• 混凝剂加药装置为3箱3泵，3台计量泵2用1备，分别向两套机加池进水加药。计量泵与溶液箱低液

.
位连锁。根据出水情况和进水流量、水质在就地进行计量泵行程调节。必要时可同时向进水管和第
二反应室同时加药。

• Coagulent dosing equipment is composed by 3 tank and 3 pump, 3 set of metering pump, 2 work
1 spare, individually add the chemical medicine to incoming water what flow into 2 set of
mechanical stirring clarification tank. Metering pump interlock with low level of solution tank.
Accordingto the water output condition, inlet water flow and water quanlity, regulate the stroke for
metering pump on local. If it is necessary, can add chemical medicine to water inlet pipe and
secondary reaction chamber at same time.
• 重力无阀滤池原理
• Gravity type valveless filter tank principle
.
• 过滤时的流程是：经沉淀或澄清后的清水，经配水槽1、
U形管2，进入虹吸上升管3，再由顶盖4内的布水挡板5均
匀地布水于滤料层6中，水自上而下通过滤料层过滤，过
滤水从小阻力配水系统7进入集水区8后，通过连通渠9流
到冲洗水箱——即出水箱10，当水位上升至出水管11时，
过滤水就流入清水池。
• Filteration process: clear water after clarification or
sedimentation, flow into (3)syphon upper pipe through (1)
water distribution slot and (2) U tube, then evenly
distributed in (6) filter layer by (5) water baffle inside the
1 water distribution slot 2 water inlet pipe 3 syphon
(4) top cover, filtered water flows into (8) water collecting upper pipe 4 top cover 5 water baffle 6 filter layer
area from (7) little resistance water distribution system, 7 water distribution system 8 water collecting area
9 connect pipe 10 flushing water 11 output water
finally flows into flushing water tank by (9) conncect pipe 12 syphon auxiliary pipe 13 extraction tube
pipe--- means (10) output water tank, when water level is 14 syphon downer pipe 15 water discharge well
16 syphon break hopper 17 syphon break pipe
rising to (11) output water pipe, filtered water will flow 18 wayer seal weir 19 backwashing regulator
20 syphon auxiliary pipe orifice
into clarification tank.
 incoming water distribution slot
• 滤池刚投入运行时，滤料层较清洁，但当运行到一定的时间之后，由 flush syphon break tube

.
于滤料层中固体颗粒杂质的逐渐增多，因此水头损失也随之增加，水
位就沿着虹吸上升管慢慢升高，当水头损失增大到一定程度之后，使
water
tank

虹吸上升中的水位升高到虹吸辅助管20管口时，水便从辅助管12中急
速流下，依靠水流的挟气和引射作用，通过抽气管13不断带走虹吸管
中的空气，使虹吸管形成真空，虹吸上升管中的水便大量地越过管顶，
沿虹吸下降管14落下.
• When filter tank initially put into operation, filter layer is clean, due to
accumulated solid particle in filter layer, therefore, water head loss
will incireased, water level will gradually rise along syphon tube when
filter tank running time accumulate to certain amount. When head
loss reach to certain degree, water level in syphon upper pipe will
rise to (20) syphon auxiliary pipe oriice, water will quickly flow down
by (12) auxiliary pipe, continouly bring out the air in syphon tube
through (13) extraction tube depend on injection and air-borne of
stream to make syphon pipe vacuum, large amount water will across
the top pipe in syphon upper pipe, and drop along (14) syphon
downer pipe.
• 这时，就开始了反冲洗过程。冲洗水箱的水经过连通渠、 incoming water distribution slot
flush syphon break tube

.
集水区和配水系统从下而上冲洗滤层料层，冲洗的废水 water
tank
通过虹吸管，流人排水井15，从水封堰18溢流至沟渠。
• At this time, back-washing process is conducted.
Flushing water will flush the filter layer from top to
bottom by connect pipe, water collecting area and
water distribution system, flushing waste water will be
discharged to (15)water discharging well by syphon
pipe, and flow to trench from (18) water seal weir .
• 在冲洗过程中，水箱的水位逐渐下降，约冲洗5 min左右，水

.
箱水位下降到虹吸破坏器16缘口以下时，虹吸破坏管17会把
器内的存水吸光，露出管口，空气迅速从虹吸破坏管进入虹
吸管顶，虹吸即被破坏，冲洗过程就此结束，过滤又重新开
始。
• During the flushing, water level of water tank will gradually
down, about 5min,when the water level of water tank is
reducing to rim of (16)syphon breaker, (17) syphon break
tube will fully absorb the storage water in syphon braker,
orifice of pipe will come out, air quickly get into syphon top
tube by syphon break pipe, syphon will be breaked, flushing
process finish, and filteration will be started.
• 在滤池的运行过程中，遇到出水水质不理想，或是滤层阻力
过大，这时，可以进行人工强制反冲洗。当打开人工强制反
.
冲洗压力管20阀门，通过压力水抽走虹吸管的空气，即可达
到人为的强制冲洗的目的。
• During the running of filter tank, if output water quality is not
ideal or resistance of filter layer is too big, can conduct
manual forced backwashing. When open the valve of (20)
manual forced backwashing pressure pipe, extract the air in
syphon pipe by pressure extraction, therefore, aim of
manual forced flushing will be rached.

1 water distribution slot 2 water inlet pipe 3 syphon

• 本工程原水预处理系统包括两组重力无阀滤池。单筒处理量 upper pipe 4 top cover 5 water baffle 6 filter layer
7 water distribution system 8 water collecting area
为100t/h。 9 connect pipe 10 flushing water 11 output water
pipe 12 syphon auxiliary pipe 13 extraction tube
• raw water pretreatment system is setted 2 set of gravity 14 syphon downer pipe 15 water discharge well
tupe valveless filter tank. Singal cylinder capacity is 100t/h. 16 syphon break hopper 17 syphon break pipe
18 wayer seal weir 19 backwashing regulator
20 syphon auxiliary pipe orifice
 污泥脱水机
Mud dehydrator
• 脱水机叠螺主体是由固定环和游动环相互层叠成圆筒，螺旋轴贯穿
其中形成的一种过滤装置。因螺旋轴的内径比游动环的内径大，所
以螺旋轴的旋转就带动游动环做圆周运动，防止堵塞。固定环和游
动环之间的空隙沿着泥饼出口方向，从浓缩到脱水部逐渐变小。污
泥在浓缩部通过重力浓缩后，被运输到脱水部，在排出口背压板产
生的内压作用下达到强行脱水。
• Overlay body of dehydrator is overlaid cylinder what is overlaid by
fixed ring and moving ring, screw shaft is across the filteration
device Due to inner diameter of screw shaft what is bigger than
moving ring,.thus rotating screw shaft will take moving ring to do
the circular motion for avoiding the blocking. Outlet clearance
between fixed ring and moving ring is gradually small along mud
cake from concentation too dehydrate part. mud is concentrated by
gravity in concentated part and send to dehydrating part, finally
forcedly dehydrate under the inner pressure of back-pressure plate
at discharging outlet.
 脱水机的基本工作流程
Basic workong process of dehydrator dehydrator mechanism range
脱水机构成范围
• 1．通过污泥输送泵，污泥被输送到污泥输送口。
• .
1. Mud is sended to mud transfer outlet by mud transfer pump.
water
• 2．污泥通过计量槽调整流量后被输送到絮凝混合槽内，通过搅拌机 spraying solenoid valve
supply inlet
进行充分搅拌混合。 供水口
• 2. Mud is regulated the flow in flowmeter slot and transfer 溶液装置
chemical transfer inlet 喷淋电磁阀
药液输送口 3
to flocculating mixed slot, stir and mix by stirrer. solution P flocculation
device chemical mixed stirrer 维修 maintenance
• 3．通过搅拌机充分搅拌形成较大矾花后，被送入叠螺主体内。
加药泵 dosing 絮凝混合槽搅拌机
• 3. Biger floc is formed by mixing of mixer and send to pump 2
M LS 叠螺主体
overlay screw main body.
计量槽 overflat
• 4．送入的矾花在浓缩部一边进行重力浓缩一边向脱水部方向移动。 metering M screw
slot main
• 4. Transfered floc is concentrated by gravity in 泥饼body
concentration part, at the same time move to dehydrating FS
part.
• 5．脱水部的游动环和固定环之间的空隙变狭窄，再通过调整位于排 溶液装置 mud feed 絮凝混合槽
solution inlet 5
出口的背压板而进一步加压脱水，最后排出泥饼。 污泥输入口 1 flocculating
device mized slot 6
P
• 5. Clearance between moving ring and fixed ring become small
in dehydrating part, then regulate the back-pressure plate 污泥输送泵
at outlet to pressurize and dehydrate, finally mud cake is mud 回流管 絮凝混合槽排污口 滤液排出口
transfer
made. pump
reflux blowdown filtrate
pipe outlet of discharging
flocculating outlet
mixed slot
 脱泥机部位名称 Component of dehydrator
部件 连接口
Component Connector

6
名称 名称
No. No.
Name Name

叠螺主体 污泥输送口
1 N-1
overlay screw body mud transfer inlet
滤液排出口
泥饼排出口
2 N-2 filtrate discharing
mud cake outlet
N-5 outlet
底座 供水口
N-1 3 N-3
foundation water supply inlet
N-4 计量槽 药液输送口
4 N-4
metering slot chemical transfer inlet
2 3 N-6
絮凝混合槽
回流管
5 flocculating mixed N-5
reflux pipe
N-2 5 N-3 7 4 slot
液位调节管 絮凝混合槽排污口
6 liquidometer N-6 blowdown outlet of
regulating pipe flocculating mixed slot
供水电磁阀
7 water supply solenoid
valve
8 8 磁翻板液位计
magnetic liquidometer
1 9 9 综合电控柜
electric control
cabinet
 发生异常情况时的处理
异常部位
Abnormal condition handling
异常内容 可能的原因 对策
Abnormal component Abnormal phenomenent Reason Handling method
灯泡超过使用寿命
电控柜 灯不亮 换灯泡
service life of bulb exceed the
electric control cabinet Light is not lighting replace the bulb
limit.
电机 不动 过载 与厂方或代理商联系
• . motor not rotate overload
电机本身故障
contact with manufacturer or agent
更换电机
motor has fault replace the motor
接触不良 检查线路
poor contact check wiring
异常发热 过载 降低负载
abnormal heating overload reduce load
电机故障 更换电机
motor fault replace the motor
电压太高（低) 检查电压
high (low) voltage check voltage
异常杂音 电机故障 更换电机
abnormal sound motor fault replace the motor
叶轮处有异物混入 清楚异物或更换电机
foreign matter at impeller remove the foreign matter
振动 螺栓松动 拧紧螺栓
vibration bolt loosening tighen the bolt
电机故障 更换电机
motor fault replace the motor
漏油 电机故障 更换电机
oil leakage motor fault replace the motor
 not rotate 不动 接触不良 检查线路
定时器 poor contact check the wiring
timer 不按照设定值运行 定时器故障
timer failure
更换定时器
not running with settings replace timer
不按照设定值运行 设定方法有误
incorrect setting method
请参阅变频器说明书
please refer to frequency converter
. not running with settings instruction
启动，停止过于频
startup and 请参阅变频器说明书
异常发热 shutdown is 繁 please refer to frequency converter
abnormal heating too frequent instruction
电压太高（低） 请参阅变频器说明书
please refer to frequency converter
变频器 high (low) voltage
instruction
frequency converter 固定螺栓松动 拧紧
fixed bolt loosening tightening
振动
vibration 变频器故障 更换变频器
replace frequency converter
frequency converter fault
接触不良 检查线路
显示屏和 LED 灯不亮 poor contact check the wiring
display screen and LED not light 变频器故障 更换变频器
replace frequency converter
timer failure
没有调节到一个适合 背压板固定螺栓 调整到一个适合的间
regulate to suitable clearance then tight
not regulate to 的间隙 松动 the bolt 隙后拧紧螺栓
suitable clearance fixed bolt of back-pressure
背压板 plate loosening
back-presure plate 泥饼含水率的变化幅 污泥性状发生变
请参阅说明书
度太大
change range of water content ratio of
化 please refer to frequency converter
mud properties has been instruction
mud cake it too big
changed
 与本公司或代理点联
叠螺主体 游动环不动 游动环磨损 contact manufacturer
overlap screw main body moving ring not move wear moving ring or agent 系
没有形成适合的
虑缝漏泥太多 请参阅说明书
. mud leakage of filter crack
not form
properly floc矾花 please refers to instruction

通过液位调节管降低
进泥太多
mud feed too much 进泥量
regulate the mud feed quantity by liquid
regulating pipe
螺旋轴的旋转速
rotating speed of screw shaft is 调快螺旋轴旋转速度
too slow 度太慢 increase the rotating speed of screw shaft

没有形成适合的
滤液含固率太高 not form 请参阅说明书
solid content ratio of filtrate is too high properly floc 矾花 please refers to instruction

通过液位调节管降低
进泥太多
mud feed too much 进泥量
regulate the mud feed quantity by liquid
regulating pipe
螺旋轴的旋转速
rotating speed of screw shaft is 调快螺旋轴旋转速度
too slow 度太慢 increase the rotating speed of screw shaft
 配线不良 check the
wiring
检查线路
bad wiring
不动 异物混入 清除异物
remove the forrign matter
not rotate foreign matter exsit

闸门关闭 打开通路
电磁阀 .
solenoid valve
close the gate valve

异物混入
isolate the loop

清除异物
foreign matter exsit remove the forrign matter
不能完全开关
can not fully open and close 电磁阀故障
solenoid valve failure
更换电磁阀
replace the solenoid valve

漏水 异物混入
foreign matter exsit
清除异物
remove the forrign matter
water leakage

在回流管和堰的周围
计量槽 mud accumulate round the reflux -- 清除堆积污泥
metering slot pipe and weir污泥堆积 remove the accumulated mud

在平流管或电极上污
絮凝混合槽 mud accumulate on smoothing -- 清除堆积污泥
flocculating mixed slot pipe and pole泥堆积 remove the accumulated mud

螺栓螺帽
bolt and nut
loosening 松动 -- tightening 拧紧
loosening 松动 -- tightening 拧紧
配管阀门 crack or
break 破裂，破损 更换破损处
supporting valve --
replace the breakage
 长期停机时的注意事项
Matters need attnetion in long-term shutdown
• 一周（易干的污泥2-3天）以上停机的情况下，为了保护机器，务必进行如下操作：
• If machine will be shutdown more than 1 week( if mud is easily dry, and machine will be shutdown more than
2-3day) in order to protect machine, must conduct below operations:
• ①为了防止槽内的污泥腐烂、干燥，应该把絮凝混合槽的污泥从清洗排出口排空，用水冲洗槽内。※要排走混
合槽内的污泥，让搅拌机保持搅拌状态，并把混合槽下方的球形阀打开。这样就能够顺利地将槽内的污泥排空。
• 1. In order to protect slot from corrosion and dry, must fully discharge the mud in flocculating mixed slot by
washing discharging outlet,and flush slot with water. Must fully discharge in mixed slot, maintain stirrer in
running and open the ball valve at the bottom of mixed slot. Therefore, can smoothly and fully discharge the
mud in slot.
• ②让背压板开放到最大限度，让主体内的螺旋轴手动运行1小时。等到主体内的污泥全部排出后，用水进行适
当的清洗。
• 2. Place the back-pressure plate at maximum opening position, and screw shaft of main body manually
running 1h. When all mud in main body has been discharged, appropriatly clean with water.
• ③把电控柜内的总电源关掉。
• 3. Turn off the main power source in electric control cabinet.
• 三个月以上停机的情况下：
• More than 3 months shutdown of machine:
.
• 如果在3个月以上停机的情况下，在完成了上述<一周（易干的污泥2-3天）以上停机的情况下>的工作外，
还必须进行以下的工作：
• If machine will be shutdown more than 3 months,must complete below works beside finishing above
works(more than 1 week shutdown of machine):
• ①为了防止电控柜的端口生锈，必须把电控柜的门关好，还必须保持室内的空气通畅。
• 1. Must close the door of electric control cabinet and keep ventilation of indoor in order to protect
terminal in electric control cabinet from rust.
• ②为了防止电控柜内的电磁继电器等生锈，应该每3个月让机器手动运行一次。
• 2. Should manual operate the machine once every 3 month in order to protect electromagnetic relay in
electric control cabinet from rust.
• 本工程原水预处理系统脱泥系统包括MYDL型叠螺脱水机一套，配套脱水剂加药装置一套。
• Raw water system demud system include one set of MYDL type overlap screw dehydrator and
supporting equipment of dehydrator dosing device.
 第三章 锅炉给水处理
Chapter 3 Boiler Feedwater Treatment
• 锅炉给水由汽轮机的凝结水、补给水、生产返回水和各种热力设备的疏水等组成。
这些给水组成中仍存在着对热力设备安全经济运行有害的杂质，如水中的溶解氧、
二氧化碳、金属腐蚀产物以及从水汽系统中所带进的盐类等。所以，对锅炉给水
必须进行严格的处理。
• Boiler feedwater is made up of turbine condensate, make-up water, production
return water and drain water of various thermal equipments. Impurities which
are harmful to safe and economical operation of thermal equipment still exist in
these kinds of water, such as dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and metal
corrosion products in water and salts carried over from water & steam system.
Therefore, boiler feedwater must be strictly treated.
• 锅炉给水处理又称锅炉给水水质调节。它是锅炉水化学工况的重要组成部分。
.
通过给水处理，可减缓给水系统的金属腐蚀过程、降低给水中的腐蚀产物含
量以及减少结构材料的氧化物在水汽系统中的沉积，确保机炉的安全和经济
运行。
• Boiler make-up water treatment is called boiler feedwater quality regulation.
It is an important composition part of chemical working condition of boiler
water. By feedwater treatment, metal corrosion process of feedwater system
can be slowed down; corrosion product contend in feedwater can be
decreased; deposits of structure material oxide in water & steam system can
be decreased; safe and economical operation of boiler and turbine can be
ensured.
• 汽包锅炉一般采用碱性水化学运行工况。在碱性水化学运行工况时，给水
.
需要进行除氧处理和pH值调节，以防止热力设备的腐蚀。给水的除氧处理
主要是除去水中的溶解氧，包括热力除氧和化学除氧。对于不同压力的锅
炉，给水中溶解氧含量的控制标准有所不同。高压以上的锅炉，给水溶解
氧的含量应小于7g/L。给水pH值的调节是将给水的pH值控制在碱性范围
内。对于不同压力的锅炉，给水pH值的控制标准也有区别。高压以上锅炉，
给水的pH值控制在8.8-9.3之间。这是同时考虑到防止钢铁的腐蚀和铜合金
的腐蚀。高压以上的锅炉，在采用除盐水作为补给水时，给水处理除进行
热力除氧外，大都辅以联氨进行化学除氧以及采用氨进行给水pH值的调节
处理，此时锅炉的碱性水化学运行工况又称为全挥发处理。
• Drum boiler usually uses chemical operation condition of alkaline water. During
chemical operation condition of alkaline water, oxygen in feedwater needs to be
removed and pH of feedwater needs to be regulated to prevent corrosion of thermal
.
equipment. Deaeration of feedwater is mainly to remove dissolved oxygen in water,
including thermal deaeration and chemical deaeration. To boilers with different pressure,
the control standards of dissolved oxygen content in water are different. To boiler above
high pressure, the content dissolved oxygen in feedwater should be less than 7ppb. The
regulation of feedwater pH is to control feedwater pH in alkaline range. To boilers with
different pressure, the control standards of feedwater pH are also different. To boiler
above high pressure, feedwater pH should be controlled within 8.8-9.3, which considers
preventing steel corrosion and copper alloy corrosion at the same time. To boilers above
high pressure, when demineralized water is used as make-up water, except thermal
deaeration to feedwater, chemical deaeration that uses hydrazine and ammonia to
regulate feedwater pH is also used. At that time, the chemical operation condition of
boiler alkaline water is also called all volatile treatment.
 第一节 给水系统金属的腐蚀
Section 1 Metal Corrosion of Feedwater System
• 锅炉给水系统中流动着的水虽然较纯净，但其中往往含有溶氧和二氧化碳。
这两种气体，常常是引起给水系统中金属腐蚀的主要因素。
• Although water flowing in boiler feedwater system is comparatively pure,
it usually contains dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide which are often
the main factors resulting in metal corrosion in feedwater system.
• 给水系统中，最易发生的金属腐蚀是钢材受到水中溶解氧的腐蚀。
• In feedwater system, the most easily happening metal corrosion is the corrosion that steel material
suffers from dissolved oxygen.
• 1. 腐蚀原理
• 1. Corrosion principle
• 铁受水中溶解氧的腐蚀是一种电化学腐蚀，铁和氧形成两个电极，组成腐蚀电池。
• The corrosion that iron gets from dissolved oxygen in water is a kind of electrochemical corrosion.
Iron and oxygen form two electrodes which make up of corrosion cell.
• 铁的电极电位总是比氧的电极电位低，所以在铁氧腐蚀电池中，铁是阳极，遭到腐蚀，氧为阴极，进
行还原，在这里溶解氧起阴极去极化作用，是引起铁腐蚀的因素。这种腐蚀称为氧去极化腐蚀，或简
称氧腐蚀。
• The electrode potential of iron is always lower than that of oxygen, so, in iron-oxygen corrosion cell,
iron is anode and gets corrosion while oxygen is cathode and plays the function of reduction. Here,
dissolved oxygen plays a function of depolarizing anode and is the factor for causing iron corrosion.
This kind of corrosion is called oxygen depolarization corrosion or is called oxygen corrosion in short
• 2. 腐蚀特征
• 2. Corrosion characteristics
• 当钢铁受到水中溶解氧腐蚀时，常常在其表面形成许多小型鼓包，其直径自1毫米至20、30毫米不等，
这种腐蚀特征被称为溃疡腐蚀。鼓包表面的颜色由黄褐色到砖红色不等，次层是黑色粉末状物，这些
.
都是腐蚀产物。当将这些腐蚀产物清除后，便会出现因腐蚀而造成的陷坑。
• When steel meets dissolved oxygen corrosion in water, many small bulges are formed on its surface,
whose diameters are from 1mm to 20 or 30 mm. This kind of corrosion characteristic is called pitting
corrosion. The colors on bulge surface change from tawny to brick red. The sublayer is black powder
matters which are corrosion products. When these corrosion products are cleared, pits caused by
corrosion shall appear.
• 如果电厂中除氧工作进行的不完善，在给水管道和省煤器中常常能看到这种腐蚀。发生在给水管道中
的鼓包颜色由黄褐色到砖红色都有，在省煤器中的大都是砖红色的。
• If deaeration work in power plant is carried out incompletely, this kind of corrosion shall often be
seen in feedwater pipelines and economizer. The color of bulges in feedwater pipelines changes
from tawny to brick red; the color of most bulges in economizer is brick red.
氧腐蚀
• 氧腐蚀为什么具有这种特征？这和腐蚀产物的性质关系很大。
• Why does oxygen corrosion have this kind of characteristic? It has a
great relation with the property of corrosion product.
.
• 金属遭到腐蚀所生成的产物，并不只是表现为此金属的阳离子。这些阳离
子在溶液中会进一步和水中某些物质发生反应，这种进一步变化的过程称
为腐蚀的二次过程，生成的产物称为二次产物，我们平常看到的腐蚀产物，
大都是这些二次产物。
• The products generated when metal meets corrosion are not only shown
as its cations. These cations shall further react with some matters in
water in solution. This kind of further change process is called the
secondary process of corrosion and the generated product is called
secondary product. Most of the corrosion products we usually see are
these secondary products.
• 铁受到溶解氧腐蚀后产生Fe2+,它在水中进行的二次过程为:
• Fe2+ is generated after iron gets pollution from dissolved oxygen, whose secondary process
carrying out in water is as follow:
.
• Fe2++2OH-→Fe(OH)2
• 4Fe(OH)2+2H2O+O2→4Fe(OH)3 （1）
• Fe(OH)2+2Fe(OH)3→Fe3O4+4H2O （2）
• 在这些产物中，Fe(OH)2是不稳定的，容易进一步发生（1）式和（2）式的反应，所以最后的
产物主要是Fe(OH)3和Fe3O4。其中，Fe(OH)3表示三价铁的氢氧化物，它的化学组成实际上
并不象此化学式所表示的那样简单，常常是各种含水氧化铁的混合物，所以也可以写成
Fe2O3·nH2O，或者简化表示成Fe2O3。
• In these products, Fe(OH)2 is unstable and easily to have further reactions like equation (1)
and (2), so the final products mainly are Fe(OH)3 and Fe3O4. Thereinto, Fe(OH)3 shows the
hydroxide of ferric iron whose chemical composition actually is not as easy as the one shown
in this chemical formula but usually is the mixed matter of various water-containing ferric oxide,
so it also can be written as Fe2O3·nH2O or Fe2O3 in short.
• 溃疡腐蚀点上各层腐蚀产物有不同的颜色，就是由于它们是由不同化合物
.
所组成的关系。其表面层的黄褐色到砖红色产物是各种形态的氧化铁，次
层的黑色粉末是Fe3O4。有时，在腐蚀产物的最里层，紧靠金属表面处，
还有一个黑色层，这是FeO。
• All layer corrosion products on pitting corrosion point have different
colors because they consist of different compounds. The products with
color from tawny to brick red of the surface layer are ferric oxide in
various states while the black power of the sublayer is Fe3O4.
Sometimes, in the most inner layer of corrosion products, in the part
close to the metal surface, there is also a black layer which is FeO.
• 溶解氧腐蚀之所以会形成溃疡状，和腐蚀二次产物的性质有关。在一般条
.件下，由于水中溶解氧腐蚀而形成的二次产物，常常是疏松的，没有保护
性。所以一旦在金属表面的某一点形成了腐蚀点，就不能阻止其继续腐蚀。
在这个腐蚀点上，由于腐蚀产物的阻挡，水中溶解氧扩散到这一点的速度
减慢，形成了在腐蚀点四周的溶解氧浓度大于此腐蚀点上的溶解氧浓度的
情况，这样，它的四周便成为阴极，腐蚀点本身成为阳极，腐蚀将继续进
行。此时二次产物层慢慢向外扩散，当它遇到水中OH-和O2等，便又产生
新的二次产物，积累在原有的二次产物层中。所以二次产物层越积越厚，
形成了鼓包，鼓包下面越腐蚀越深，形成陷坑。
• The reason that dissolved oxygen corrosion is in pitting form relates to the property of
secondary products of corrosion. In general conditions, the secondary products
formed due to corrosion of dissolved oxygen in water are always loose, without
protection, so once a corrosion point is formed in some point on the metal surface,
.
corrosion can not be prevented. On this corrosion point, due to obstruction of
corrosion products, the speed for dissolved oxygen in water diffuse to this point
decreases, and the condition that the concentration of dissolved oxygen around the
corrosion point is higher than that of dissolved oxygen on the corrosion point. Thus, its
surrounding becomes cathode while the corrosion point itself becomes anode, and the
corrosion continues. At that time, the secondary product layer slowly diffuses to the
outside. When it meets OH- and O2 in water, new secondary products are formed and
accumulate in the original secondary product layer. In this way, the secondary product
layer becomes thicker and thicker and forms bulge, under which the corrosion is
deeper and deeper, forming pits.
• 溃疡腐蚀点上的腐蚀产物都是会被磁铁所吸引的，这是由于许多腐蚀产物
.
常常连在一起，而其中的Fe3O4和γ- Fe2O3（氧化铁的一种结晶形态）能
被磁铁所吸引的关系。
• Corrosion products on pitting corrosion points all shall be attracted by
magnet because many corrosion products connect together and Fe3O4
andγ- Fe2O3 (a crystal state of iron oxide) can be attracted by magnet.
• 3. 腐蚀部位
• 3. Corrosion part
.
• 在给水系统中会发生腐蚀的部位，决定于水中溶解氧的含量和设备的运行条件。
通常，最易发生氧腐蚀的部位为给水管道和省煤器。在各种给水组成部分中，补
给水的输送管道以及疏水的贮存设备和输送管都会发生严重的氧腐蚀，凝结水系
统不易发生氧腐蚀。
• Whether a part in feedwater system will have corrosion or not depends on the
content of dissolved oxygen in water and the equipment operation conditions.
Usually, the parts most easily meeting oxygen corrosion are feedwater pipeline
and economizer. In various feedwater components, make-up water transfer
pipeline, drain water storage equipment and transfer pipe shall have severe
oxygen corrosion. Condensate system is not easy to have oxygen corrosion.
• 给水通过除氧后虽然含氧量已很小，但在省煤器中由于温度较高，所以只要有少量氧，
仍然有可能发生氧腐蚀。特别是当除氧器运行不良，或含氧量分析不正确，以致使给
.
水含氧量经常较大时，腐蚀甚至还会很严重。省煤器的溶解氧腐蚀通常集中在其进口
部分，出口部分腐蚀较轻，这是因为水中的氧在进口部分进行的腐蚀过程中已消耗完
了。
• Through deaeration, the oxygen content of feedwater is very low, but the
temperature in economizer is comparatively high, if there is only a little oxygen,
oxygen corrosion still might happen. Especially, when the deaerator does not run
well, or the oxygen content analysis is incorrect to result in high oxygen content of
feedwater, the corrosion shall be even more severe. Dissolved oxygen corrosion of
economizer mainly centralized at the inlet part of economizer and the corrosion at
its outlet part is comparatively light because oxygen in water has consumed at the
inlet in corrosion process.
• 在疏水系统中，因疏水箱是通大气的，而且有些疏水管道不是经常有水，
.
无水时管道便为空气所充满，因此疏水中常含有大量的氧。所以疏水经常
会有严重的氧腐蚀。
• In drain water system, as drain water tank is connected to the
atmosphere, some drain water pipes do not often have water and the
pipes are filled with air when there is no water, drain water often contains
a lot of oxygen. Thus, drain water often has severe oxygen corrosion.
• 因为凝汽器的汽侧是在负压下运行的，免不掉有一些空气漏入，而且冷却水的渗漏也
会带进一些溶解氧，所以在凝结水中，总是含有微量的溶解氧。但是，即使补给水是
.
直接加到凝汽器中的，凝结水的含氧量也不会很大，因为凝汽器本身可以起到除氧作
用，大部分氧可由抽气器抽走，所以凝结水的含氧量一般不大于50微克/升。由于凝
结水的温度低和含盐量小，这微量的氧会引起严重的腐蚀。
• As the steam side of condenser operates in negative pressure, its inevitable air
leaks to it, moreover, leakage of cooling water also carry over dissolved oxygen,
condensate always contains a bit of dissolved oxygen. However, even if make-up
water is directly supplied to the condenser, the oxygen content in condensate shall
not be too high because condenser itself has deaeration function. Most of oxygen
can be extracted out by the extractor, so the oxygen content of condensate
generally is not mare than 50ｕg/L. As the temperature and the salt content of
condensate are low, the micro oxygen shall cause severe corrosion.
 二. 游离二氧化碳的腐蚀
II. Corrosion of Free Carbon Dioxide
• 1. 腐蚀原理
• 1. Corrosion principle
• 当水中有游离的CO2存在时，水呈酸性反应，如下式：
• When free CO2 exists in water, water is in acidic reaction as the following equation shows:
• CO2+H2O=H++HCO3-
• 这样，由于水中H+的量增多，就会产生氢去极化腐蚀。所以游离二氧化碳腐蚀，从腐蚀电池的观点来说，
就是水中含有酸性物质而引起的氢去极化腐蚀。此时，在腐蚀电池中发生如下反应：
• In this way, as H+ in water increases, hydrogen depolarization corrosion shall happen. In terms of
corrosion cell, free carbon dioxide corrosion is the hydrogen depolarization corrosion resulting from
water containing acidic matters. At that time, the following reactions happen in corrosion cell:
• 阴极反应： 2H++2e→H2
• Cathode reaction: 2H++2e→H2
• 阳极反应： Fe-2e→Fe2+
• Anode reaction: Fe-2e→Fe2+
• 二氧化碳溶于水虽然只显弱酸性，但当它溶解在很纯的水中时，还是会显著地降低其pH值。
例如当每升纯水中溶有1毫克CO2时，水的pH值便可由7.0降至5.5左右。弱酸的腐蚀性不能单
凭pH值来衡量，因为弱酸只有一部分电离，所以随着腐蚀的进行，消耗掉的离子会被弱酸的
.
继续电离所补充，因此pH值就会维持在一个较低的范围内，直到所有的弱酸电离完毕。
• Carbon dioxide dissolving in water only shows weak acidic property, but the pH shall be
obviously decreased when it dissolves in very pure water. For example, when only 1 mg
CO2 dissolves in a liter of pure water, pH of water can be decreased from 7.0 to about 5.5.
The corrosion property of weak acid can not only be evaluated by pH because only a part of
weak acid only is ionized and the consumed ions will be made up by the ionization of weak
acid as corrosion goes on. In this way, the pH will be maintained in a comparatively low
range till all weak acid is ionized.
• 游离二氧化碳受温度的影响较大，因为当温度升高时，碳酸的电离度增大，会大大促进腐蚀。
• Free carbon dioxide is greatly influenced by temperature because when temperature rises,
the degree of dissociation of carbonic acid increases and prompting corrosion.
• 2. 腐蚀特征
• 2. Corrosion feature
.
• 钢材受游离二氧化碳腐蚀而生成的腐蚀产物都是易溶的，在金属表面不易形成保护膜，
所以其腐蚀特征是金属均匀地变薄。这种腐蚀虽然不一定会很快引起金属的严重损伤，
但由于大量铁的腐蚀产物带入锅内，往往会引起锅内结垢和腐蚀等许多严重问题。
• The corrosion products formed because steel material meets corrosion by carbon
dioxide are easy to settle down and can not form protection membrane on metal
surface, so the corrosion feature is metal becomes thinner evenly. This kind of
corrosion does not quickly cause severe damage of metal, but as a lot of corrosion
products of iron are taken into the boiler, many severe problems such as scaling
and corrosion in boiler shall be caused.
游离二氧化碳的腐蚀
 第二节 给水系统金属腐蚀的防止
Section 2 Prevention to Metal Corrosion to Feedwater
System
• 为了防止给水系统金属的腐蚀，通常采用的方法是除掉给水中的溶解氧，并且提
高给水的PH值。这种常用的给水处理方法，称为“给水碱性水规范”。使用这种方
法时，常在给水中加入联氨和氨等化学药品，因为这些药品都有挥发性，所以这
种给水处理方法又称“挥发性处理”。
• To prevent metal corrosion to feedwater system, the common method used is to
remove dissolved oxygen in water and improve pH of feedwater. This kind of
common feedwater treatment system is called feedwater alkaline water
specification. When use this kind of method, usually add hydrazine and
ammonia to water because these chemicals are volatile. This kind of water
treatment method is also called volatile treatment.
 一. 给水除氧
I. Feedwater Deaeration
• 给水中的溶解氧，在一般情况下是造成火电厂热力设备腐蚀的主要原因。搞好锅炉给水的除氧处理、
防止热力设备腐蚀，对保证电厂安全经济运行是十分重要的。
• Dissolved oxygen in feedwater usually is the main cause for corrosion to thermal equipment in
power plant. Paying attention to deaeration of boiler feedwater and preventing corrosion to
thermal equipment are very important to safe and economical operation of power plant.
• 在锅炉运行采用碱性水化学工况和络合物水化学工况时，对给水需要进行除氧处理。除氧处理包括
热力除氧和化学除氧。热力除氧可将给水中绝大部分溶解氧除掉，化学除氧可以进一步除去给水中
的残留溶解氧。
• When chemical working condition of alkaline water and chemical working condition of complex
water are used in boiler operation, feedwater deaeration treatment is required. The deaeration
treatment includes thermal deaeration and chemical deaeration. Through deaeration, most of
dissolved oxygen in feedwater can be removed. By chemical deaeration, residual dissolved
oxygen in feedwater can be further removed.
• 热力除氧
• Thermal deaeration
.
• 从气体溶解定律（亨利定律）可知，任何气体在水中的溶解度与此气体在气水分界面上的分压
成正比。目前，火力发电厂几乎都采用热力除氧器对给水进行除氧。热力除氧器是以加热的方
式除去给水中溶解氧及其它气体的一种设备。即以蒸汽通入除氧器内，把要除氧的水加热到相
应压力下的饱和温度（即水的沸腾温度），使溶于水中的气体解析出来，并随余汽排出除氧器，
以达到除氧的目的。
• It can be known from Henry’s Law, the solubility of any kind of gas is directly proportional to
the partial pressure on gas and water division surface. Presently, thermal deaerator is used
to remove oxygen from feedwater in almost all thermal plants. Thermal deaerator is a kind of
equipment which removes dissolved oxygen and other kinds of gas in water in heating mode.
That is to supply steam to the deaerator and heat water requiring deaeration to saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure (namely, the boiling temperature of water) to
make gas dissolving water to separate out and to be discharged from the deaerator with the
residual steam to achieve the purpose of deaeration.
• 热力除氧器有多种形式，按进水方式的不同可分为混合式和过热式。在混合式除氧器
内，需要除氧的水与加热用的蒸汽直接接触，使水加热到相当除氧器压力下的沸点；
.
过热式除氧器的运行方式，先将需除氧的水在压力较高的表面式加热器中加热，至温
度超过除氧器压力下的沸点，当水引入除氧器后，一部分水汽化，其余水沸腾，以达
除氧的目的。
• Thermal deaeration has many modes. It can be divided into mixed mode and
overheating mode according to the inlet water mode. In mixed deaeration water
requiring deaeration directly contacts steam used for heating to heat up water to the
temperature equivalent to the boiling point under deaerator pressure. The operation
mode of overheating deaerator is to heat water requiring deaeration in surface
heater with high comparatively high pressure till its temperature exceeds the boiler
point under deaerator pressure. When water is supplied to deaerator, a part of
water vaporizes and the other water is boiling. In this way, oxygen is removed.
• 电厂中用得最广的是混合式除氧器，按其工作压力不同可分为真空式、大气式和高压
式三种。按构造分为淋水盘式、喷雾填料式和喷雾淋水盘式等。高压和超高压机组常
.
采用喷雾填料式除氧器，工作压力约为0.59MPa；亚临界参数机组多采用卧式喷雾淋
水盘式除氧器，其最高压力为0.78MPa。此外，还有些机组采用凝汽器真空除氧。
• The most widely used deaerator in power plant is mixed deaerator, it can be divided
into vacuum type, atmospheric type and high pressure type according to its working
pressure and water spraying tray type, spray packing type and spray water tray type
according to the component. High pressure and super high pressure units usually
are provided with spray packing type deaerators with working pressure about
0.59MPa. Subcritical parameter unit usually is provided with horizontal spraying
water tray type deaerator with max. pressure at 0.78MPa. Moreover, some units
also use condenser vacuum deaeration mode.
热力除氧器
• 化学除氧
• Chemical deaeration
• 化学除氧是在要除氧的水中加入能与氧反应的化学试剂，使水中溶解氧降低的一种处理方法。在电厂中，
.
化学除氧剂应具备的条件是：a）能迅速与氧反应；b）反应产物和化学药品本身在水汽循环中是无害的；
c）具有使金属表面钝化的作用；d）对工作人员的健康影响最小以及便于使用控制等。
• Chemical deaeration is a kind of treatment method by adding chemical reagent that can react with
oxygen to water requiring deaeration to decrease dissolved oxygen in water. In power plant, chemical
oxygen scavenger should meet the following requirements:
• a) it can quickly react with oxygen;
• b) the reaction products and chemical itself are harmless in water and steam circulation;
• c) it has the function to make the metal surface have passivation;
• d) it has the fewest influence on health of working personnel and is convenient to use and control.
• 火力发电厂的锅炉给水除氧都是在热力除氧的基础上辅以化学除氧。高参数以上的锅炉目前大都使用联
氨（N2H4）进行化学除氧。
• The deaeration of boiler feedwater in thermal power plant takes chemical deaeration as auxiliary on the
basis of thermal deaeration. Hydrazine (N2H4) is used for the chemical deaeration of most boilers
above high parameters.
• 采用联氨除氧的优点是：联氨与氧的反应产物及过剩联氨在高温下的分解产物都不会产生固体物，因而
不会使锅炉给水中的含盐量增加。但是，联氨在低温时与水中溶解氧的反应速度慢，同时联氨被认为对
人可能有致癌作用。针对以上的问题，近年来国外研究并开发了多种新型的化学除氧剂，尤其在美国，
.
新型除氧剂已在电厂和其它工厂中试用；国内也正在着手进行除氧剂的研究和开发工作。从新型除氧剂
的性能和使用安全与健康角度考虑，它们会有广泛的应用前景。
• The advantage of using hydrazine for deaeration is the reaction products of hydrazine and oxygen and
the decomposed products of excessive hydrazine at high temperature do not generate solid matters
and thus the salt content in boiler feedwater will not be increased. However, hydrazine reacts slowly
with dissolved oxygen in water at low temperature and it is considered that hydrazine can cause cancer
to human. Aiming at problems above, multiple new types of chemical oxygen scavengers are
researched and developed abroad in recent years. Especially in America, new type of chemical oxygen
scavenger has been in test use in power plant and other kinds of plants. Domestically, chemical oxygen
scavenger is being researched and developed. Considering from the performances of new type of
chemical oxygen scavenger and use safety and health, chemical oxygen scavenger has a wide
application prospect.
• 1. 联氨
.
• 1. Hydrazine
• 1） 联氨的性质
• 1) Property of hydrazine
• 联氨（N2H4）又称为肼。在常温下是一种无色液体。它具有挥发性、有害、
易燃、易溶于水和乙醇等特点。联氨是一种还原剂，具有弱碱性，遇热会分
解。市售联氨一般是40%水合联氨。
• Hydrazine (N2H4) is kind of colorless liquid at normal temperature, which is
volatile, harmful and inflammable, easily to dissolve in water and ethanol.
Hydrazine is also a kind of reducing agent which has weak base property
and can decompose when meeting heat. Commercial hydrazine generally is
40% hydrazine hydrate.
• a、 物理性质：联氨的一般物理性质列于表3–1中。空气中的联氨对人体
.
有侵害作用，故空气中联氨蒸汽量最高不允许超过1mg/L。当空气中联氨
蒸汽的浓度超过4.7%（按体积计）时，遇火会发生爆炸。
• a. Physical property: the general physical properties of hydrazine are
listed in table 3-1. Hydrazine in air is harmful to human body, so the
hydrazine vapor quantity in air is not allowed to exceed 1mg/L at most.
When the concentration of hydrazine vapor in air exceeds 4.7%
(calculated based on volume), explosion shall happen when it meets
flame.
 表3–1 联氨的一般物理性质
Table 3-1 General physical properties of
. hydrazine

密度25℃（g/mL） 沸点 凝固点
• . 项 目
Density 25℃ 0.1Mpa(℃)Boiling 0.1Mpa(℃)Freezing
闪 点（℃）
Item Flash point (℃)
（g/mL） point 0.1MPa (℃) point 0.1MPa (℃)

联 氨（N2H4）
1.004 113.5 1.4 52
Hydrazine (N2H4)

水合联氨（N2H4·H2O）
Hydrazine hydrate 119.5 ＜–40 90
(N2H4·H2O)
• b、 化学性质：
•
.b. Chemical property
• 还原性 联氨在碱性水溶液中，是一种很强的还原剂。它可将水中溶解氧还原，
如下式：
• Reduction property: hydrazine is a kind of strong reducing agent in alkaline
water solution, which can reduce dissolved oxygen in water as the following
equation shows:
• N2H4+O2 N2+2H2O
• 反应产物N2和H2O对热力系统的运行没有害处。
• The reaction products N2 and H2O have no harm to the operation of thermal
system.
• 此外，联氨的还原性质还可防止锅炉内产生铁垢和铜垢，反应式如下：
.
• Besides, the reduction property of hydrazine can prevent the internal part
of boiler forming iron scale and copper scale. The reaction equations are
as follows:
• 6Fe2O3 + N2H4 4Fe3O4 + N2 + 2H2O
• 2Fe3O4 + N2H4 6FeO + N2 + 2H2O
• 2FeO + N2H4 2Fe + N2 + 2H2O
• 4CuO + N2H4 2Cu2O + N2 + 2H2O
• 2Cu2O + N2H4 4Cu + N2 + 2H2O
• 2） 联氨除氧的条件
• 2) Conditions for deaeration with hydrazine
.
• 联氨和水中溶解氧的反应速度受温度、pH值和联氨过剩量的影响。为使联氨和水中溶解氧的
反应进行迅速和完全，必须维持以下条件：
• The reaction speed of hydrazine and dissolved oxygen in water is influenced by temperature,
pH and hydrazine excess. To make hydrazine quickly and completely react with dissolved
oxygen in water, the following conditions must be maintained:
• a、 必须使水中联氨有足够的过剩量。
• a. There must be enough excessive hydrazine in water.
• 理论上联氨同氧反应是等物质量的。在实际控制上，为了加快反应速度，联氨的剂量通常为理
论值的2-4倍，当有催化剂存在时，过剩量可以小些。
• Theoretically, the reaction of hydrazine with oxygen is in equivalent amount of substance. In
actual control, to speed up reaction, the amount of hydrazine is usually 2-4 times of the
theoretical value. When there is catalyst, the excess quantity can be less.
• b、 必须使水维持一定的pH值。 pH值在9-11之间时，反应速度最快。因此以除盐水作补给水时，在给水加
联氨前必须先加氨处理，使给水的pH值提高到8.5以上。
• .
b. Certain pH of water must be maintained. When pH is within 9-11, the reaction speed is the highest.
Therefore, when demineralized water is used as make-up water, ammonia must be used for treatment before
add hydrazine to feedwater to increase pH of feedwater above 8.5.
• c、 必须有足够的反应温度。 低温下，联氨同溶解氧的反应速度是比较慢的，一般长达数小时，当温度升高
时，反应速度急剧增加。通常在除氧器出口处加入联氨，此处给水温度达150℃以上，联氨同溶解氧的反应时间
仅数分钟。
• c. There must be sufficient reaction temperature. At low temperature, the reaction speed of hydrazine
with dissolved oxygen is comparatively slow and generally is as long as several hours. When the temperature
rises, the reaction speed rapidly increases. Usually, hydrazine is dosed at the outlet of deaerator. In this part,
the water temperature is above 150℃, so the reaction time of hydrazine with dissolved oxygen is only several
minutes.
• 本工程采用热力除氧+化学除氧方式处理补给水。化学除氧采用联氨除氧。
• This project adopt thermal deaeration + chemical deaeration method to treat make-up water. Chemical
deaeration adopt hydrazine to remove the oxygen.
• 联氨有毒，搬运和使用时需使用防护用具！
• Hydrazine is posionous, must use protection tool when moving it or using it.
 第三节 给水加氨处理
Section 3 Treatment of Ammonia Dosing to Feedwater
• 在火电厂，为防止锅炉给水对金属材料的腐蚀，通常需要进行给水pH值的调节。
给水pH值的控制，根据机组类型、锅炉运行所采用的水化学工况及给水水质等因
素来决定；同时必须考虑对铜和铁等不同材质金属的防蚀效果。表4–2为碱性水
工况汽包炉给水pH值控制标准。
• In power plant, to prevent boiler feedwater having corrosion to metal material,
pH of feedwater usually needs to be regulated. The control of pH of feedwater
is decided by unit type, chemical working condition of water used for boiler
operation and feedwater quality; at the same time, the anticorrosion effect on
different metal materials such as copper and iron must be considered. Table 4-2
shows pH control standard of drum boiler feedwater in alkaline water working
condition.
• .
. 表3–2 锅炉给水pH值的控制标准（25℃）
Table3-2 pH control standard of boiler feedwater (25℃)

炉 型 汽包炉
Boiler type Drum boiler

锅炉水化学工况 碱性水工况
Chemical working condition of boiler water Alkaline water working condition

工作压力（Mpa）Working pressure (Mpa) ＞5.88≤18.62

低压加热器为铜管Low pressure heater

8.8～9.3
(copper tube)

低压加热器为钢管Low pressure heater

9.0～9.6
(copper tube)
• 给水pH值的调节不宜使用固体碱化剂，以避免在电厂热力系统中产生沉积和引起腐蚀。氨是
一种易挥发的碱化剂，具有遇热不易分解等性质，因此给水pH值的调节一般采用加氨处理。
.
• It’s unsuitable to use solid alkalizer to regulate pH of feedwater to avoid forming deposit and
corrosion in thermal system of power plant. Ammonia is a kind of volatile alkalizer which is
not easy to decompose when meeting heat, so ammonia is used to regulate pH of feedwater.
• 运行实践证明，正确进行氨处理，热力设备的铜和铁的腐蚀明显减少。这有利于降低汽水循环
系统中的铜、铁含量，并可减少锅炉受热面上金属氧化物的沉积量，延长锅炉化学清洗时间间
隔，有效保证锅炉的经济运行。
• The operation practice proves that correct ammonia treatment can obviously decrease
copper and iron corrosion to thermal equipment. It is good for decreasing g copper and iron
contents in steam and water circulation system, decreasing deposit of metal oxides on boiler
heating surface, prolonging boiler chemical cleaning time interval and efficiently ensuring
economical operation of boiler.
 一. 给水加氨处理原理
I. Principle of Dosing Ammonia to Feedwater
• 在一般情况下，锅炉给水pH值过低的原因是由于它含有游离CO2等酸类物质，所
以加氨就相当于用氨水溶液的碱性来中和碳酸等酸类物质的酸性。通常，加氨的
目的就是根据锅炉运行时水化学工况的要求，将给水的pH值调节在8.8以上。
• Generally, the reason that pH of boiler feedwater is too low is boiler water
contains acid substances such as free CO2, so ammonia dosing is equivalent
to use the alkalinity of ammonia water solution to neutralized the acidity of
carbonic acid. Usually, the purpose of dosing ammonia is to regulate pH of
feedwater above 8.8 according to the requirements of water chemical working
condition during boiler operation.
 二. 加药处理
II. Chemical Dosing Treatment
• 氨处理可以使用的药品有液氨和氢氧化氨。因为氨易于挥发，所以无论在水汽循
环系统中的哪个部位加氨，都可使整个系统中有氨，通常需要经过调整试验来确
定加药量和加药地点。在加药时要注意的是热力设备中的铜合金材料因氨的富集
而发生的腐蚀问题。
• The chemicals can be used for ammonia treatment include liquid ammonia and
ammonium hydroxide. As ammonia is volatile, the whole system shall have
ammonia when it is dosed in any part of water & steam circulation system.
Usually, chemical dosage and places need to be decided by regulating test.
During chemical dosing, pay attention to corrosion problem of copper alloy
metal material in thermal system due to rich ammonia accumulation.
• 1． 加药量
• 1. Chemical dosage
• .
根据锅炉运行时水化学工况所要求的给水pH值，按照纯水中氨浓度与溶液pH值的关系估算氨的加入量。但是，
实际的加氨量在各个机组中是不同的，有必要根据给水中的铜、铁含量通过调整试验来确定。在调整试验中，
一方面要确保给水pH值在水汽质量标准规定的范围内，另一方面要使给水中的铜、铁含量保持在最低水平，以
减轻锅内的结垢速度和避免引起腐蚀。
• Estimate ammonia dosage according to pH required by water chemical working condition during boiler
operation and referring relation between ammonia concentration in pure water and pH of solution. However,
the actual ammonia amount in each unit is different, so it is necessary to decide it by regulating test according
to copper and iron contents in feedwater. In test regulation, on one hand, it needs to ensure pH of feedwater
in the regulated range of water &steam quality standard; on the other hand, it needs to keep copper and iron
contents in feedwater at the lowest level to ease up the scaling speed inside the boiler and avoid causing
corrosion.
• 通常给水中允许的氨含量应在1.0-2.0mg/L以下，以减少氨在凝汽器的空抽区等部位的富集，避免引起铜合金材
料的氨蚀问题。
• Usually, the allowable ammonia content in feedwater should be below 1.0-2.0mg/L to decrease rich ammonia
accumulation in air extraction part of condenser to avoid ammonia corrosion problem of copper alloy material.
•
.2． 加药系统
• 2. Chemical dosing system
• 给水加氨系统与联氨的加药系统和设备相同，氨液经手工（或抽氨泵）加
入溶液箱后，用除盐水配成稀溶液。
• The ammonia dosing system and equipment of feedwater are the same
as hydrazine dosing system and equipment. Ammonia solution is
manually dosed (or dosed with ammonia extraction pump) to solution
tank, and then is prepared with demineralized water to be dilute solution.
 第四章 炉汽包锅内处理
Chapter 4 Boiler Inner Treatment of Drum Boiler
• 第一节 锅内的杂质和沉积物
• Section 1 Impurity and Deposit inside Boiler

• 在火力发电厂中，锅炉、汽轮机、凝汽器、加热器、除氧器以及各种附属设备组成热力系统。水和
蒸汽作为工质在这个热力系统中进行不断的循环。在长期运行中水处理不善，凝汽器渗漏，系统中
某些设备、管道发生不同程度的腐蚀等，均会使工质中含有杂质。这些杂质是引起热力设备结垢、
积盐和腐蚀的主要原因。
• In thermal power plant, boiler, steam turbine, condenser, heater, deaerator and various auxiliary
equipments make up thermal system. Water and steam continuously circulate as working medium
in the thermal system. In long-term operation, bad water treatment, condenser leakage, different
degrees of corrosion of some equipments and pipeline all shall cause working medium to have
impurities. These impurities are the main cause for scaling, salt accumulation and corrosion of
thermal equipment.
• 一. 锅内杂质的来源
• I.. Source of Impurities inside Boiler
• 锅内各种杂质的来源分为两个方面：一是来自锅内金属管材的腐蚀产物；二是由炉前
的给水、凝结水和补给水等系统带入的不纯物质；三是炉内加药带入的杂质。究竟以
何为主，因锅炉条件和水处理状况而异。现将来自炉前系统的杂质分述如下：
• The source of various impurities inside boiler is divided into three aspects: the first
one is the corrosion product of metal material inside boiler; the second one is
impure matter carried over by boiler-front feedwater, condensate and make-up
water systems; the third one is impurity carried over by chemical dosing inside boiler.
Which of them is the main source differs according to boiler condition and water
treatment condition. The impurities in boiler-front system are described as follows:
• 1． 凝汽器泄漏
• 1.
•
.当冷却水从凝汽器不严密处漏入其蒸汽侧时，冷却水中的杂质就会随之进入蒸汽凝结水中。进
Condenser leakage

入凝结水中的各种盐类物质的含量，取决于漏入的冷却水量和冷却水质，它直接影响炉水的水
化学工况，并在锅内形成酸性物质或析出碱性物质，引起锅炉受热面的腐蚀或形成沉积物。近
年来，凝汽器泄漏、凝结水硬度超标，已成为锅炉结垢、腐蚀爆管的主要原因之一。
• When cooling water leaks to the steam side of condenser from its untight part, impurities in
cooling water shall come into condensate together. The content of various salt matters in
condensate depends on cooling water leakage quantity and quality, which directly influences
water chemical working condition of boiler water. Acidic substances are formed in boiler or
alkaline substances separate out in boiler, causing corrosion or deposit on boiler heating
surface. In recent years, condenser leakage and standard exceeding of condensate
hardness have become one the main causes for boiler scaling and corrosion tube explosion.
• 凝汽器的结构不同、运行工况不同，泄漏入的冷却水量也有很大差异。严密性很好的凝汽器，可以做到
渗入的冷却水量为汽轮机额定负荷时凝结水量的0.0035%-0.01%，一般凝汽器在正常运行条件下，其泄
.
漏率为0.01%-0.05%。
• As the structure and operation condition of condenser are different, cooling water leakage is also very
different. A condenser of good tightness can meet the requirement that the cooling water leakage
quantity is 0.0035%-0.01% of condensate quantity when turbine is at rated load. Generally, when
condenser is in normal operation condition, its leakage rate is 0.01%-0.05%.
• 凝汽器的汽侧漏入空气或低压缸接合面与汽轮机端部的汽封装置漏入空气等，均会增加凝结水中氧和二
氧化碳的含量。特别是当凝汽器汽侧负压较小（50%），且冷却水温偏低时，将有大量空气漏入，造成
凝汽器除氧条件恶化，使凝汽器出口的凝结水氧含量增加。
• Air leakage at steam side of condenser, in low pressure casing joint surface or steam seal device at
turbine end shall increase oxygen and carbon dioxide contents in condensate. Especially, when
negative pressure at steam side of condenser is comparatively low (50%) and cooling water
temperature is a bit low, a large quantity of air leaks into the equipment, causing condenser deaeration
condition to deteriorate and thus increasing oxygen content in condensate at the condenser outlet.
• 因此，凝汽器泄漏往往是杂质进入锅炉的主要原因。
• Therefore, condenser leakage is often the main cause for impurity coming into boiler.
• 2． 锅炉补给水中杂质进入给水系统
•
.2. Impurity from boiler make-up water into feedwater system
• 在原水水质恶化、药剂质量下降、水处理设备出现缺陷、运行操作以及管理
不当时，会使锅炉补给水质量下降，携带较多杂质进入给水系统。当原水受
到污染时，还应注意到天然或合成有机物引起的不良影响。
• When raw water quality deteriorates, chemical quality deteriorates, water
treatment equipment has defects, and operation and management are
improper, boiler make-up water quality shall deteriorate and many impurities
shall be taken into feedwater system due to those reasons. When raw water
is polluted, attention should be paid to bad influence caused by natural or
synthetic organic matters.
• 3． 生产回水和疏水中的杂质进入给水系统
.
• 3.
system
Impurities from production return water and drain water into feedwater

• 为了节水和利用余热，要尽力回收生产回水和疏水，但从热用户返回的供热蒸汽凝结
水和热力系统内各辅助设备的凝结水（即疏水），往往易受外界杂质的污染，若生产
回水和疏水中主要杂质含量超过一定的控制标准，则应对其进行相应处理，以免大量
杂质进入给水系统。
• To save water and make use of residual heat, it needs to try to reclaim production
return water and drain water. However, heat supply steam condensate returning
from heat user and condensate (namely drain water) of all auxiliary devices in
thermal system are easily polluted by external impurities. If the impurity contents of
production return water and drain water exceed certain control standards,
corresponding treatment measures should be taken to prevent a large quantity of
impurities coming into feedwater system.
• 4． 金属的腐蚀产物随给水带入锅内
• 4. Metal corrosion products coming into boiler with feedwater
.
• 目前大多数锅炉其锅内的沉积物是以腐蚀产物为主。这些物质多是由于锅炉、管道及附属设备，
在运行、停运和检修过程中发生腐蚀而产生的，尤其是在机组启动时，若系统及设备冲洗不佳，
将有较多的腐蚀产物被带入锅内。
• At present, deposits inside most boilers are mainly corrosion products. Most of these
substances are formed because boiler, pipelines and auxiliary equipment have corrosion in
operation, outage and maintenance processes. Especially when the unit is started up, if the
system and equipment are not flushed well, many corrosion products shall be carried over
into the boiler.
• 5． 药品的影响
• 5. Influence of chemicals
• 炉内处理用药剂的质量也是影响水中杂质进入锅炉的因素之一。
• The quality of chemicals used for treatment in boiler is also one of the factors which
influence impurities in water coming into boiler.
 二. 锅内的沉积物
II. Deposit in Boiler
• 在锅炉运行过程中，因炉水急剧蒸发、浓缩，析出的固态物质和炉管内表面腐蚀生成的腐蚀产物，粘附于金属
壁面，这种固体物质称为沉积物。它是导热性很差的物质，会导致炉管的过热和加速炉管沉积物下的腐蚀，以
致造成锅炉的损坏。在大容量、高参数的锅炉内其影响更为突出。
• In boiler operation process, as boiler water rapidly evaporates and condenses, the solid matters separated out
and corrosion products generated due to inner surface corrosion of boiler pipe attach to the metal wall. This
kind of solid matters is called deposit. It is a kind of matter with bad heat conductivity, which shall result in
overheating of boiler pipe and acceleration of corrosion under boiler pipe deposit and thus cause boiler
damage. Its influence is more outstanding on boiler of large capacity and high parameters.
• 沉积物的外观、物理性质和化学组成，随锅炉参数、生成部位、水质条件和受热面负荷的不同而有较大的差异。
• The appearance, physical property and chemical composition of deposit differs as the boiler parameters,
forming part, water quality condition and heating surface load change.
• 第一类沉积物主要是磁性氧化铁，它由很薄的“硬质层”和“软质层”组成。严格按照化
学监督规程运行的超临界锅炉内的沉积物通常是这样的。亚临界锅炉的给水系统若采
.
用钢管加热器，则产生的也是此类沉积物。
• The first kind of deposit mainly is magnetic iron oxide which is made up of very thin
HARD LAYER and SOFT LAYER. The deposits in supercritical boiler which
operates strictly following chemical supervision regulations are usually like that. If
the feedwater system of subcritical boiler uses steel tube heater, the products are
also this kind of deposits.
• 第二类沉积物的特性基本与第一类相似。但产生第二类沉积物说明炉前系统腐蚀严重，
并在多次启动时超过化学监督的规定，沉积物数量增多。
• The characteristics of the second kind of deposit are basically similar to the first
kind. However, the second kind of deposit is formed shows the corrosion of boiler-
front system is severe, exceeds the chemical supervision regulations during multiple
times of startup and the deposit quantity increases.
• 第三类沉积物80%-100%是氧化铁，无明显分层现象，它是较硬的粘结层。
• 80%-100% of the third kind of deposit is iron oxide. There is no obvious layer separation. It is a
.
kind of comparatively hard adhesive layer.
• 第四类沉积物为采用协调磷酸盐处理的亚临界锅炉，发生凝汽器泄漏之后形成的。此类沉积物的特
点是氧化铁含量高并带有少量钙、镁盐和磷酸盐（达10%）。它表明了软质层已被杂质填充粘结。
• The fourth kind of deposit is formed after the condenser of subcritical boiler which is in
coordinated phosphate treatment has leakage. The characteristics of this kind of deposit are the
content of iron oxide is high and there is a little of calcium salt, magnesium salt and phosphate
(getting to 10%). It shows the soft layer has been filled and bound by impurities.
• 第五类沉积物与第四类沉积物相似，它的产生是由于炉前系统腐蚀严重，加上汽轮机凝汽器泄漏等，
其杂质被浓缩和沉积在“软质层”内，其中还有铜、锌和铁的磷酸盐组分，这些沉积物厚而粘结。
• The fifth kind of deposit is similar to the fourth kind of deposit. Its production is because severe
corrosion of boiler-front system plus leakage of turbine condenser, the impurities are condensed
and settle down in SOFT LAYER. Its compositions also include copper, zinc and iron phosphate.
These deposits are thick and adhesive.
 第二节 炉水处理
Section 2 Boiler Water Treatment
• 一． 几种处理方式
• Ⅰ. Several Treatment Methods
• 为了防止在汽包锅炉中产生钙垢，除了保证给水水质外，通常还需要在锅炉水中投加某
些药品，使随给水进入锅内的钙离子（补给水中残余的或凝汽器中漏入的）在锅内不生
成水垢，而形成水渣随锅炉排污排除。在发电厂的锅炉中，最宜用作锅内加药处理的药
品是磷酸盐。向锅炉水中投加磷酸盐的这种处理方法，简称为磷酸盐处理。
• To prevent calcium forming scaling in steam drum, not only chemical dosing but also
feedwater of appropriate quality is a must. By chemical dosing, calcium ions from
makeup water or condenser) to boiler, rather than form scaling, will be drained as water
granulated slag during boiler blowdown. Phosphate is the best choice of chemical
dosing for power plant boilers to prevent scaling. This is phosphate treatment.
• .
后来发现，炉水中若含有游离的氢氧化钠，便会引起锅炉水冷壁管的碱性腐蚀。因此，便发展了加入酸式磷酸
盐来中和炉水中游离氢氧化钠的处理方法，这种方法称为协调磷酸盐处理方法。
• It was later discovered that free sodium hydroxide was able to cause caustic corrosion of water wall tubes.
Therefore phosphate coordinated control treatment that sodium hydroxide is neutralized by acid phosphate
dosing is available.
• 由于磷酸盐在水中的溶解度，随温度的提高而急剧降低，因此在超高压和亚临界汽包炉上采用磷酸盐时，就容
易发生明显的“磷酸盐暂失”现象。为此，早在60年代初期，国内外便开展了降低炉水磷酸盐含量或不用磷酸盐，
仅加入氨和联氨的全挥发性炉水处理的试验。研究表明，在给水质量很纯的条件下，只要加入挥发性的氨和联
氨，使炉水的pH值大于8.5，不加入磷酸盐，也可防止锅炉的结垢和腐蚀。
• The higher the temperature, the lower the phosphate solubility in water, and that is why temporary phosphate
loss is available when phosphate dosing is applied to superhigh pressure boiler and subcritical pressure
boilers. In early 1960s, tests that ammonia and hydrazine dosing, instead of phosphate dosing, is applied in
boiler water treatment were carried out at home and abroad. Studies show that boiler scaling and corrosion
can be prevented by ammonia and hydrazine dosing if the following are available
• ● Feedwater is of high purity
• ● Boiler pH value ＞8.5
• 至于炉水的协调磷盐处理，在开始采用时，是维持炉水中的Na/PO4摩尔比（R）在3：1，使炉水中的钠盐全为
Na3PO4，而没有游离氢氧化钠。后来研究表明，即使炉水中的R值符合3：1的关系，由于炉水中磷酸钠在浓缩
.
时并非按摩尔比形成沉淀，液膜中仍含有游离氢氧化钠的可能。为此，有必要降低此摩尔比值。研究证明，只
有当炉水中的R值小于2.8：1时，才能防止液膜中含有游离氢氧化钠。但Na/PO4摩尔比值过低，又会引起炉水
PH值偏低，不利于水冷壁管的防腐。为此，又规过了R比值不应低于2.2，这样，就产生了一种控制R值为2.2-
2.85的磷酸盐pH值控制炉水的处理方法。
• When applied at the beginning, phosphate coordinated control treatment kept the molar ratio of Na to PO4 3:1.
In this case, sodium salt in boiler water was sodium phosphate rather than free sodium hydroxide. Later
studies showed that even if molar ratio of Na to PO4 is 3:1, it is likely that there is still sodium hydroxide in
liquid membrane. That is because that phosphate in boiler water may not deposit in the above ratio when
being concentrated. Thus, it is necessary to set the ratio lower. Studies showed that there may not be sodium
hydroxide in liquid membrane only when the ratio is ＜2.8:1. however, water wall tube corrosion can not be
properly prevented when the ratio is too low, since boiler pH value will go down. To solve this problem, it was
regulated that the ratio can not be less than 2.2. Therefore, a new phosphate treatment came into being,
which is able not only to control the ratio between 2.2 and 2.85 but also keep appropriate pH value.
 二． 磷酸盐处理
Ⅱ. Phosphate Treatment
• 磷酸盐防垢处理就是用加磷酸盐溶液的办法，使锅炉水中经常维持一定量的磷酸根。由于锅炉水处在沸腾条件
下，而且它的碱性较强（锅炉水的pH一般在9-11的范围内），因此炉水中的钙离子和磷酸根会发生反应。生成
的碱式磷酸钙是一种松软的水渣，易随锅炉排污排除，且不会粘附在锅内转变成水垢。
• The treatment is to maintain certain phosphate group in boiler water to prevent scaling by phosphate dosing.
The pH value of boiling boiler water is within 9-11, so calcium and phosphate group reaction is available. The
reaction product, porous hydroxyl calcium phosphate, spongy water slag, will not form scaling as it can be
easily drained during boiler blowdown.
• 因为碱式磷酸钙是一种非常难溶的化合物，它的溶度积很小，所以当锅炉水中保持有一定量的过剩磷酸根时，
可以使锅炉水中钙离子（Ca2+）的浓度变得非常小，这样锅内就不会有钙垢形成。
• The solubility product of porous hydroxyl calcium phosphate is quite low because it is a poorly soluble
compound. So when certain surplus phosphate group is available in boiler water, there will not be calcium
scaling formed since calcium ions will be sharply decreased due to reaction between them and calcium
phosphate.
• 本工程炉水处理采用加磷酸盐方式。药剂为Na3PO4 •12H2O
• 注意事项： 锅炉水的磷酸盐处理是向锅炉水中添加不挥发的盐类物质，这会使锅炉水的含盐量增加。为了既保
证处理效果，又不影响蒸汽品质，应注意下列问题：
• .
1) 加药要均匀，速度不宜太快，以免炉水含盐骤增，影响蒸汽品质变坏。
• 2) 应及时排除生成的水渣，以免影响蒸汽的品质和水汽循环。
• 3) 药品需纯净，以免杂质进入锅内，引起腐蚀和蒸汽品质。一般Na3PO4·12H2O的纯度应不小于92%，不
溶性残渣不大于0.5%.
• Attentions
• Boiler water salt content will be increased since boiler water phosphate treatment prevents scaling in boiler by
non-volatile salt dosing. To ensure both the treatment effect and steam quality, much attention should be given
to the following points.
• 1) Uniform dosing and proper dosing speed should be ensured to keep steam quality unaffected in case
of sudden salt increase.
• 2) Water slag formed should be timely discharged to keep steam quality and water-steam circulation
unaffected.
• 3) Chemicals of high purity should be ensured to prevent debris entering boiler, which may cause
corrosion and steam quality deterioration. Generally, the purity of Na3PO4·12H2Oshould not be less than
92%, and insoluble sludge should not be more than 0.5%.
 .第五章水、汽监督的目的和任务
Chapter 5 Purpose and task of steam water monitoring
• 1 在热力发电厂，为了防止热力设备的结垢、腐蚀、积盐，保证热力设备的安全经济运行，热力
系统水、汽质量应达到一定的标准。而水汽质量监督就是采集有代表性的样品，准确及时分析，
根据水质分析结果，及时调整设备用行工况，从而保证热力系统水、汽质量在合格范围内。
• In thermal power plant, water steam quanlity of thermal system should meet the certain
standard to ensure the safety and economic running of thermal equipment in order to prevent
thermal equipment from scaling, corrsion and accumulated salt. Water steam quality monitoring
is means sample the representative sampling,timely accurate analysis, and timely regulate
running condition of equipment according to the result of water quality analysis, thus guarantee
the water and steam quality of thermal system are within qualified range.
• 2 水、汽监督工作还需要对机组热力设备进行启、停阶段的监督和保护，保证设备不发生结垢、
腐蚀、积盐现象。
• 2.Water steam quality monitoring working also need to monitor and protect during the startup
and shutdown of thermal equipment, guarantee the equipment that not occurs scaling, corrsion
and accumulated salt.
3. 在完成水、汽监督任务的前提下，督促降低汽、水损耗率，保证锅炉排污率，努力提高水、汽品质。
Under the completion fo water steam monitoring, urge reducing water steam loss ratio to guarantee the
blowdown rate of boiler, hard improve the water steam quality.
4.汽水取样
4. Water steam sampling
• 水汽集中取样分析装置:
• water steam centralized sampling and analysis device:
• 组成：降温减压架、低温仪表屏和计算机监控系统。
• composition: temperature reducing pressure decreasing rack, low temperature instrument screen and
computer monitoring system.
• 通过对高温、高压水汽样品进行降温、减压、恒温处理，取得具有代表性样水，供人工取样和化学分析
仪表监测水汽品质，从而保证了整个机组的安全经济运行。
• In order to monitor the water steam quality by manual samling or chemical analyzer , reduce the
temperature, voltage of high temperatue, high pressure water sampling and maintain the temperature
of water steam sampling to get representative sampling for safety and economic running of whole unit.
 水、汽集中取样系统流程简图如下：
Simple flow diagram of water steam centralized
sampling system
水样入口
water sampling inlet

来样一次门(高压阀) incoming sampling

primary valve(HP valve)
排污阀（高压阀） 高温排污管
杆式过滤器 rod filter
blowdown valve( HP valve) high temperature blowdown pipe
来样二次门(高压阀)
• .
incoming sampling secondary valve(HP valve)
闭冷水出口 closed cooling water outlet
高效降温降压器 High effctive temperature and 闭冷水入口 closed cooling water inlet
pressure reducing device PA PA
干盘流量控制阀 Flow control valve
温度巡检 声光报警
电磁阀 solenoid valve 仪 器
temperat visual
ure alaram 控制化学
温度探头 temperature probe
inspector 加药
Control
安全阀 safety valve 低温排污管 the
low temperature chemical
压力表 pressure gauge blowdown pipe dosing

总流量计 main flowmeter 恒温装置

constant temperature
device
手工取样阀 manual sampling valve
仪表阀 instrument valve
水槽 water slot
各仪表及变送器
低温排污管 low temperature blowdown pipe each instrument and transmitter
• 一般水样的采取：对于测定蒸汽钠含量、给水氨含量、炉水磷酸根含量等不变成分的水样，用塑料瓶取样。采样前，应
先将取样瓶清洗干净，取样时再用水样冲洗二次以上(方法中另有规定者除外)后才能采集样品。在样品瓶取满样后应立即
.
盖上瓶盖，以防现场粉尘污染水样（必要时应溢流数分钟）。
• Common water sampling: as for measuring the unchanged content of water sampling like sodium content in steam,
ammonia content in feed water, phosphate in boiler water, should sampled by plastic bottle. Before sampling, should
clean the sampling bottle, and use sample flush the bottle more than 2 times( beside the sampling method is decided),
then can sample the sampling. Should immediately cover the sampling bottle after sampling to prevent water sampling
from dust pollution( if it is necessary, can overflow several mintues).
• 采取测定易变成分（如溶解氧）的水样应用带磨口塞的玻璃瓶并采用溢流法取样。取样时，将取样管插入瓶底，正常流
速溢流5分钟，再将取样管从瓶内缓缓移出后立即盖上瓶盖，在取完水样后，应检查瓶内有无气泡，如有气泡时，应重新
取样直到无异常情况为止。
• If sample the water sampling what content change easily( like dissolved oxygen), should adopt overfflow sampling
method with glass bottle which has ground-glass stopper. When sampling, insert the sampling pipe into the bottom,
normal flow velosity overflow 5min, slowly move out the sampling pipe from bottle and then immediately cover the
bottle, check whether air bubble exist in bottle after sampling, if bubble exist, should sample again until not have any
abnormal condition.
• 其它水样（如疏水水样、发电机冷却水）的采取，取样前，应将取样管冲洗至少3分钟后再取样（或定
期冲洗取样管）。

• Other water sampling( such as drain water sampling , generator cooling water), should flush sampling
tube at least 3min then take out before sampling( or periodically flush the sampling tube).

• 采集水样后的瓶子上应贴上标签，在上面注明时间、地点及当时的情况。
• Should adhere the tag on sampling bottle after sampling,and mark the time, location and status.

• 注意：采集接有取样冷却器的高温高压的水样时，应使水样流速在500-700mL/min左右，并保持流速稳
定，水样温度在20～30℃之间。否则，应调整使之达到要求，并在调整水样流速10分钟后才可进行采样，
否则，所取的水样不具有代表性。

• Note: when sample high temperature and high voltage sampling which connect with sampling cooler,
should make the water sampling flow velosity within 500-700mL/min and maintain flow velosity stable,
and water samplig temperature is about 20～30℃. Otherwise, should regulate it to meet the
requirement, and regulate water sampling flow velosity 10min then sampling can be conducted,
otherwise, water sampling is not representative.
• 给水的质量监督项目及意义
• Feed water quality monitoring items and meaning .
• 硬度：目的是防止锅炉和给水系统中生成钙、镁水垢，并且减少炉内磷酸盐处理的加药量，并且在锅炉水中产生大量
的水渣。
• Hardness :purpose is to protect boiler and feed water system form calcium and magnesium scaling, reduce
the dosing quantity for phosphate treatment in boiler, and produce huge amount water sediment in boiler
water.
• 油。给水中有油进入炉内会附着在炉管管壁上并受热分解，危机锅炉安全。在炉水吸附水渣而行成漂浮态促进泡沫生成
引起蒸汽质量劣化。含油的细小的水滴被蒸汽携带过热器会导致过热管生成沉积物而损坏。
• Oil: Oil will get into the furnace with feed water, adhere on the wall of furnace pipe and is heated to dissloved,
damage the safety of boiler. Oil absorb the sediment in water and become floating state to accelerate the
foam generation what will cause deterioration of steam water quanlity. oil contain fine water will cause that
overheater generate sediment and damaged when oil contain is taken by steam across the superheater.
• 溶解氧：目的是为了防止，给水系统和锅炉省煤器的氧腐蚀。同时监督除氧器的除氧效果。
• Dissloved oxygen: Purpose is to protect the feed water system and boiler economizer from oxygen corrsion.
• 联胺：监督给水中的过剩联氨量保证除氧效果，消除除氧器出来残余氧与由于给水泵不严密等
异常漏入给水的氧，太高浪费药品。有毒。 .
• Hydrazine: monitoring the surplus hydrazine in water to gurantee the deaeration effect,
remove the residual oxygen from deaerator and oxygen in feed water due to abormal
leakage or seal leakage of feed water pump, hydrazine has posionous.
• pH值：若在9.2以上，对防止钢材腐蚀有利吗，但会引起铜制件的氨蚀，铜合金在有氧存在的条
件下雨氨生成铜铵络合物，造成腐蚀。pH低于8.8时，钢材会发生腐蚀。
• PH value: if pH is higher than 9.2, it advantage for anticorrosion of steel, but it will
cause ammonia corrosion of copper component, copper alloy have an action with
copper-ammoniacomplex under the raining to cause corrsion. If pH is lower than 8.8,
steel will be corroded.
• 总co2。防止系统中铜、铁腐蚀产物增大.
• Total CO2 : to prevent the increasing of copper and iron corrosive in system.
• 含铁量、含铜量：给水中铜和铁腐蚀产物，含量是评价热力系统金属腐蚀情况的重要依据。含
量高不仅证明系统内发生腐蚀而且他们还会在炉管中生成铁垢和铜垢。
• Iron content and copper content: iron corrosive and copper corrosive in feed water is
important basis to evaluate the metal corrosion status for thermal system. High contain
not only prove the inner corrosion of system and also generate the iron scale and
copper scale in boiler pipe.
 给水质量指标
Feed water quality indexes
时间间隔
水样名称 分析项目 单位 标准 （小时） 备注
Sampling name Analysis items Unit Standard Time interval(h) Remark
YD μmol/l ≈ 0 2

氢电导率(25℃) μS/cm ≤0.15 2

hydrogen conductivity

溶解氧 μg/l ≤ 7 2 电导期望值

dissolved oxygen ＜ 0.10 μS/cm
给 水 N2H4 μg/l 10～30 2 conductivity
Feed water expected
pH 9.2～9.6 2 value

铁 μg/l ≤ 15 定期分析
iron periodical analysis
SiO2 μg/l ≤ 20 2
 炉水的质量监督项目及意义
Quality monitoring items and meaning for boiler water
磷酸根：锅炉水中应维持有一定的磷酸根，目的是为了防止钙垢。锅炉水中磷酸根不
能太高或太低，应该把炉水中磷酸根的量控制得适当。
•
.
Phosphate: phsphate should be maintained the certain amount in boiler water to
protect boiler water from calcium scale. Phosphate contain should not be too high
or too low in boiler water, should control it within suitable range in boiler water.
• pH值：太低
• pH value: pH is too low :
• 1）水对锅炉管壁的腐蚀性增强
• 1) Water will strengthen the corrosion for furnace pipe of boiler;
• 2）不利于磷酸盐除垢。因为磷酸盐与钙离子只有在pH值足够高时才能生成容易排除的水
渣
• 2) it is not advantage to phosphate scale because phosphate and calcium only
can generate the water sediment what is easily discharged when pH value is high
enough.
• 3）若pH值低，锅炉水中的硅酸盐发生水解，硅酸在蒸汽中的携带量也随之增加。
太高说明游离的氢氧化钠较多，易引起碱性腐蚀
.
• 3) If pH is low, silicate will hydrolyze in boiler water, silicate carry volume will
increase in steam. pH is too high means that dissociative sodium hydroxide
amount is too much, easily cause alkalinity corrosion.
• 碱度。炉水碱度太高时，可能引起水冷壁管的碱性腐蚀和应力腐蚀破裂（在炉管热
负荷较高的情况下，较易发生这种现象），此外还可能使炉水产生泡沫而影响蒸汽
品质。所以，对炉水碱度应加以监督。
• Alkalinity: when alkalinity of boiler water is too high, may cause alkalinity corrosion
and stress-corrosion cracking of water cooling membrane( it easily occurs under
high thermal load of boiler pipe), and also may make boiler water generate foam
to affect the steam quality. Therefore, alkalinity of boiler water should be monitored.
• 氯离子(cl- )。锅炉水中cl-超标，会破坏水冷壁表面的保护膜造成腐蚀。如蒸汽携
带cl-进入汽轮机，会引起汽轮机内高级合钢的应力腐蚀
.
• Chlorine: If chlorine is out of standard in boiler water, will damage the
protection membrane of water wall surface and cause corrosion. If steam get
into steam turbine with chlorine, it will induce the stress-corrosion of advanced
alloy-steel in steam turbine.
• 含盐量与含硅量。限制为了保证蒸汽的品质，蒸汽中盐类的携带量与锅炉水含盐
量与含硅量成正比。
• Salinity and silicon content. For guarantee the steam quality, salinity carry
volume of steam is propertional to salinity of boiler water and silicon content.
 炉水的质量指标
Boiler water quality indexes
水样名称 分析项目 单位 标准 时间间隔 备注
Sampling name Analysis item Unit Standard （小时） Remark
Time interval(h)
pH 9.0～9.7 2 控制炉水无硬度
时，
炉水磷酸根控制
磷酸根 mg/l 0.5～3 2 在
phosphate 1 mg/l.
氯离子 mg/l ≤ 0.5 定期分析 When control
chlorine periodical analysis the boiler
炉 水 water no
Boiler water SiO2 mg/l ≤ 0.20 2 hardness,
phosphate
of boiler
电导率(25 ℃) μS/cm < 20 2 water
conductivity should be
control
within 1
mg/l.
 水、汽监督项目及质量标准
Water steam monitoring items ang quality standard
• 蒸汽：为了防止蒸汽管道积盐，特别是汽轮机内积盐，必须对汽包锅炉的饱和蒸
汽和过热蒸汽进行监督，寻找蒸汽品质劣化的原因和判断饱和蒸汽携带物在过热
器中沉积情况
• Steam: for protecting steam pipeline from salt accumulated, especially salt
accumulated in steam turbine, must monitor the saturated steam and superheat
steam of drum, find out the deterioration reason of steam and judge the
sediment condition of steam carrier in superheater.
• 含钠量：蒸汽中盐类成分主要是钠盐，蒸汽含钠量可代表含盐量
• Sodium content: sodium salt is main composition of salt in steam, therefore,
sodium content can be regard as salt content in steam.
• 含硅量：若蒸汽中的硅酸含量超标，会在汽轮机内沉积难溶于水的二氧化硅附着
物，对汽轮机的安全经济运行有较大影响
• Silicon content: if silicic aicd is out of standard in steam, it will sediment water-
 水、汽监督项目及质量标准
Water steam monitoring items ang quality standard

• 氢离子交换后电导率。将蒸汽水样通过氢离子交换（消除氨的干扰）后测电导率的大
小，用来表征蒸汽含盐量的大小。
• Conductivity after hydrion exchanging. First make steam sampling pass through the hydrion
exchanfing( eliminate the disturbance of ammonia), then measuring the conductivity to
show the salt content amount in steam.
• 防止汽轮机内沉积金属氧化物，还应定期检查蒸汽中铁和铜的含量。
• Should periodically check the iron content and copper content in steam to
prevent steam turbine from sediment of metal oxide.
 蒸汽的质量指标
Steam quality indexes
时间间隔
水样名词 分析项目 单位 标准 （小时） 备注
water sampling analysis item unit standard time interval(h) remark
name

钠 μg/kg ≤ 5 2
sodium
SiO2 μg/kg ≤ 20 2

蒸 汽 铁 μg/kg ≤ 10 定期分析
steam iron periodical
analysis
氢电导率(25℃) μS/cm ≤ 0.15 2
conductivity of
hyfrogen
 凝结水质量监督项目及意义
Monitoring items and meaning of condensate water quanlity

.
• 硬度：冷却水漏入或渗入凝结水，使凝结水中含有钙镁盐类会导致给水硬度不合格，应该监督凝结水
的硬度，掌握凝汽器的泄漏和渗漏情况
• Hardness: due to cooling water leakage or seeping into condensate water, condensate
water what contain calcium salt and magnesium salt will induce that feed water hardness
not meet the requirement, therefore, should monitor the hardness of condensate water and
master the leakage or seeping condition of condensor.
• 溶解氧：溶氧高主要原因是凝汽器和凝结水泵不严密处漏入空气，凝结水溶氧大时会引起凝结水系统
腐蚀，使进入锅炉给水系统的腐蚀产物增多，影响给水水质、汽质
• Dissolved oxygen: main reason of dissolved oxygen is due to not tight enough to leak air,
when dissolved oxygen of condensate water will cause condensate system corrosion to
increasing the corrosive production amount what will get into boiler feed water system and
affect the feed water quanlity and steam quality.
• 电导率。为了及时发现凝汽器的泄露，应连续测定凝结水的电导率。为了提高测定的灵敏性，
应将凝结水水样通过氢离子交换（消除氨的影响）后，应该用工业电导率仪连续测定。
.
• Conductivity: should continously measure the conductivity of condensate water in
order to findndensor timely. For improving the sensitivity of measurement, should
make condensate water sampling pass through the hydrion exchange, then use
industrial conductivity device for continuous measurement.
• 含钠量。用工业钠度计监测凝结水中的钠离子，可更直观更灵敏和更可靠地及时迅速发现凝
汽器的微小泄露。
• Sodium content: Use industrial sodium meter to monitor the sodium in condensate
water, and also can directly, sensibly, reliably and timely find the thin leakage of
condensor.
 凝结水质量标准
Condensate water quality standard
时间间隔
分析项目 单位 标准 （小时） 备注
水样名词
analysis item unit standard time interval(h) remark
water
sampling
name

YD μmol/l ≈ 0 2 氢电导率期望值
expected
value of
O2 μg/l ≤ 100 2
hydrogen
conductivity
凝结水泵出口 氢电导率(25℃) μS/cm ≤ 0.3 2 ＜ 0.15 μS/cm
condensate conductivity
pump 溶解氧期望值
of hydrogen expected value
outlet
钠 μg/l ≤ 10 2 of dissolved
oxygen
＜ 30 μg/l
SiO2 μg/l ≤ 15 2
 • 锅炉启动时给水质量标准
• Feed water quality standard in boiler startup

.Drum
锅炉汽包压力
pressure
硬度
Hardness
溶解氧
Dissolved
联氨
Hydrazine
二氧化硅
silicon dioxide
铁
Iron
氢电导
率
(MPa) oxygen hydrage
n
conducti
vity（
25℃）
5.29 MPa ≤10.0μmo ≤50 μg/L ≤80 μg/L ≤150 μg/L
l/L

13.34 MPa ≤5.0 ≤30 μg/L ≤30 μg/L ≤80 μg/L ≤75μg/L ≤1μs/c
μmol/L m
 • 汽轮机冲转前的蒸汽质量标准
• Steam quanlity standard before rolling of steam turbine

.
锅炉汽包压力 二氧化硅 铁 铜 钠 氢电导率
Drum pressure silicon dioxide Iron copper sodium hydragen
(MPa) conductivity（
25℃）

5.29 MPa ≤80μg/L ≤50μg/L ≤3 μs/cm

13.34 MPa ≤60μg/L ≤50μg/L ≤15μg/L ≤20μg/L ≤1μs/cm

 水汽质量劣化时的处理
Treatment for water steam quality deterioration

.
• 一级处理值——有因杂质造成腐蚀的可能性，应在72h内恢复至标准值。
• First stage treatment value-- maybe caused by corrosion due to impurities, should recover to
standard value within 72h.
• 二级处理值——肯定有因杂质造成腐蚀的可能性，应在24h内恢复至标准值。
• Second stage treatment value-- maybe caused by corrsion due to impurities,should recover to
standard value within 24h.
• 三级处理值——正在进行快速腐蚀，如水质不好转，应在4h内停炉。
• third stage treatment value-- being corrode quickly, if water quality not get better, should stop the
boiler within 4h.
• 在异常处理的每一级中，如果在规定的时间内尚不能恢复正常，则应采用更高一级的处理法。对于
汽包锅炉，恢复标准值的办法之一是降压运行。
• During abnormal treatment of every stage, if can not recover to normal within regulation time,
should adopt treatment method of higher stage. As for drum of boiler, one of treatment method of
rcovering standard value is reducing pressure in running.
 凝结水水质异常时的处理值
Treatment value of abnormal condensate water
quality
. 项目 标准值 一级处理值 二级处理值 三级处理值
Item Standard value First stage Second stage Third stage
treatment value treatment value treatment value

氢电导率（25℃） ≤0.30μS/cm >0.30μS/cm >0.40μS/cm >0.65μS/cm

Hydrogen
conductivity
 锅炉给水水质异常时的处理值
Treatment value of abnormal boiler feed water
quality

标准值 处理值
项目 Treatment value
Standard 三级
Item 一级 二级 third stage
value first stage second stage
全铁系统
Full iron
9.2~9.6 <9.2 — —
pH 或>9.5
system
(25℃) 铁铜系统 iron
and copper
8.8~9.3 <8.8 — —
system 或>9.3
电导率
（经氢离子交换后，25℃） <0.3 >0.4 >0.65
conductivity( after hydrion ≤0.3
exchange,25℃）μS/cm
溶解氧
dissolved oxygen
≤7 >7 >20 —
μg/L
 • 锅炉炉水水质异常时的处理值
• abnormal water quanlity treatment value for boiler water
. 锅炉压力 pH值 一级处理值 二级处理值 三级处理值
Boiler pressure pH value first stage second stage third stage
（MPa） treatment value treatment value treatment value

5.29 MPa 9.0～11.0 <9.0 或>1 1. 0

13.34 MPa 9.0-9.7 9.0 -8.5 8.5-8.0 <8.0

 第六章循环冷却水处理
Charpter 6 Circulating cooling water treatment
• 1 循环水处理的目的
• Treatment purpose of circulating water
• 天然水中含有大量的悬浮物、胶体和溶解盐类等杂质,由于敞开式循环冷却水系统的不断循环蒸发浓缩，
致使循环水中的杂质含量不断增加，循环水中生长大量藻类等，在凝汽器等换热设备中沉积、结垢和
产生腐蚀，影响电力生产的经济性和安全性，通过向循环水中添加缓蚀阻垢药剂等化学处理法,减少循
环水因蒸发浓缩含盐量增加而产生的腐蚀和结垢。
• Natural water contains a lot of impurities such as suspended matter, colloid matter and dissloving
salt, due to constant circulatiion and concentration of opened circulating cooling water system,
impurities amount constantly increase in circulating water and a lot of algae grow in the circulating
water, then algae and impurities will sediment, scale and corrode in heat exchage equipment of
condensate to affect the safety and economic power prodection. Using chemical treatment method
such adding the scale inhibitor into circulating water reduce the corrosion and scaling what caused
by salt amount increasing due to evaporation and concentration of circulating water.
• 2 循环水阻垢处理
• 2 Sacle inhibiting treatment for circulating water
.
• 2.1 为了防止循环水中的结垢, 通常向循环水中添加聚磷酸盐、有机磷酸、有机磷酸脂、膦
羧酸、聚羧酸等阻垢、分散剂，来阻碍碳酸钙垢的生成。
• 2.1 Usually add the scale inhibitor and dispersing agent such as polyphosphate, organic
phosphoric acid, organophosphorus ester, PCA( phosphono carboxylic acid) and
polycarboxylic acid to refrain the generation of calcium carbonate to protect circulating
water from scaling.
• 2.2 若循环水碱度大于7.0mmol/L补充水量不足通过排污无法降下来的时候，应采用向循环
水中加工业硫酸的处理方法。
• 2.2 If alkalinity of circulating water is higher than 7.0mmol/L, make-up water flow is not
enough and can not reduce the alkalinity of circulating water by blowdown, should adopt
the treatment methid what is adding industrial sulfuric acid into circulating water .
• 3 循环水的杀菌灭藻处理
Algae and fungus distinguishing treatment method for circulating water
.
• 3.1 凝汽器中的有机附着物大都呈灰绿色或褐红色粘膜状态。微生物生长和繁
殖最合适的温度是20℃左右时应注意藻类的生长，必要时进行杀菌处理。
• 3.1 Most of organic is in green or maroon mucosa state in condenser.
Suitable temperature is about 20℃ for growth and breed of microde, therefore,
when temperature is about 20℃, should observe thr growth of algea, if it is
necessary, conduct the sterilization treatment.
• 3.2 影响微生物在冷却水系统中滋长的因素，还有冷却水的含砂量，凝汽器管
的洁净程度以及光照等。
• 3.2 Main factor of influencing factor for microbe in cooling water system are
sand content of cooling water, cleanliness of condensor pipe and lightening.
• 正常运行操作，是根据循环冷却水指定的浓缩倍数进行一定量的排放和补充新水，同时按比例投入指定
水处理药剂，来控制循环水质的稳定。
• During normal operation,conduct the certain volum discharging and refilling water according to the
assigned concentation multiple of circulating cooling water, at the same time, input assigend water
treatment agent according to proportion to control the circulating water quality and make it stable.
• 根据分析的数值可以计算水的碳酸钙饱和指数IS，它是水的实际pH值（PHa）和该水质在碳酸钙达到饱
和时的PH值（PHs）两者之差。
• According to value of analysis, calcium carbonate saturated index IS of water can be calculated, it is the
differential value is between real pH value （PHa）of water and calcium carbonate saturated pH value
（PHs）of water.
• IS=PHa-PHs

• 若IS>0表示此水质有结垢趋势
• if IS>0 means sclaing trend of water quality
• IS=0 表示处于平衡状态 means water quality is in balanced state
• IS<0 表示此水质有腐蚀趋势 means water qualitu has corrosive trend.
 项 目 意 义
Item Meaning
PH 测定判断水的腐蚀性和结垢性，一般在7~8
measure and jusge the corrosive property and scaling property of water, normal

.
电导率 (us/cm)
within 7~8

水中溶解盐类的浓度，高了水质变化，易腐蚀和结垢
conductivity if salt concentration of water is becoming higher, water quality is changed and
easily corrosion and scaling.
浊度 (mg/L) 测定水悬浮物的含量：判断水的污染程度及结垢和粘泥存在的倾向
turbidity measurw the content of water suspended matters: judge the pollution degree,
scaling and slime trend of water
碱度（以CaCO3计）mg/L 判断水腐蚀和结垢倾向
alkalinity(basis on CaCO3) judge the corrosion and scaling trend of water

Ca2+（以CaCO3计）mg/L 控制浓缩倍数和判断结垢倾向的主要项目
(basis on CaCO3) control the concentation multiple and judge the scaling trend of main item
Cl- mg/L 判断水腐蚀倾向
judge water corrosive trend
总磷(PO43-)mg/L 控制药剂剂浓度
total phosphate control medicine concentation
 第七章 电厂化学监督
Charpter 5 Chemical monitoring of power plant
• 一、电厂化学监督工作性质
.
• Nature of chemical monitoring work for power plant
• 化学专业要为电厂的安全经济运行服务，而安全就是最大的效益。化学
方面不存在瞬间发生事故，但如果化学专业问题爆发，可能造成大面积
的、长时间的停炉、停机，甚至达到不可收拾的地步。
• Chemical speciality service for safety and economic operation of
power plant, and safety is the maximum benefit. Chemical speciality
not occurs transient accident, but, if chemical speciality occurs
accident, may cause large area, long-term boiler shutdown or unit
shutdown, even can out of control.
• 较为突出的问题有：锅炉水冷壁等受热面结垢、腐蚀或氢脆损坏，引起频繁爆
管；给水管道氧腐蚀严重，必须停炉停机更换；汽轮机轴封漏汽严重，造成汽
.
轮机油乳化，被迫停机等等，这些均会造成严重的后果，有时还可能造成不可
挽回的社会影响。另外，在整个运行周期中，如果结垢了，还会大大降低发电
厂的经济性。
• Such as: scaling, corrosion, crack of heat surface of boiler water wall what will
induce the frequency pipe explosion; if feed water pipeline severely corrode or
oxidiate, must stop the boiler and steam turbine for replacement; if shaft seal
od steam turbine leak steam severely, it will cause oil emulsification of steam
turbine to forced shutdown, all above accodent will cause severe consequence,
sometimes also cause non-restoring social influence. On another hand, if
scaling occurs during whole operation period, also hugely reduce the econimic
property of power plant.
 化学监督工作内容
Job contents of chemical monitoring
化学监督通常包括水、汽、燃料、油、灰、废液、废水等内容。

.
Chemical monitoring include water, steam, feul, oil, ash, waste liquid and waste water etc.
工作任务是：供水；及时反映和监督汽水品质，对水汽质量进行监控和必要的处理；监督凝汽器泄漏、
除氧器运行，以防止热力系统腐蚀、结垢、积盐，避免因水汽质量故障引起检修；及时提供燃料、飞
灰分析数据，为锅炉及时调整燃烧工况提供依据，降低料耗，提高热效率；做好油质监督及防劣化措
施；做好热力设备的停备用保护；监督废液、废水的达标排放等等。这一系列的工作都需要各专业密
切配合。
Job duty: water supply; timely feedback and monitor the steam water quality to conduct monitoring
and necessary treatment for steam water; monitor the leakage of condensor and operation of
deaerator to prevent thermal system from corrosion, scaling and salt accumulated, and also avoid
maintenance due to fault of water steam qyality; timely support the data analysis for fuel, fly ash to
support basis to combustion condition for in-time adjustment,reduce the fuel loss, improve the heat
efficiency; do oil quality monitoring best and conduct the procedure for deterioration; do the
shutdown protection for thermal equipment; monitor whether waste liquid, waste water reach the
standard to discharging. Above works need to done with each specialty.
 三、化学专业风险因素
Risk factor of chemical speciality
• 研究化学专业的风险因素，是为了能够对其准确识别，及早预告，提供处理对策，做到防患于
未然。化学专业经过近半个世纪的发展，形成了以预防为中心，利用各种监测手段对水汽质量
. 进行诊断。
• Risk factor research of chemical speciality is for accuracy recognition, precaution and
supporting the hanlding method for preventive measures,chemical speciality develop and form
the center of precaution to monitor the steam water quality with each kind of method for
judgement over half-century.
• 通过失效分析及善后处理，总结故障规律，向超前控制和预知维修发展。化学专业潜伏性故障
分析、预见来源于对危险因素的准确识别，对能引发故障的各种危险因素进行剖析，做到量化
评估，这将有助于化学监督的实践工作。
• Analyze the exhaust reason and handle it, summarize the fault and experience to previous
control and predicting maintenance. Analysis and prediction of chemical speciality latent fault is
basis on accuray recognition for risk factor, conduct the analysis for each kind of risk factor what
can induce the fault, and evaluate by measure, it will benifit to do the work for chemical monitoring.
• （１）要正确理解水汽质量标准
• (1) Correct understanding the water steam quality standard
.
佳值。
水汽质量指标是极限值，只是预防结垢、减缓腐蚀的最高限，平时运行控制应尽可能调整到最

• Water steam quality index is the limit value what are for prevent scaling,slowing down the
maixmum limit of corrosion, should be controled and adjusted to best value during normal
operatin control.
• 有研究资料表明，长期使杂质含量维持在极限值附近，经过为期一年的运转难免发生水质、汽
质故障。对水汽质量进行监测诊断研究的经验是，保持水汽中杂质含量为标准值的3/4以下，可保
证在1-2个大修期内无故障产生；如能达到标准值的1/3上下，则可避免出现腐蚀结垢积盐故障。我们将
上述两个范围分别称为注意值和期望值。
• Research information show that, maintain the impurities at limit value in long-term, it hard to avoid the
fault of water quality or steam quality after 1 year running. Experience comes from monitoring, judgement
and research for water steam quality is, maintain the impurities content of water steam is below 3/4 of
standard value, and can guarantee 1~2 overhauling period not have fault; if impurities content of water
steam maintain about 1/3 of standard value, then accumulated salt, scaling and corrosion can be avoided.
We separatly name above 2 range as attention value and expected value.
• 识别风险因素的首要条件是，凝结水、给水、炉水和过热蒸汽中杂质含量是否经常超越注意值，甚至达到标
准值（警告值），超标的项目就是主要的风险因素。其次是考察超标的时间与幅度，如果超过总化验次数的
.
1/50，则有风险。
• The first requirement of recognition for risk factor is whether the impurities of condensate water, feed water,
boiler water and superheat steam are often out of attention value, even reach the standand value( alarm
value), out-of-standard item is the main risk factor. second condition is observe the time and amplitude for
out-of-standard item, if total analysis times over 1/50, then will have risk.
• （２）特别留意直接引起结垢、腐蚀的水样杂质
• Especially attend the impurities of water sampling what can directly induce the scaling and corrosion.
直接影响机组结垢、腐蚀的项目是凝结水的氢电导率、硬度、含氧量，给水的pH、含氧量，炉水的pH，
过热蒸汽的含钠量。务必保持这些指标合格和达到期望值，其中尤其应当保持锅炉水pH合格。
• Hydrogen conductivity, hard, oxygen content of condensate water, pH, oxygen content of feed water and
sodium content of superheat steam are the items what can directly cause the scaling, corrosion of unit. Must
keep above index meet the requirements and reach the expected value, especially the pH value of boiler
water.
 凝汽器泄漏是水质污染和化学故障的总根源
The basic of water pollution and chemical fault is the leakage of condensor
• 火电厂的设备故障曾被简缩为“烧、爆、掉”三字，即发电机与变压器绝缘破坏的烧毁；锅炉管及其它承压
部件爆漏；汽轮机叶片断裂。这些故障都有直接、间接的化学诱因。例如内由于结垢引起水冷壁管超温
.
变形，由于积盐引起过热器管、再热器管超温变形，由于酸性、碱性腐蚀、氧腐蚀造成水冷壁管穿孔或
脆爆，由于氧（运行或停用）腐蚀引起省煤器管穿孔；汽轮机可因结盐垢损坏叶片，而凝汽器泄漏，除
影响汽轮机运行外，更是水质污染和化学故障的总根源。对于大机组来说，除了保证锅炉补充水质合格
外，更应关注凝结水质及凝结水处理设备。
Equipment fault of thermal powr plant is abstracted as " burning, explosion,break" three words, that
refers to overburning of insulation of generator and transformer; explosion and leakage of boiler pipe
and others pressure supporting component; crack pf steam turbine impeller. All of above accident has
direct and indirect reson with chemical factor.For example: water wall is over temperature and deform
due to sacling; pipe of superheater and reheater is over temperature and deform due to salt
accumulated; water wall is holed or fragile explosion due to aicid corrosion, alkali corrosion and oxydic
corrosion; economizer pipe is holed due to oxydic corrosion(during running or shutdown); impeller of
steam turbine maybe damaged by salt accumulated, and leakage of condensaor.it also the basic
reason of water pollution and chemical fault beside the influence of steam turbine running. As for big
capacity unit, should pay more attention to water quality of condensate water and condensate
treatment equipment beside guarantee the quanlified water quality of boiler make-up water.
• 化学专业的自身工作
• key work of chemical speciality
.
（１）电厂化学监督工作，应是从设计、基建、安装、调试到运行、检修和停运等各个
阶段的全过程监督。
• (1) Chemical monitoring work of power plant should be conduct full monitoring during
design, building, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and shutdown.
（２）保证化学监督、控制的真实、准确是化学监督工作的灵魂。
• (2) Guarantee the truth and accuracy of chemical monitoring and control are the key
point of chemical monitoring work.
• （３) 把精力集中到水汽指标的监督和调整上，长期保持水汽指标最佳，是化学监督工作
的重中之重。
• (3) This is the basis work and also the most important part that focus the mind on
monitoring and adjustment for water steam index, keep the water steam index within
best range in long-term.
（４）加强机组启动监督
(4) Strengthen the startup monitoring for unit
. 每一次启动点火，应严格执行化学监督规程，使水质尽早合格。机组一启动就应开大连排，加强
定排，使炉水尽快合格。
Should strictly conduct the chemical monitoring regulation in each ignition for startup, and make
water quality meet the requirements as soon as possible. When unit is starting, should increase the
opening of continuous blowdown, strengthen the periodical blowdown to make boiler qualified quickly.
（５）应加强停用保护工作
(5) Strengthen the protection work for shutdown
根据停炉时间长短，做好各部分的停用保养工作，使停炉保护的概念扩展为整个热力系统的停用
保护，使受保护的范围尽量扩大，受保护的时间尽可能延长，这样才能真正起到防止设备锈蚀的作用.
According to length of boiler shutdown, do well the shutdown servicing work to expande the
protection range and prottection time possibly, therefore, anticorrosion function can real action.
• ６）凝结水含氧量
• Oxygen content of condensate water
.
凝结水含氧量不合格问题普遍存在。其原因是汽缸接合面欠严密、真空系统泄漏、补水率过
大使随除盐水带入的氧量过大等。抓凝结水含氧量合格见效最快，效果最好。通过系统检漏及处
理、均匀补水可以使含氧量合格。由汽机检修人员进行汽轮机本体及真空系统的检修消缺，提高
真空严密性，在此基础上进行氦质谱检漏及消除泄漏；尽可能降低锅炉补水率，做到均匀补充除
盐水，经过以上工作，即使含氧量曾大于100μg／L的也可使之低于30μg／L。
• That is common fault that oxygen content of condensate water not meet the requirement. The
reason are leakage of cylinder connect part, vacuum system leakage, oxygen content of demi
water due to high make-up water ratio. Therefore,oxygen content of condensate water is the
key point. make oxygen content meet the requirement by leakage test, handling of system and
uniform filling water. Steam turbine personnel conduct miantenance and eliminate the defect for
steam turbine body and vacuum system, improve the vacuum tightness, conduct the helium
mass spectrum test and eliminate the defect on the basis of above work; possibly reduce the
make-up water ratio to evenly fill the demi water, even the oxygen content is more than 100μg
／L or lower than 30μg／L after above work.
（7）应按三级处理原则处理水质异常
.
Abnormal water quality treatment should be on the basis of third stage
treatment priciple
应按照三级处理原则对水质异常分级处理，这是防止水质劣化演变成故
障的有力措施。凡是有水质异常时，必须严格按照规定处理，不得拖延。
Abnormal water quality treatment should be on the basis of third stage
treatment priciple. This is the powerful procedure to prevent deteriorated
water quality from fault. If water quality is abnormal, must be conducted
strictly according to the regulation, should not be delayed.
 第八章化学实验的安全防护
Safety protection for chemical experiment
• 在化学实验中，经常使用各种化学药品和仪器设备，以及水、电、气，还会经常
遇到高温、低温、高压、真空、高电压、高频和带有辐射源的实验条件和仪器，
若缺乏必要的安全防护知识，会造成生命和财产的巨大损失。
• In chemical experiment, lack of safety protection sense may lead to great loss
of property and lives. That is because the following may be available in
chemical experiment, such as water, and gas, chemicals, instruments and
equipment with high, low temperature, high pressure, vacuum, high voltage,
high frequency and radiation.
• 每年一度的化学实验安全防护教育是非常重要的。
• It is of great necessity that lectures on chemical experiment safety should be
given once a year.
 化学药品的正确使用和安全防护
Correct selection of chemicals and relevant safety protection
• 防毒
• Poison prevention
• 大多数化学药品都有不同程度的毒性。有毒化学药品可通过呼吸道、消化道和皮肤进
入人体而发生中毒现象。
• Most chemicals are toxic at different degrees. They can enter human body through
respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin and lead to poisoning.
• 如 HF 侵入人体，将会损伤牙齿、骨骼、造血和神经系统；
• If entering human body, HF damages tooth, bone, hemopoietic and nervous system.
• 烃、醇、醚等有机物对人体有不同程度的麻醉作用；
• Hydrocarbon, alcohol and ether can all cause different paralysis in human body
• 三氧化二砷、氰化物、氯化高汞等是剧毒品，吸入少量会致死。
• Arsenic trioxide, cyanide and mercury bichloride are all toxic and a little of each can
cause death
• 防毒注意事项
• Precautions in poison prevention
• 实验前应了解所用药品的毒性、性能和防护措施；
• Good knowledge of chemical toxicity, property and protection measure.
• 使用有毒气体（如H2S, Cl2, Br2, NO2, HCl, HF)应在通风橱中进行操作；
• Application of toxic gases such as H2S, Cl2, Br2, NO2, HCl and HF should be performed in airing chamber.
• 苯、四氯化碳、乙醚、硝基苯等蒸汽经常久吸会使人嗅觉减弱，必须高度警惕；有机溶剂能穿过皮肤进入人体，
应避免直接与皮肤接触；
• Be careful when treating steams such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl [ethyl] ether and nitrobenzene
because they can decrease human sense of smell if human body is often exposed to them.
• 剧毒药品如汞盐、镉盐、铅盐等应妥善保管；
• Hypertoxic chemicals such as mercuric salt, cadmium salt and lead salt should be properly stored.
• 实验操作要规范，离开实验室要洗手。
• Chemical experiment should be operated according to specification, and operators should wash their hands
before leaving laboratory.
 化学药品的正确使用和安全防护
Correct selection of chemicals and relevant safety protection
• 防火
• Fire prevention
• 防止煤气管、煤气灯漏气，使用煤气后一定要把阀门关好；
• Relevant valves should be closed after gas application to prevent gas pipe, gas lamp leakage.
• 乙醚、酒精、丙酮、二硫化碳、苯等有机溶剂易燃，实验室不得存放过多，切不可倒入下水道，以免集聚引起
火灾；
• Too much inflammable organic solvent such as ether, alcohol, acetone, carbon disulfide and benzene can not
be stored in lab, besides, they can never be discharged into sewer to prevent fire due to their aggregation.
• 金属钠、钾、铝粉、电石、黄磷以及金属氢化物要注意使用和存放，尤其不宜与水直接接触；
• Metallic sodium, potassium, powdered aluminum, calcium carbide, yellow phosphorus and metal hydride
should be properly applied and stored, they should not contact water.
• 万一着火，应冷静判断情况，采取适当措施灭火；可根据不同情况，选用水、沙、泡沫、CO2 或 CCl4 灭火器
灭火。
• In case of fire, appropriate fire fighting measures should be taken after correct judgment Water, sand, foam,
CO2 and CCl4 extinguishers can be used. .
 化学药品的正确使用和安全防护

• 防爆
• Explosion prevention
• 化学药品的爆炸分为支链爆炸和热爆炸
• Chemical explosion can be divided into branched chain explosion and thermal explosion.
• 氢、乙烯、乙炔、苯、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、一氧化碳、水煤气和氨气等可燃性气体与空气混合至爆
炸极限，一旦有一热源诱发，极易发生支链爆炸；
• When mixed to explosion limit with air, inflammable gases such as hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, benzene,
alcohol, diethyl [ethyl] ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, carbon monoxide, water gas, and ammonia can lead to
branched chain explosion in case of available heat source.
• 过氧化物、高氯酸盐、叠氮铅、乙炔铜、三硝基甲苯等易爆物质，受震或受热可能发生热爆炸。
• The explosives such as peroxide, perchlorate, lead azide, copper acetylide, TNT(trinitrotoluene) can lead to
explosion in case of available heat and vibration.
 化学药品的正确使用和安全防护
Correct selection of chemicals and relevant safety protection
• 防爆措施
• Measures for explosion prevention
• 对于防止支链爆炸，主要是防止可燃性气体或蒸气散失在室内空气中，保持室内通风良好。当
大量使用可燃性气体时，应严禁使用明火和可能产生电火花的电器；
• As for branched chain explosion, indoor air ventilation should be available to prevent
inflammable gas or fumes remaining in indoor air. During application of inflammable gases,
open fire as well as spark-inducing electrical equipment should never be used.
• 对于预防热爆炸，强氧化剂和强还原剂必须分开存放，使用时轻拿轻放，远离热源。
• As for thermal explosion, strong oxidants and reductants should be separately stored far
from heat source and handled with great care
 化学药品的正确使用和安全防护

• 防灼伤
• Burning prevention

• 除了高温以外，液氮、强酸、强碱、强氧化剂、溴、磷、钠、钾、苯酚、醋酸等物质都
会灼伤皮肤；应注意不要让皮肤与之接触，尤其防止溅入眼中。
• Apart from high temperature, substances such as liquid nitrogen, strong acid, strong
alkali, strong oxidant, bromine, phosphorous, potassium, phenol and ethylic acid can
burn skin. Skin especially eye should not be directly exposed to them.
 汞的安全使用
Mercury safety precautions
• 汞是化学实验室的常用物质，毒性很大，且进入体内不易排出，形成积累性中毒；
• Mercury, often used in lab, is strongly toxic. It can hardly be discharged when
entering human body, which can lead to cumulative poisoning.
• 高汞盐(如HgCl2)0.1-0.3 g可致人死命；
• 0.1-0.3g of salt with high mercury content such as HgCl2 can lead to human death.
• 室温下汞的蒸汽压为0.0012 mmHg柱，比安全浓度标准大100倍。
• At room temperature, mercury vapour pressure is 0.0012 mmHg column, which is
100 times higher than safe concentration standard.
• 安全使用汞的操作规定：
.
• Operation specification for mercury safe application
• （1）汞不能直接露于空气中，其上应加水或其他液体 覆盖；
• (1) Mercury can not be directly exposed in air, on the contrary, it
should be covered with water or other liquid.
• （2）任何剩余量的汞均不能倒入下水槽中；
• (2) Whatever the amount, residual mercury can not be
discharged into sink.
• （3）储汞容器必须是结实的厚壁器皿，且器皿应放在 瓷盘；
• (3) Containers for mercury storage should be thick- walled ones,
and they should be placed on porcelain disks.
（4） 装汞的容器应远离热源；
(4)
. Mercury container should be placed far from heat source.
（5） 万一汞掉在地上、台面或水槽中，应尽可能用吸管将汞珠收集起来，再用能形成汞齐的
金属片（Zn, Cu, Sn等）在汞溅处多次扫过，最后用硫磺盖；
(5) If dropping on ground, table-board or in water tank, firstly, mercury should
be collected with suction tube, secondly, sheet metal such as Zn, Cu and Sn should
be used to clean places where mercury is available again and again, and finally the
places should be covered with sulphur.
（6） 实验室要通风良好；手上有伤口，切勿接触汞。
(6) Good air conditioning should be available in the lab. Hand should not be exposed to
mercury if scar is available.
 安全用电
Electricity safety precautions
为防止触电，应做到：
.
To prevent electric shock, the following should be performed.
（1）修理或安装电器时，应先切断电源；
(1) Power supply should be cut off during electrical equipment assembly or repair.
（2）使用电器时，手要干燥；
(2) Hands must be dry in case of electrical equipment operation.
（3） 电源裸露部分应有绝缘装置，电器外
壳应接地线；
(3) Insulation device should be available for exposed power supply, and grounding
should be available for case of electrical equipment.
（4） 不能用试电笔去试高压电；
(4) Never use test pencil to test high-voltage.
（5） 不应用双手同时触及电器，防止触电 时电流通过心脏；
(5) Do not contact electrical equipment with both hands. If so, current may pass though his
or her heart.
（6）一旦有人触电，应首先切断电源，然后抢救。
(6) If anyone get shocked, immediately cut off power supply and perform rescue.
 仪器设备的安全用电
Safe power supply to instrument and
equipment
• 一切仪器应按说明书装接适当的电源，需要接地的一定要接地；
• Appropriate power supply should be available for all instruments
according to instructions. And grounding should be available for
related instruments.
• 若是直流电器设备，应注意电源的正负极，不要接错；
• As for DC equipment, the positive, negative poles should be
appropriately connected.
• 若电源为三相，则三相电源的中性点要接地，这样万一触电时可降
低接触电压；接三相电动机时要注意正转方向是否符合，否则，要
切断电源，对调相线；
• As for three-phase power supply, the neutral point should be grounded. In that
.
case, contact voltage can be reduced in case of shock. During three-phase
motor connection, corotation direction should be ensured. If wrong, cut off
power supply and exchange phase conductors.
• 接线时应注意接头要牢，并根据电器的额定电流选用适当的连接导线；
• During wire connection, ensure that connectors are appropriately fastened and
choose wire according to rated current.
• 接好电路后应仔细检查无误后，方可通电使用；
• Power supply can be supplied only when circuit has been correctly connected
and no fault is available.
• 仪器发生故障时应及时切断电源。
• Cut off power supply when instrument failure is available.
 使用高压容器的安全防护
Safety protection for high-pressure container
• 化学实验常用到高压储气钢瓶和一般受压的玻璃仪器，使用不当，会导致
爆炸，需掌握有关常识和操作规程
• High-pressure steel cylinder for gas storage as well as normal pressure
glass instruments are often used in chemical experiment. And
inappropriate operation may lead to explosion. Therefore, operators
should have a good knowledge of relevant common and operation
specifications.
• 气体钢瓶的识别（颜色相同的要看气体名称）
• Identification of steel cylinders for gas storage (in case of cylinders of the
same color, it depends on the names of gases.)
 .
氧气瓶天蓝色； 氢气瓶深绿色；
Oxygen cylinder sky blue hydrogen cylinder dark green
氮气瓶黑色； 纯氩气瓶 灰色；
Nitrogen cylinderblack pure argon cylinder grey
氦气瓶 棕色； 压缩空气 黑色；
Helium cylinder brown compressed air cylinderblack
氨气瓶黄色； 二氧化碳气瓶黑色。
Ammonia cylinder yellow carbon dioxide cylinder black
 高压气瓶的安全使用
Safety precautions for high-pressure gas cylinder
• 气瓶应专瓶专用，不能随意改装；
• One cylinder can just contain one kind of specified gas, and they can not be wrongly used.
• 气瓶应存放在阴凉、干燥、远离热源的地方，易燃气体气瓶与明火距离不小于 5 米；氢气瓶
最好隔离；
• Gas cylinders should be placed far from heat source and in dry, shady and cool places. The
cylinders for inflammable gases should not be less than 5m from open fire. Hydrogen
cylinder had better be isolated.
• 气瓶搬运要轻要稳，放置要牢靠；
• Gas cylinder should be carried carefully and stably placed.
• 各种气压表一般不得混用；
• All pressure gauges can not be in mixed use.
• 氧气瓶严禁油污，注意手、扳手或衣服上的油污；
.
• Greasy dirt should not be accessible to oxygen cylinder, so ensure that
spanner and clothes are free from greasy dirt.
• 气瓶内气体不可用尽，以防倒灌；
• Gas in cylinder should not be used up to prevent backward flow.
• 开启气门时应站在气压表的一侧，不准将头或身体对准气瓶总阀，以防万
一阀门或气压表冲出伤人。
• When opening gas valve, operator should not stand directly in front of
pressure gauge, and never turn his or her head or body directly against
gas cylinder main valve. If so ,he or she may get hurt by dashing valve or
pressure gauge.
• 学实验室的辐射，主要是指 X-ray, 长期反复接受X-ray照射，会导致疲倦，记忆力减
退，头痛，白血球降低等。
• Radiation in lab mainly comes from X-ray. Long exposure to X-ray leads to human
tiredness, decreased memory power, headache and decreased leukocyte.
• 防护的方法就是避免身体各部位（尤其是头部）直接受到X-ray照射，操作时需要屏
蔽和缩时，屏蔽物常用铅、铅玻璃等。
• The safety protection should be performed as follows.
• Avoid direct body exposure to X-ray, especially head. Shielding and time shortening
should be performed during X-ray-related operation. lead and lead glass are usually
used as shielding.