VOLCANOES

and the
INTERIOR of the
EARTH
Lesson 1:
How are Volcanoes
Classified?
Objectives:
1. Describe the different types of volcanoes
2. Differentiate between active and inactive
volcanoes
3. Explain what happens when volcanoes
erupt
4. Illustrate how energy from volcanoes may
be tapped for human use
June 15, 1991
The second-largest volcanic
eruption of the 20th century,
and by far the largest eruption
to affect a densely populated
area, occurred at Mount
Pinatubo
Mount Pinatubo
Taal Volcano
Mount Bulusan
Mount Kanlaon
Mount Banahaw
Volcanoes
- Opening or vent in a planet’s crust
from which molten rock, ash and
gases escape from below

- Classification: based on frequency

of eruption, volcanic features and
location
Frequency of Eruption
1. Active Volcano- had at least one
eruption during the past 10,000
years
2. Inactive Volcanoes- has not had an
eruption for at least 10,000 years
and is not expected to erupt again in
a comparable time scale of the
future
Volcanic Features
1. Composite Volcano (stratovolcano)-
tall mountain with a crater on top
from which pyroclastic materials,
gases and lava escape; known for their
violent eruptions

Examples: Mayon Volcano, Mount Krakatoa,

Mount Pelee
Mayon Volcano
Volcanic Features
2. Shield Volcano- almost flat and
broad like warrior’s shield; its magma
has lower percentage of silica and
less viscous than composite volcano

Examples: Mauna Loa, Kilauea and

other Hawaiian volcanoes
Mount
Smith
Volcanic Features
3. Cinder cones (pyroclastic cones)-
usually small; made up of pyroclasts
or fragments of volcanic rocks that
form steep slopes around their wide
crater; form in groups near a large
volcano
Examples: Paricutin volcano and Sulu
Archipelago
Mount St. Helens
Location
1. Continental volcanoes- on the
continent
2. Submarine volcanoes- beneath the
ocean
3. Subglacial volcanoes- underneath
the icecaps
Before and After Volcanic Eruption
Lesson 2:
What happens when
Volcanoes Erupt or
Show signs of Volcanic
Activity?
Volcanic Eruption
How and Why?
• Magma is buoyant and will rise up through
the crust to erupt on the surface
• When magma reaches the surface,
depending on the viscosity and the amount
of gas it has in it as to how it erupts.
• Large amount of gas and high viscosity magma will form an
explosive eruption.
• Small amount of gas and low viscosity magma will form an
effusive eruption.
Types of Eruption
1. Hawaiian
Eruption
- with highly
fluid or runny
lava flowing out
several vents
Types of Eruption
2. Strombolian
Eruption
- continuous
ejection of magma
and gases; results in
the formation of
volcanic bombs and
cinder cones
Types of Eruption
3. Vulcanian
Eruption
- thick, viscous
magma flows
around the vent as
solid lava and dust
are ejected
Types of Eruption
4. Plinian Eruption
- most violent
and explosive; build
up of viscous magma
and dissolved gas;
accompanied by fast
flowing pyroclastic
debris and lahars
Hazards
Hazards
Hazards
Hazards
Hazards
1. Blasts- hot bursts of trapped gases
2. Dome Growth- mound of lava that
grows inside the crater
3. Gases
4. Lahar- mudflow or flow of volcanic
debris
5. Lava flow- molten rocks
Hazards
6. Pyroclastic flow- glowing hot materials
7. Pyroclastic surges- gases, ash, rock
fragments and water extruded above the
ground
8. Tephra falls- combination of pumice,
scoria, thick rock fragments and crystals
9. Tsunami- displacement of large volume
of water
Volcanic Eruption
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS)- issues
advisories regarding alert levels and
recommends safety measures to be
done before, during and after a
volcanic eruptions
How to prepare
for volcanic
eruption?
Before Volcanic Eruption
Before
1. Pack an emergency supply kit
2. Make a family emergency plan
During Volcanic Eruption
During
1. Watch the news and/ or listen to the
news on the radio and other means
2. Avoid rivers or streams.
3. Protect yourself from ashfall by
remaining indoors.
4. If you have cars, avoid running it.
5. Don’t forget to help neighbors.
After Volcanic Eruption
After
1. Go to designated public shelter
2. Listen to radio announcements.
Beneficial Effects
1. Mineral- rich soil
2. Formation of new islands
3. Widening of a nearby shoreline
Energy from Volcanoes
- Source of low- cost, clean, available,
and renewable energy
- for geothermal plants to generate
electricity
 Energy from Volcanoes
Mak- Ban Power Plant Bac- Man Power Plant
Lesson 3:
How do Volcanoes Provide
Information About the
Interior of the Earth?
Information
- Earth is a dynamic planet with a
solid core
- earth’s interior is molten and fluid
- Temperature differences within the
asthenosphere causes the
movement of the molten material
Location of Volcanoes
Submarine volcanoes- found in
divergent plate boundaries

Volcanoes in the “Pacific Ring of

Fire”- found in convergent plate
boundaries