Selection of Appropriate Waterproofing

Technique for Buildings

Guide: Ms. Anal Sheth

Efforts By: Nitin Jadav (5106)

School of Building Science & Technology

CEPT University
INTRODUCTION TO THESIS
OBJECTIVE AND NEED
 INTRODUCTION
• Waterproofing is a treatment which is used to protect
the surface or structure from the water. It creates a
water resistant barrier which is impervious and
protective to the surface below.

• In old structures, due to aging there may be problems of

leakages and dampness which causes unhygienic
conditions.

• Even in new construction due to poor quality of material

or workmanship leakage and dampness problems starts
in early days which generally affects the strength as well
as the aesthetics and finally becomes non-servicable to
the occupants.
 INTRODUCTION
• Whenever any building element starts showing the
dampness or leakage it is important to identify the
source and after identifying the source the selection of
the appropriate technology becomes a major decision.

• Waterproofing is typically done for Internal areas like

bathrooms, toilets, basements etc. and external areas
like roofs, balconies, retaining walls & terraces.
Waterproofing of swimming pools, terrace gardens,
sunken slabs etc requires more skill and experience.
Good quality of waterproofing can increase the life of
the structure.
 NEED FOR THE STUDY
• There are many factors which affect
the strength and serviceability of
buildings and water related problems
are a major concern.
• Fast but poor quality construction
adds to water related issues.
• Leakage and dampness are the main
symptoms of poor waterproofing.
• These may be a result of poor quality
of materials, poor quality of
workmanship, improper plumbing,
inadequate supervision, defective
design or improper construction
practice.
 NEED FOR THE STUDY
• Many waterproofing techniques
are available which may protect
the structure from negative
effects of water, but care has to be
taken in selection of the correct
waterproofing technique.
• Thus there is a need to study
various waterproofing techniques
available to facilitate the selection
of appropriate waterproofing
technique.
 OBJECTIVE
To identify
causes
and
effects of
leakage
and
dampness

To identify
appropria
te
waterpro
ofing
technique
for the
specific
work and
condition.
To identify
suitability
of different
waterproo
fing
techniques
 SCOPE
This thesis addresses:
1. Waterproofing materials and techniques
• Buildings currently undergoing
waterproofing treatment have been
taken up as case studies for
understanding the application of the
technique for various structural
elements.
 SCOPE
This thesis addresses:
2. Efficiency of waterproofing techniques
• Buildings that have undergone
waterproofing treatment 5 or more years
prior have been investigated for the
symptoms and distresses resulting due to
inadequacy or deficiency in the treatment.
 SCOPE
For both major objectives, building case
studies have been taken in two different
environmental conditions:
A. Case studies of buildings in Ahmedabad
for high temperature variations
B. Case studies of buildings in Mumbai for
heavy rainfall and high water table
conditions
METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology

Literature Study

Data Collection & Data Analysis

Conclusion
CAUSES OF DEFECTS & ITS
EFFECTS ON THE
STRUCTURE
Key building areas susceptible to water penetration

(1) Defected Exterior Surface

(2) Tile Joints Leakage
(3) Rising Dampness (7)
(4) RCCLintel and Masonary wall joints
(5) Parapet terrace floor joints
(6) Improper Slope of terrace floor
(7) Improper Roofing
(8) Improper Plumbing
(9) Underground Watertank

(6)
(5)

(8)
(4)

(1)

(2) (3)
(9)
 CAUSES OF LEAKAGE AND DAMPNESS

Any Leakage or Dampness mainly occurs due to

• Poor Quality of Materials used

• Poor Quality of Workmanship

Element wise causes of Leakages and Dampness

Basement Floor
Uplift Pressure of Water
Leakage of underground pipe
Improper slope of the floor Roofs / Slab
Improper joints
Walls Improper Slope
Poor Quality of Materials Honeycombing in Concrete
Poor Quality of Workmanship
Improper/ Defected Plumbing
Improper Joints
Rising Dampness
 EFFECTS OF LEAKAGE AND DAMPNESS

Aesthetical
•Blistering of Paints
•Swelling of Plaster
•Paints peel off
•Debonding of Tiles
•Deterioration of the building façade
 EFFECTS OF LEAKAGE AND DAMPNESS

Structural
• Corrosion of metal
• Loss of valuable space
• Overloading due to repair by conventional
method

Others
• Moisture or Dampness can cause short circuit
of lighting and power points
• Health problems due to dampness
• Deterioration of property value
• Damage to stored articles
 EFFECTS OF DEFECTS
Structural Material

Change in Properties

Change in Volume

Plastered Surfaces
Structural system

Painted Surfaces
Loss of Function

Deterioration
Defects

Aesthetic

Concrete

Masonry
Strength

Metals
Blister * * * * * * *
Rising Dampness * * * * *
Corrosion * * * * * * * *
Cracking * * * * * * *
Deterioration * * * * * * * *
Discoloration * * * * *
Efflorescence * * * * *
Flaking * * * * * * *
Fungal Growth * * * * *
Honeycombing * * * * * *
Micro Cracking * * * * *
Mold * * * * *
Organic Growth * * * *
Peeling * * * *
Ponding * * *
Spalling * * * * * * *
STUDY OF WATERPROOFING
TECHNIQUES
CLASSIFICATION OF WATERPROOFING TECHNIQUES

Waterproofing Treatment

Integral Waterproofing Compound Surface Treatment

 INTEGRAL WATERPROOFING COMPOUND

Integral Waterproofing compound

Liquid Powder

• Used while construction

• Can be mixed with cement. Diluted with water and
added in cement
• It reduces the chances of pores.
• Can be used in plastering, masonry, DPC, PCC and RCC
• For repair work, Box type waterproofing, Brickbat
Waterproofing
 Box Type Waterproofing

550mm

20-25mm th 1:3 cement mortar top finish

20-25mm th kotah stone

10-15mm joints 20-25mm 1:3 cement mortar bedding

RCC wall RCC slab

Box Type Waterproofing
+ve -ve

Box type
Treatment RCC wall
 BRICK BAT KOBA

Joints

20-25mm th top finish

Brickbats

20-25mm th cement mortar

RCC Slab
 SURFACE TREATMENT
Surface Preparation
•Surface must be clean and free from dirt, rust, grease,
oil, and loose particles.
•Concrete surface should be cleaned by harsh wire
brush.
 SURFACE TREATMENT

•Surface must be washed by

water to remove accumulated
dust & dirt to achieve good
bonding

•For cleaning oil & grease,

degreasing solvents such as
turpentine or thinners should be
used.
•Before application of any treatment surface must be
leveled, any defects in substrate must be repaired and
cracks must be filled and repaired. Surface must be done
dry before application
 COATINGS
Comparison of Coatings
Epoxy Acrylic polymer Cementitious Water Repellent
Base Solvent Water Water water
Primer Required Yes Yes No No
DFT (microns) 200 100-150 150 100-150
No of coats 2 2 2 2
Coverage area 3 sqmt/kg 4-5 sqmt/kg 1 sqmt/kg 5-7 sqmt/Ltr
Drying Time 8-10 Hours 4-6 Hours 6-8 Hours 24 Hours
Appearance Black Grey Grey Transparent
UV Resistance No Yes No Yes
Crack Bridging Surface Cracks Up to 1mm Up to 1mm Surface Cracks
Capacity
Application Foundations, Bathroom, Bathroom, Concrete,
areas Concrete, STPs Parapets, Wet Parapets, Wet Masonry,
areas, areas, Plastered
Swimming pools Swimming pools Surface
Use of Required Not required Not required Required
Protective Equip
Expected Life 5-7 Years 5 Years 5 Years 2-3 Years
 MEMBRANES
Torch-on Membranes
Application of Primer
1 coat of oil base brush applied
primer at 100 micron thickness

Laying the Membranes

Starting with lower side of the
surface one by one
membranes are laid by
keeping 75 mm overlapping
length.
Torch-on Membranes

Torching of Membranes
Torching the membranes at
one side by LPG gas.
Joints are treated properly
and finished with trowels.
 Bituminous Membranes

Application of Primer
1 coat of water base brush
applied primer at 100 micron
thickness

Application of Hot Bitumen

Hot bitumen is laid over the
primer surface by the use of
handmade tool

Handmade tool for

laying the hot bitumen
 Bituminous Membranes
Application of Membranes
• First all the membrane rolls are
laid over the primer surface
perfectly.
• Then membrane is rolled again to
half the length and hot bitumen
is laid over the primer surface
and at the same time membrane
is unrolled and pressed so that it
can stick with the surface.

For 1mm thick membranes two layers are

required. Each layer is laid over the hot
bitumen. 2nd layer is laid over the joint
of the previous layer
 Protective Coat
Tar felts When bitumen is hot, aggregates are spread over
the bituminous surface to protect the treatment
and to provide bonding for other protective layer.

Hot Bitumen Application

A coat of hot bitumen is applied 1.2 kg/ sqmt
over the primed surface by the use of the on
site made tool.

Tar felt Application

Tar felt layer is then applied over the
bituminous surface when it is hot so that
tar felt sticks with the bituminous base.

Hot Bitumen Application

A coat of hot bitumen is applied 1.2 kg/
sqmt over the primed surface by the use
of the on site made tool.

Primer Application
Oil base primer is applied over the surface at 100
micron thickness and kept for drying for 6-8 hours.
 COMPARISON OF MEMBRANES
Torch-on Bituminous Tar felt
Composition Polyester core, Polyester core, Hessian, Bitumen
Bitumen Bitumen
Primer Yes Yes Yes
Thickness of Sheet 1-4mm 1-4mm 3mm
Type of Torching Hot Applied Hot Applied
Application Bitumen Bitumen
Color Black Black Black
No of Layers As required As required 1-2
Size 1m x 10m, 1m x 10m, 1m x 10m, 1m x
1m x 20m 1m x 20m 20m, 1m x 50m
Overlapping 75 mm 75-100 mm 75-100 mm
Length
Application Areas Terraces, Roofs Terraces, Roofs Terraces, Roofs
Protective coating Required Required Required
Protective Required Required Required
Equipment while
Application
 KEY NOTES ON MEMBRANE TYPE
WATERPROOFING
• 3mm thick Torch-on membranes are widely used due to ease
of application.
• If hot bituminous applied 1mm thick membranes are used, 2
layers of membranes are required for proper waterproofing.
• Tar felt is 5 or7 layers treatment which includes application of
hot bitumen between layers and tar felt applied surface will
not be usable after treatment so now membranes have taken
place of tar felts.
• Torch on membranes are applied by torching below the
membrane layer so that is sticks with the primed surface below
and it is better than the hot applied bitumen which is laid over
the hot bitumen surface and it requires a good skill of a labor
also.
• Membranes and Tarfelts are used over the terraces and roofs.
 PENETRANTS
Crystalline Coating
Surface Preparation
After cleaning the surface water is sprayed by
jet spray on the walls and for floors ponding is
done. Spraying and ponding of water opens the
pores and water get accumulated in the pores.
It is done for 2 days and material application is
started over the wet surface.

Material Application
Crystalline Material comes in powder form
which is mixed with water in 1:3 proportions
where 1 part is powder and 3 part is water
by volume. Properly mixed material is then
applied by brush over the wet R.C.C. surface.
 Crystalline Coating

Material penetrates up to 1 m deep

in the applied surface and fills the
pores. It can be applied on both +ve
and –ve side of the surface.

•For crystalline coatings, surface must be wet before application.

•Sprinkling or ponding of water for 2 day before application is

required so that water gets accumulated and fills the pores and
cracks.

•Then crystalline coating is applied so that material penetrates deep

in the surface where sprayed water is reached and so that cracks and
pored are filled by crystallization. Water gets absorbed and material
remains there which makes concrete waterproof.
 Nanotechnology Waterproofing
• Most of the building materials are very porous and attract
water because of the hydrophilic nature and similarity with
the structure of water. Therefore, most of the building
material easily wet and absorb water in the pores.

• The size of the water molecule is 0.18 ηm

(1nanometer=10⁻⁹meter i.e. .00018 microns).

• The size of the pores in most of the building materials, range

from 5 to 200 ηm.
 Nanotechnology Waterproofing
• It is an organosilicon product, which forms a particle size of 4-
6 ηm in water and penetrates deep into the building material
pores 3-5 mm. The product becomes part of the building
material and makes it highly water repellent.

• It comes in liquid form which is diluted with water. Dilution

proportion for horizontal Surfaces 1:10 and for vertical
surfaces 1:20 by volume. Properly mixed material is then
applied by brush over both +ve and –ve surfaces.

Waterproof Sand
 COMPARISON OF PENETRANTS
Crystalline Penetrants Nanotechnology Waterproofing
Material Name Penetron Zycosil
Base Cement Organosilane
Color White Transparent
Molecule Size 200 nm 4-6 nm (0.005 micron)
Diluent Water Water
Mixing Ratio with water 1:3 Horizontal Surfaces 1:10
Vertical Surfaces 1:20
Crack Bridging Micro Cracks Micro Cracks
Penetrates Up to 1 m (1000 mm) 3-5 mm
Coverage Area 1.4-1.6 kg/sqmt Horizontal-30-40 sqmt/kg
Vertical- 60-80 sqmt/kg
Application Areas Concrete only Concrete, Masonry, Plaster
Expected Life 7-10 Years 20+ Years
Protective Coating No No
Required
Protective Equipment No No
Req.
• Penetrants are the only waterproofing material which
penetrates into the structure and fill the pores.

• Crystalline penetrants are water based penetratns which

penetrates deep up to 1 m in depth where nanotechnology
waterproofing penetrants penetrates up to 3-5 mm in surface.

• Crystalline penetrants fills the pores and cracks by forming the

crystalline gel in the capillaries, where organosilane can fill the
surface cracks only.

• Crystalline material can be used only over the concrete surfaces

but organosilane can be used over concrete, masonry or
plastered surface.
 COMPARISON OF THE PARTICLE SIZES

Category Particle Size

(ηm)
Film Former Acrylic 500-800
Cementitious 700-1000
Coating
Epoxy 700-1000
Penetrants Solvant Base 4-6
Water Base 4-6
COMPARISON OF COATINGS, MEMBRANES, PENETRANTS AND BRICKBAT KOBA
Coatings Membranes Penetrants Brickbat koba
Thickness 150-300 microns 1mm-3mm 4-6 nm 150mm
Loading Negligible Considerable Negligible Considerable
Surface Required Required Required Required
preparation
Mixing Can be mixed or Ready to use system Diluted with water Cast at site
diluted before used
Type of Application Brush/roller/spray Torch/Adhesive/Bitum Brush,Spray Specified Procedure
en
Application +ve/-ve Both +ve Both +ve side
side
Crack bridging Good/Excellent Nil Excellent Nil
capacity Depends on
coating type
Weather resistance Good Good Excellent Poor
Expected life 3-5 years 5-7 years 10+years 5-7 years
Protection required Required Required Not required Not Required
System Non Destructive Non Destructive Destructive Destructive
Quality factors Simple application Simple Application but Simple Application Quality of sand, cement
with minimum chance proper care required for and bricks with
of human errors treating the joints workmanship are the
main factors

Repairing Defected area can be Defected area can be Defected area can be Cannot be repaired
repaired easily repaired easily repaired easily
 KEY INFERENCES BASED ON THE COMPARISON
• Due to ease of application and less time consuming treatment
film formers are widely spread nowadays.

• These film formers have particle size greater than 100 ηm, which
will not allow them to penetrate inside the pores of the building
materials but form a film covering and preventing the surface
from water absorption.

• These films are hydrophobic but they need to be continuous and

defect-free and also must be UV resistant.

• It is found that during application ensuring continuous film on

rough surface is not easy which leads to weak points for film
former. All the typical films tend to break down under UV leading
to cracking of the films in 2-5 years, which leads to failure of
treatment.
KEY INFERENCES BASED ON THE COMPARISON
• Membranes are applied over the roofs and terraces for
protection of the substrates but even membranes requires
protection from UV rays.

• It is flexible material but becomes hard and shows cracks

due to exposure in sun and UV rays in 4-5 years. Major
problem in membrane treatment is treating the joints.

• If joints are not treated properly it gets open and starts

leaking from that point. Same thing is applicable to tar felts
also.

• Due to extreme heat tar felts starts loosing strengths and

stops working. Poor workmanship shows blisters in the
membranes and tar felts surface which gives way to water
KEY INFERENCES BASED ON THE COMPARISON

• Penetrants are the only waterproofing materials which

penetrates deep in the capillaries and fills the pores specially
crystalline materials.

• Penetrants provides the long expected life of 10 to 20 years

which no other waterproofing treatment give. Coatings or
membranes are better option than the brickbat koba which is
highly destructive and no repairable.
 DEFECTS IN WATERPROOFING TREATMENTS
Coatings Membranes Penetrants Others

Nanotechnology waterproofing
WP Treatments

Bituminous Membranes

Boxtype Waterproofing
Torch on Membranes
Epoxy + Fibre Resin

Crystalline coating

Injection Grouting
Water repellent
Acrylic Polymer
Coal Tar Epoxy

Brickbat Koba
Cementitius
Defects

Tarfelt
Voids/Air Pockets * * *
Fungal Growth * * *
Blistering * * * * *
Peeling * * *
Puncture * * *
Cracking * * * * * *
Impact Damage * * * * * *
Leakage through Joints * * * *
Effect of temperature * * * * *
variation
Protection to treatment * * * *
required
Protection while application * * * * *
required
 KEY OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO DEFECTS
• These defects generally occur during application of treatment
like blistering and air pockets in membranes appear due to
faulty workmanship during application and peeling and cracking
occur after the application in coatings.

• Membranes do not have the puncture resistance, it can get

punctured and if the joints are not treated properly it will be a
passage for water get in the substrate.

• Tarfelt cannot resist the high temperature variations and looses

elasticity and shows cracks, which is applicable to coatings and
brickbat koba also.

• Protective coating and a protective barrier like cover flooring is

required to protect the membranes if it is to be put in use for
foot traffic which is generally not required in other treatments.
 +ve side -ve side +ve side -ve side

Blistering in Membrane

Membranes
Membrane

Blister

Membrane Layer
Substrate

Blister Membrane
1st Layer
2nd Layer
Substrate
Plaster
Masonry
Concrete
Application

Old treatment
Surfaces
WP Treatments

*
Coal Tar Epoxy

*
Epoxy + Fibre Resin

*
*
Acrylic Polymer
Coatings

*
*
*
Cementitius

*
*
*
Water repellent

*
*
*
Torch on Membranes

*
*
*

Bituminous Membranes
*
*
*
Membranes

Tarfelt
*
*
*
TREATMENT APPLICATION SURFACES

Crystalline coating
*
*
*

Nanotechnology waterproofing
Penetrants

*
*
*

Injection Grouting
*
*
*

Brickbat Koba
*
*
*
Others

Boxtype Waterproofing
 EFFECTS OF WATERPROOFING TREATMENTS

Efflorescence in Transparent Water repellent

Effects of Brickbat Waterproofing

in sunken slab

Rising Dampness Transparent Water repellent

 EFFECTS OF WATERPROOFING TREATMENTS

Opened vatta of Tarfelts

Cracks in China mosaic over
the membranes

Blistering in Tarfelts
 EFFECTS OF WATERPROOFING TREATMENTS

Surface Deterioration in
Injection Grouting

Leakage and Efflorescence in

Injection Grouting
COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT WATERPROOFING
TREATMENTS

Sand Filling
Geotextile Fabric
Draincell

Brickbat waterproofing

Cementetious Coating

Draincell + Geotextile Waterproofing

 Brickbat waterproofing

3mm th Membranes
RCC Slab

Membrane + Brickbat Waterproofing

 Sand Filling
Geotextile Fabric
Draincell

Brickbat waterproofing

3mm Membrane

RCC

Terrace Garden Waterproofing

 Selection Methodology: BASEMENT
Walls Loading on Structure
Description Preferable Treatment Description Preferable
+ve side Coatings Treatment
Membranes Negligible Loading Coatings
Penetrants Penetrants
Injection Grouting Considerable Membranes
Box Type Treatment Loading Tar felts
-ve side Injection Grouting Brickbat coba
Penetrants

Type of Walls Weather Effect

Description Preferable Treatment Description Preferable
Exposed Transparent water Treatment
repellent High temp Membranes
Plastered Coatings Variations Penetrants
Membranes
Penetrants
Injection Grouting
Box Type Treatment
 Installation Time Crack Bridging Capasity
Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Speedy Coatings Poor Membranes
Penetrants
Time Consuming Membranes Good Acrylic Polymer
Tar felts Tar felts
Brickbat coba Excellent Penetrants

Sub Surface Condition Ease of Repair

Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Dry Coatings Defected portion Coatings
Membranes can be repaired Torch on
Box type Treatment Membranes
Brickbat coba Penetrants
Wet Crystalline Entire to be Brickbat coba
Penetrant redone Tar felts

Note: Brickbat coba and Tar felts can be done only on floors.
 Selection Methodology: WALL
Walls Loading on Structure
Description Preferable Treatment Description Preferable
+ve side Coatings Treatment
Membranes Negligible Coatings
Penetrants Loading Penetrants
Injection Grouting Considerable Torch on
-ve side Injection Grouting Loading Membranes
Penetrants

Type of wall Weather Effect

Description Preferable Treatment Description Preferable
Exposed Transparent water Treatment
repellent High temp Membranes
Plastered Coatings Variations Penetrants
Torch on Membranes
Penetrants
Injection Grouting
 Installation Time Crack Bridging Capacity
Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Speedy Coatings Poor Membranes
Penetrants Good Acrylic Polymer
Time Consuming Membranes Excellent Penetrants

Sub Surface Condition Ease of Repair

Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Dry Coatings Defected portion Coatings
Membranes can be repaired Torch on
Wet Crystalline Membranes
Penetrant
Penetrants
Entire to be -
redone
 Selection Methodology: FLOOR
Loading on Structure Crack Bridging Capacity
Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Negligible Coatings Poor Coatings
Loading Penetrants Good Acrylic Polymer
Considerable Brickbat coba Excellent Penetrants
Loading

Installation Time Ease of Repair

Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Speedy Coatings Defected Coatings
Penetrants portion can be Penetrants
Time Consuming Brickbat coba repaired
Entire to be -
redone

Note: It includes bathroom, toilet floors and sunken slabs

 Selection Methodology: ROOF
Type of Roof Loading on Structure
Description Preferable Treatment Description Preferable
RCC Flat Coatings Treatment
roof Tar felts Negligible Loading Coatings
Membranes Penetrants
Penetrants Considerable Membranes
Brickbat coba Loading Tar felts
Sloping Coatings Brickbat coba
Roof Membranes
Tar felts Weather Effect
Description Preferable
Penetrants
Treatment
Roofing Membranes
Sheet UV rays Penetrants
Tar felts
Acrylic Polymers
Coatings
Membranes
Usage High temp Membranes
Description Preferable Treatment
Variations Penetrants
Accessible Roof Acrylic Polymer
Membranes Heavy Rainfall Coatings
Non Accessible Roof Epoxy Brickbat coba
Tar felts Penetrants
 Installation Time Crack Bridging Capacity
Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Speedy Coatings Poor Membranes
Penetrants Good Acrylic Polymer
Time Consuming Membranes Tar felts
Tar felts Excellent Penetrants
Brickbat coba

Sub Surface Condition Ease of Repair

Description Preferable Description Preferable
Treatment Treatment
Dry Coatings Defected portion Coatings
Membranes can be repaired Torch on
Tar felts Membranes
Wet Crystalline Penetrants
Penetrant Entire to be Brickbat coba
redone Tar felts
 CONCLUSION

After study and analyzing the various waterproofing

techniques it is seen that
• selection of appropriate waterproofing technique is
related to the environmental conditions and surface
conditions.
• Due to high temperature variations treatment shows
the cracks and in heavy rainfall waterproofing fails
when exposed in nature.
• Surface specially floors or roofs, when not in good
condition or slope, it requires a proper surface
treatment before application of any waterproofing
treatment for good results of waterproofing.
 CONCLUSION
• Coatings are the easiest way of waterproofing.
• Its load on the structure is negligible and easy
application gives speed in application time.
• Membranes are suitable for roofing, and provides
good protection against water but it requires a
protective coating if it is to be used for foot traffic.
• Penetrants are the best waterproofing as it penetrates
deep and fills the pores with negligible loading easy
application procedure and having long expected life
but it requires a proper surface preparation also.
• Box type waterproofing is applicable for basements
and foundations but it gives heavy loads and adds the
cost and while application use of stone may damage
the substrate.
 CONCLUSION
• Brickbat koba is widely used waterproofing treatment
but it cannot work where there are heavy
temperature variations because it shows cracks and it
is non repairable treatment. Even while application of
brickbat it may damage the substrate due to poor
workmanship.
• Crystalline penetrants in spite of higher cost, it is a
preferable method for concrete surfaces as it gives
long time protection.
• Nanotechnology Waterproofing is suitable for most of
the surfaces and it is transparent in nature so can be
used in place of water repellants
 CONCLUSION

• Sometimes only one treatment cannot work

properly, so combination of treatments can provide
better waterproofing to the structures.

• Use of good quality material and good workmanship

can reduces the chances of water related problems
and preventive action at earlier stage is very
important than rectifying the defects at later stage.
 SUGGESTIONS

• Proper care, precautions, and a good workmanship

should be applied while construction to reduce the
water related problems.
• Surface should be properly cleaned, dried, free from
any foreign material and cracks etc before application
of treatment.
• Before application of coatings any cracks or defects to
the substrate should be removed for better
applications and results.
• For coatings, apply second coat on perpendicular
direction to the first coat.
• Ensure proper slope and use waterproof tile grout for
tile joints in toilet and bathroom floors.
 SUGGESTIONS

• Re-slope exterior grading with soil to provide natural

drainage of water away from the building.
• Do not use brickbat koba treatment, it implies
unnecessary load to the structure and it is non
repairable. Use coatings instead.
• Always provide waterproofing treatment to the positive
side, from where water starts affecting the building
element.
• Roof or terrace waterproofing treatment should be
covered by china mosaic for better results and long life of
the treatment.
 FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

• A similar research can be carried out for industrial

buildings.
• New arrival of membranes like dimpled membrane,
etc and nanotechnology waterproofing can be
studied in detail.
THANK YOU