupu = 2(0.3939 × 0.001432) = 0.00113 pu
Xupu = 2(0.9191 × 0.001432) = 0.00263 pu
2) Transformer Per-Unit Impedance, ZTranspu
%Z BaseMVA
ZTranspu = ( )( )
100 Transforme rMVA
1.92 0.075MVA
ZTranspu = ( )  ( )  0.0192pu
100 0.075MVA
From Cooper Bussmann 2005, suggested X/R ratio of 75kVA, 1-Phase
transformer for short circuit current calculations is 1.8.
Deriving Transformer R and X:

X
 1.8 ; X = 1.8R
R
Z  X 2  R 2  (1.8R) 2  R 2  4.24R 2  2.05913R
Z
R  0.485642Z ; X = 1.8(0.485642Z) = 0.874156Z
2.05913
RTranspu = 0.485642 × 0.0192 = 0.009324 pu
XTranspu = 0.874156 × 0.0192 = 0.016784 pu
3) Secondary Lines Cable (C1) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc1pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc1pu =
(BasekV) 2
From Table 1.5-16, Power Distribution Systems (Eaton 2013), R & X of No.4/0 AWG
All Aluminum Cable:
R = 0.105 ohm/305m ; X = 0.031 ohm/305m
0.105ohm
R  (225m)  0.077459 ohm
305m
0.031ohm
X  (225m)  0.022869ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc1pu = 2(0.077459)  ( 2
)  0.201716 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc1pu = 2(0.022869)  ( 2
)  0.059555 pu
(0.240kV)
4) Service Entrance Cable (C2) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc2pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc2pu =
(BasekV) 2
From Table 9.1.1.9, PEC 2009, R & X of 80 mm2 THW copper wire in PVC
conduit:
R = 0.077 ohm/305m ; X = 0.042 ohm/305m
0.077ohm
R  (12m)  0.003030 ohm
305m
0.042ohm
X  (12m)  0.001652ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc2pu = 2(0.003030)  ( 2
)  0.007890 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc2pu = 2(0.001652)  ( 2
)  0.004302 pu
(0.240kV)
5) Sub-Feeder 1 Cable (C3) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc3pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc3pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 0.19 ohm/305m ; X = 0.045 ohm/305m
0.19ohm
R  (7m)  0.004361 ohm
305m
0.045ohm
X  (7m)  0.001033ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc3pu = 2(0.004361)  ( 2
)  0.011357 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc3pu = 2(0.001033)  ( 2
)  0.002690 pu
(0.240kV)
6) Sub-Feeder 2 Cable (C4) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc4pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc4pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 0.31 ohm/305m ; X = 0.048 ohm/305m
0.31ohm
R  (8m)  0.008131 ohm
305m
0.048ohm
X  (8m)  0.001259ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc4pu = 2(0.008131)  ( 2
)  0.021174 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc4pu = 2(0.001259)  ( 2
)  0.0032790 pu
(0.240kV)
7) Water Pump Motor Branch Circuit conductor (C5) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc5pu
ohms  BaseMVA A
Zc5pu =
(BasekV) 2
From Table 9.1.1.9, PEC 2009, R & X of 5.5 mm2 THW copper wire in PVC conduit:
R = 1.2 ohm/305m ; X = 0.050 ohm/305m
1.2ohm
R  (9m)  0.035410 ohm
305m
0.050ohm
X  (9m)  0.001475 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc5pu = 2(0.035410)  ( 2
)  0.092213 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc5pu = 2(0.001475)  ( 2
)  0.003841 pu
(0.240kV)
8) ACU-1F Branch Circuit conductor (C6) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc6pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc6pu =
(BasekV) 2
From Table 9.1.1.9, PEC 2009, R & X of 3.5 mm2 THW copper wire in PVC
conduit:
R = 2.0 ohm/305m ; X = 0.054 ohm/305m
2.0ohm
R  (8m)  0.052459 ohm
305m
0.054ohm
X  (8m)  0.001416 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc6pu = 2(0.052459)  ( 2
)  0.136612 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc6pu = 2(0.001416)  ( 2
)  0.003688 pu
(0.240kV)
9) Washing Machine Branch Circuit conductor (C7) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc7pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc7pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 2.0 ohm/305m ; X = 0.054 ohm/305m
2.0ohm
R  (7m)  0.045902 ohm
305m
0.054ohm
X  (7m)  0.001239 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc7pu = 2(0.045902)  ( 2
)  0.119536 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc7pu = 2(0.001239)  ( 2
)  0.003227 pu
(0.240kV)
10) Refrigerator Branch Circuit conductor (C8) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc8pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc8pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 2.0 ohm/305m ; X = 0.054 ohm/305m
2.0ohm
R  (8m)  0.052459 ohm
305m
0.054ohm
X  (8m)  0.001416 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc8pu = 2(0.052459)  ( 2
)  0.136612 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc8pu = 2(0.001416)  ( 2
)  0.003688 pu
(0.240kV)
11) ACU1-2F Branch Circuit conductor (C9) Per-Unit Impedance, Zc9pu
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc9pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 2.0 ohm/305m ; X = 0.054 ohm/305m
2.0ohm
R  (7m)  0.045902 ohm
305m
0.054ohm
X  (7m)  0.001239 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc9pu = 2(0.045902)  ( 2
)  0.119536 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc9pu = 2(0.001239)  ( 2
)  0.003227 pu
(0.240kV)
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc10pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 2.0 ohm/305m ; X = 0.054 ohm/305m
2.0ohm
R  (8m)  0.052459 ohm
305m
0.054ohm
X  (8m)  0.001416 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc10pu = 2(0.052459)  ( 2
)  0.136612 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc10pu = 2(0.001416)  ( 2
)  0.003688 pu
(0.240kV)
ohms  BaseMVA
Zc11pu =
(BasekV) 2
conduit:
R = 2.0 ohm/305m ; X = 0.054 ohm/305m
2.0ohm
R  (10m)  0.065574 ohm
305m
0.054ohm
X  (10m)  0.001770 ohm
305m
0.075MVA
Rc11pu = 2(0.065574)  ( 2
)  0.170765 pu
(0.240kV)
0.075MVA
Xc11pu = 2(0.001770)  ( 2
)  0.004609 pu
(0.240kV)
 25%   BaseMVA 
14) Motor Per-Unit Impedance, Zmpu =   
 100   MotorMVA 
Where 25% is the average induction motor impedance per IEEE std 141
(PEC 2009).
M1 - Water Pump Motor
 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm1pu =     10.1902pu
 100   0.00184MVA 
M2 - ACU-1F Compressor Motor

 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm2pu =     8.1522pu
 100   0.0023MVA 
M3 - Washing Machine Motor

 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm3pu =     12.5pu
 100   0.0015MVA 
M4 - Refrigerator Motor
 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm4pu =     16.3043pu
 100   0.00115MVA 
M5 - ACU1-2F Compressor Motor

 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm5pu =     8.1522pu
 100   0.0023MVA 

 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm6pu =     8.1522pu
 100   0.0023MVA 

 25%   0.075MVA 
Zm7pu =     8.1522pu
 100   0.0023MVA 
SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS

AT NORMAL CONDITION WHEREIN STANDBY
EMERGENCY GENERATOR DOES NOT
CONTRIBUTE TO ANY FAULT CURRENT.
Voltage Drop and Short-Circuit
Calculations
Title:
Proposed Two-Storey
Commercial Building
Proposed Two-Storey Commercial Building








Single Line Diagram
Voltage Drop Calculation Line-to-Neutral































FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS
Title:
Proposed Upgrading of
YMCA Electrical System
Riser Diagram
Voltage Drop Calculation 3-Phase
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line
Fault Current Calculation
Diagram with Assumed Indicated Fault

THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !!!

VOLTAGE DROP AND FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS - IIEE Presentation

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ROGER P. BALDERAS, DIT, PEE,

II. SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

III. SAMPLE VOLTAGE DROP AND

 the amount of voltage loss that occurs

Causes of Voltage Drop

 conductor that is being used

 current being carried by the conductor

 connections in the circuit

 Excessive voltage drop will result to

Reducing Voltage Drop

 Reasonable operating efficiency is achieved

Voltage-drop calculations using the dc

From 2009 PEC Table 9.1.1.9:

“Effective Z at 0.85 PF of 38 mm2 copper

Z = 0.16 ohm / 305 m

Voltage present at the load end of the circuit

From 2009 PEC Table 9.1.1.9:

R = 0.036 ohm/305m ; XL = 0.039 ohm/305m

VD LL  3  VD LN  3  3.57  6.18 volts

Conclusion: According to Foot Print Note No. 2 of

Single Line Diagram

R and XL of 5.5 mm2 THW copper conductor

VD L  L  3  0.697  1.21 volt

Voltage at Panelboard: Vs = 230 - 1.21 = 228.79 volt

 In a 3-phase fault, the fault currents

 three-phase symmetrical fault current

 In a line to line fault, the fault currents

 In a line to ground fault, the fault currents

6. Compute PU for transformer.

8. Compute PU for motor contribution.

Where 25% is the average induction

10. Computations at Fault Points.

Single Line Diagram

Transformer Per-Unit Impedance, Zt PU

Circuit breaker should be rated not less than 8

Line to Line Fault

Single Line Diagram

Tapping Point Per-Unit Impedance, Ztap PU

Base MVA 5 MVA

Transformer Per-Unit Impedance, Zt PU

%Z  Base MVA  6.2  5 MVA 

Z total PU  Z tap PU  Z t PU  0.005  0.062  0.067 pu

Circuit breaker should be rated not less than 90

Line to Line Fault

Single Line Diagram with Assumed Indicated Fault

Base MVA = 0.300 MVA

Base Current = 0.753 kA

Per-Unit Impedance of the System

R  0.003666  cos 71.270  0.001177 pu

Per-Unit Impedance of the System

R  0.035  cos 63.430  0.015655pu

 25%   MVA base   25%   0.300 

Single Line Diagram

Fault at Point "Fa"

Ztotal PU = 0.016832 + j 0.034775 pu

Z totalPU  (0.016832) 2  (0.034775) 2  0.038634 pu

Single Line Diagram

Zu PU = 0.001177 + Zc1 PU = 0.016389 + Zc2 PU = 0.016389 +

Zt PU = 0.015655 + Zm1 PU = 0+ j 0.75 pu Zm2 PU = 0.0 + j 0.75 pu

ZtotalPU  0.014205  j0.032432 pu

Z totalPU  (0.014205) 2  (0.032432) 2  0.035406 pu

Fault at Point "Fb"