PRINCIPLES OF ALTERNATING

CURRENT (AC) MACHINERY

Unit III
Unit INTRODUCTION TO DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES No. CO
-II of s
Hrs
•Introduction to inductance, capacitance, and impedance. 06 1,2
•Introduction to single phase and poly phase supply. Hrs.
•Principle of operation and construction of single phase
transformers (core and shell type only). Losses, efficiency
and voltage regulation, working of auto-transformer (Only
equation based numerical).
•Construction and working principle of three phase
induction motors, types: torque slip characteristics; power
stages and industrial applications (Only equation based
numerical).
•Construction, working principle, characteristic, and
application of single phase induction motor.
 Introduction to inductance,
capacitance, and impedance
 Introduction to single phase and poly
phase supply
• Types of ALTERNATING Currents (AC)
• Single phase:-
– Domestic applications- low power appliances
– Only two wires [phase (230V-50Hz )and a neutral]
• Poly Phase:-
– In industrial applications- high power appliances
– Four wires[three phase wires(RYB- each 120degree
phase difference) and one neutral]
– 1.732 (the square root of 3) times more power with the
same current than single phase
– Reduces sizes of electrical construction eg wire size.
 Single phase transformers
Yoke

Limbs

Magnetic
and
electric
circuits
Principle of Working of
transformer :- Mutual
Inductance
Losses in transformer and types
Transformer core Lamination
• Shell Type:- Efficient (2 cores) • Core type:-
• Difficult to repair as • Easy to repair as
sandwiched winding separate windings
• Poor natural cooling • Used in high voltage
• Used in LV Power Supply supply like DP
 Transformer efficiency

• Efficiency do not have any unit as it’s a ratio

• Its factor(<1) in above formula
• If multiplied by 100 unit is %
 Regulation of transformer

• Definition:- Change in terminal voltage from no load

to full load expressed as percentage fraction of no
load voltage is known as regulation of transformer.
• Note :- Total power = Active power + reactive power
 Auto transformer
• An autotransformer is a electrical
transformer with only one
winding(one winding transformer)
• Where primary & secondary
shares same common single
winding
Types of Autotransformer
3 Phase Induction motor
• 80% of motors
world wide are IM
• 50% power consumption
• No starter required
• Cheapest
• Robust motor and no maintenance
• Designed by Nikola Tesla (inventor of AC)
• Constant speed motor and good speed regulation
• High starting torque and overload capacity
• Synchronous motor
 Working principle
Construction of 3Phase IM
 Stator design
• Stator Parts
1. Stator Frame
2. Stator Core
3. Stator Windings:- The 3-phase
winding are arranged in such a
manner that they produce one
rotating magnetic field
– Delta or star connections
 Rotor design:- Type 1. Squirrel cage
Two types
1. Squirrel cage
2. Phase wound

Rotor Parts:-
Laminated Core
Conductor/windings
Parallel Very Common
skewed type of motor.
End rings 95% IM are of
this type
2. Sleep ring/ phase wound/ wound rotor
Uses of
external
resistors :-
1. To
increase
starting
torque
2. To
decrease
This motor has
limited start
application. Only current
5% IM in the
world are of this
3. To control
type speed
 Working of 3 Phase IM
1. Overlapping windings of stator creates rotating
magnetic field at synchronous speedNs(speed at
which rotating magnetic field rotates)
2. Which in turn induces emf in rotor bars as bars are
initially stationary [Faraday’s law] (that’s why the
name Induction motor)
3. Due to end rings a closed path found to the
induced current, which produced magnetic flux.
4. Hence as per Fleming's rule rotor starts rotating at
speed Nr.
5. As Nr tends to Ns, Nr < Ns and Ns α f(freq of I/P)
 Concept of Synchronous speed and slip
• Speed increases as Potential Difference is higher and
reduced with Potential Difference
• Induction motor can not run at Ns as at Ns relative
moment becomes zero and hence no emf will be
induced in rotor.
• Hence rotor decelerate, as rotor speed reduces relative
moment reestablished and emf induced again hence
speed again increase. Hence IM can not run at
synchronous speed.
𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵𝒓
• Slip at rest=1 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔 = 𝑵𝒔
• 1 to 5% max 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵𝒓
𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔% = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑵𝒔
Torque-slip characteristics
• Three region
– Low slip(S~=0)
• TαS
– Medium slip
• T α 1/S
– High slip(s=1)
• T=0
Torque-slip characteristics
Power Stages of IM

(iron & copper losses)

P2:Pc:Pm
1:s: (1-s)
Efficiency of Induction motor
• Exactly same
as that of
transformer
• Maximum
when losses
are at its
minimum
3 Phase IM characteristic
 Applications of IM
• Lets see a trick
• Squirrel cage IM has
– Constant speed and lower initial torque
• Hence applications are same as that of DC shunt motor
• Slip ring IM has
– Variable and controllable speed and
– Higher initial torque
• Hence Applications are same as that of DC series motor
 Numerical treatment
• Calculate the percentage slip for an 6 pole 50
Hz, 3 phase induction motor of rotates at 960
RPM.
• The power input to a 3 phase induction motor
is 60kW. The net stator losses are 1kW. Find
the total mechanical power developed and
rotor copper loss per phase if motor is running
with a slip of 3%.
 Single phase induction motor
• Advantages:- simple in construction, cheap in
cost, reliable and easy to repair and maintain
• Applications:- vacuum cleaners, fans, washing
machines, centrifugal pumps, blowers,
washing machines.
• Note:-
– Needs Auxiliary winding
– Starter is most
Torque slip characteristics
 Stepper motor
• When accurate positioning required
• Speed not important
• Digital to analog convertor
• No feedback
• Applications:- robotics, industrial automation,
Full step Stepper motor
Stepper motor half step
Variable reluctance Stepper motor